What is meant by BALANCE DIET?

A balanced diet means eating the foods that our body needs. A balanced diet is important because your organs and tissues need proper
nutrition to work effectively. Without good nutrition, your body is more prone to disease, infection, fatigue, and poor performance

Eat well Guide 5 segments to represent the 5 food groups as follows:

 potatoes, bread, rice, pasta and other starchy carbohydrate foods: 38 %

 fruit and vegetables: 40 %
 dairy and alternatives: 8%
 beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat and other protein: 12 %
 oils and spreads: 1%

Balanced diet/healthy lifestyle maintain a healthy body weight

 Carbohydrates (potatoes, bread and rice - energy)

 vitamins (A, B group, C, D, E, K) (fruit and vegetables - good immune system, good eyesight, healthy skin)
 minerals eg calcium (dairy foods – strong teeth and bones)
 iron (meat, particularly red – keeps the blood cells healthy and helps oxygenate the heart),
 Protein (meat, fish and pulses – growth and repair).

What are the ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS of balance diet? Describe one such nutrient & explain its
ROLE IN METABOLISM?
There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water.

 Carbohydrates - our main source of energy.

 Fats - one source of energy and important in relation to fat soluble vitamins.
 Roughage (Fiber) - the fibrous indigestible portion of our diet essential to health of the digestive system.
 Minerals - those inorganic elements occurring in the body and which are critical to its normal functions.
 Proteins - essential to growth and repair of muscle and other body tissues.
 Vitamins - water and fat soluble vitamins play important roles in many chemical processes in the body.
 Water - essential to normal body function - as a vehicle for carrying other nutrients and because 60% of the human body is
water.

These nutrient classes can be categorized as either;

Macro-nutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) - The macro-nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, fiber, proteins, and water.
Micro-nutrients (needed in smaller quantities) - The micro-nutrients are minerals and vitamins.

Protein The human body uses proteins for many things, including repairing and building tissues, acting as enzymes, aiding the immune
system, and serving as hormones. Each of these important functions requires a slightly different form of protein. In spite of their
differences in structure, all proteins contain the same basic sub-components.
Proteins are one of the four different types of macromolecules, in addition to carbohydrates, lipids, or fats, and nucleic acids, such as DNA
and RNA. Macromolecules are large molecules that perform specialized functions inside living organisms. The structural arrangement of a
protein molecule will differ in accordance with its function.
Proteins are long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. In other words, amino acids are like the links in a
chain. The chain itself represents the protein molecule. Protein chains are then twisted and folded together in specific ways to create
certain molecules.

Role of Protein in METABOLISM Protein can be found in animal sources like meat and dairy products, or plant sources like beans, nuts
and seeds. According to the USDA, 10 to 35 percent of your calorie intake should come from protein. Every cell in your body contains
protein, so meeting your protein requirement is essential for your health.

Building Tissues and Muscles Protein is necessary in building and repairing body tissues. If you do not receive enough protein in your
diet, muscles wasting and other symptoms may result. Exercises like strength training cause micro tears in the muscle and as your body
repairs these tears, it causes the muscles to enlarge. Protein is necessary to the immune response that helps to heal the tiny muscle tears.
However, consuming extra protein will not help your body to build extra muscle.

Hormone Production Hormones are chemicals produced by glands in one part of the body that help coordinate activities and
communicate with other areas. Protein hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane instead of entering the cell directly. Hormonal
proteins, like insulin and oxytocin, play vital roles like controlling blood sugar concentration and stimulating contractions during childbirth.
Hormones can also activate muscle growth by increasing protein synthesis or decreasing protein breakdown

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that bind to molecules to speed up chemical reactions. They play a role in many activities such as muscle
contraction and relaxation, and nerve impulse transmissions. Amylase and lipase are enzymes that help you to digest carbohydrates and
fat. The enzyme ATPase exports cell toxins, and is essential for breaking down adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which releases energy.

Immune Function
Antibodies are specialized protein configurations that provide a specific immune defence against invaders. They are produced by the body
once it's exposed to specific antigens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Complement proteins support the immune system as a second
line of defence. They can create holes in bacterial walls, promote inflammation which attacks macrophages that destroy invading
organisms, and attach to the foreign substances.
Energy
Protein is broken down into amino acids during digestion and provides four calories per gram. Including protein with meals can help you
feel more satiated, and can keep you fuller longer. Although protein can be used as an energy source, the body's main energy source is
carbohydrates. Eating a diet with lean proteins like beans and fish, complex carbohydrates like whole grains and vegetables, and healthy
fats such as olive oil and avocados is the best way to supply your body with energy.

What does VITAMIN D DO?

Vitamins are chemicals that are needed by your body for good health. They are vital for everyone and ensure that your body works well, is
able to fight illness and heal well.

The link between vitamin D and strong healthy bones was made many years ago when doctors realized that sunlight, which allows you to
produce vitamin D, or taking cod liver oil, which contains vitamin D, helped to prevent a bone condition called rickets in children. Today,
vitamin D is seen as a vital part of good health and it’s important not just for the health of your bones. Recent research is now showing
that vitamin D may be important in preventing and treating a number of serious long term health problems.

Even if you eat foods that contain a lot of calcium and phosphorus, without enough vitamin D, you can’t absorb them into your body.
Vitamin D is important for general good health, and researchers now are discovering that vitamin D may be important for many other
reasons outside of good bone health. Some of the functions of the body that vitamin D helps with includes:

 Immune system, which helps you to fight infection

 Muscle function
 Cardiovascular function, for a healthy heart and circulation
 Respiratory system –for healthy lungs and airways
 Brain development
 Anti-cancer effects

If your body doesn’t get enough vitamin D to keep it healthy, this is called vitamin D deficiency. Severe vitamin D deficiency can sometimes
cause a condition called rickets in children and a condition called osteomalacia in adults. Both of these conditions cause soft, thin, and
brittle bones. A lack of vitamin D has also been linked to some other conditions such as cancer, asthma, type-II diabetes, high blood
pressure, depression, Alzheimer’s and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s and type-I diabetes.

What is the SIGNIFICANCE OF VITAMINS?

Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients because they perform hundreds of roles in the body. There is a fine line between getting
enough of these nutrients (which is healthy) and getting too much (which can end up harming you). Eating a healthy diet remains the best
way to get sufficient amounts of the vitamins and minerals you need.

The human body requires a variety of vitamins to keep working properly. There are two types of vitamins: water-soluble and fat-soluble
vitamins.

Describe the sources, uses and deficiency symptoms of FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS?

Fat-soluble vitamins will not dissolve in water. Instead, fat-soluble vitamins absorb best when taken with higher-fat foods. Once absorbed
into the body; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissues and liver. The body can use these stores for future use. The water-soluble
vitamins are vitamins B and C.There are four types of fat-soluble vitamins:

 vitamin A
 vitamin D
  vitamin E
 vitamin K

Each type of fat-soluble vitamin promotes different functions in the body. People deficient in the fat-soluble vitamins may require
supplements to boost their supply.

Vitamin A: Vitamin A plays an important role in maintaining healthy vision. Without vitamin A, a person would suffer from severe vision
issues.

Dietary sources: Vitamin A can be obtained through natural sources. Some sources include:

 fish liver oil

 liver of animals
 butter
Animal sources provide the active components to help create retinols within the human body. Some plants also provide pro-vitamin A
compounds known as carotenoid antioxidants. The most common is called beta carotene, which can be found in foods such as:

 kale
 carrots
 spinach

Deficiency: Vitamin A deficiency is not common in developed countries. However, vegetarians are at a higher risk of a deficiency because
they do not get some kinds of vitamin A through their normal diet.

Similarly, people in developing countries with limited food sources or people whose diet is low in meat intake may also suffer from vitamin
A deficiencies. Some signs of vitamin A deficiency include:

 hair loss
 dry eyes
 blindness
 reduced immune function
 skin issues

Vitamin D
Vitamin D is produced naturally in the human body when the skin is exposed to the sun. Vitamin D aids in bone health and development.
There are two types found naturally:

 vitamin D-3, found in animal fats

 vitamin D-2, found in plants, such as mushroom

Function

Once vitamin D is absorbed into the bloodstream, the liver and kidneys change calciferol into calcitriol, the biologically active form of
vitamin D. When used in the body, vitamin D performs two major roles:

 bone maintenance
 immune system support

Dietary sources

Vitamin D absorption is one of the only arguments for a person exposing large, unprotected areas of skin to the sun. When exposed
regularly, people can actually absorb enough rays to produce vitamin D to function properly, without need for supplements.

However, many people do not spend hours in the sun. When people do, they are also often covered in sunscreen and clothing. As a result,
a person is not likely to absorb as much vitamin D through sunlight alone. Instead, people can obtain vitamin D through some food
sources, including:

 fish oil
 fatty fish
 mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet light
 fortified dairy products

Deficiency

It is not very common for a person to develop vitamin D deficiency. When it happens, most cases involve older adults or people who have
been admitted to the hospital for extended amounts of time. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
include:
  increased bone fractures
 weakened immune system
 weakened musclesss

Vitamin E
Vitamin E is antioxidants that can help the body destroy free radicals. Free radicals are unstable atoms that may cause the formation
of cancer cells. As such, vitamin E could play an important part in preventing cancer.

Dietary sources: Vitamin E is most abundant in seeds, vegetable oils, and nuts. Some of the best sources of vitamin E include:

 wheat germ oil

 sunflower seeds or oil
 hazelnuts
 almonds

Deficiency

Vitamin E deficiency is extremely rare in otherwise healthy individuals. Those with specific illnesses that block the liver from absorbing
vitamin E are most at risk. Symptoms of deficiency include:

 trouble walking
 muscle weakness or tremors
 vision issues

Write a note on PROTEINS

The human body uses proteins for many things, including repairing and building tissues, acting as enzymes, aiding the immune system, and
serving as hormones. Each of these important functions requires a slightly different form of protein. In spite of their differences in
structure, all proteins contain the same basic sub-components.

Proteins are one of the four different types of macromolecules, in addition to carbohydrates, lipids, or fats, and nucleic acids, such as DNA
and RNA. Macromolecules are large molecules that perform specialized functions inside living organisms. The structural arrangement of a
protein molecule will differ in accordance with its function.

Amino Acids & Proteins

Proteins are long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. In other words, amino acids are like the links in a
chain. The chain itself represents the protein molecule. Protein chains are then twisted and folded together in specific ways to create
certain molecules.

This example shows our primary protein chain as it's twisted into a helical shape, folded into a sheet, and then twisted all over again into
an intricate globular shape. In this case, the final product is a protein molecule known as haemoglobin, which can be found in your blood.

Earlier, we mentioned that protein plays a role in tissue repair, and that's why it's so important to have protein in your diet. But what are
the best sources of protein? And, are there different types of protein? Let's explore these questions. Afterwards, you might take a look in
your refrigerator and decide whether your diet is protein rich or protein poor.

Protein can be found in all living things. The type and amount of protein within foods can vary, but inevitably, it's there in some form.
Meats, cheeses, and nuts tend to have higher protein content than many plant-based sources. To determine the protein content of a food,
we'll need to read its nutrition label.

Major functions of MICRONUTRIENTS?

To maintain your brain, muscle, bone, nerves, skin, blood circulation, and immune system, your body requires a steady supply of many
different raw materials—both macronutrients and micronutrients. You need large amounts of macronutrients—proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates. And while you only need a small number of micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—failing to get even those small
quantities virtually guarantees disease.

The importance of micronutrients Nearly 30 vitamins and minerals that your body cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts on its
own are called "essential micronutrients." British sailors learned centuries ago that living for months without fresh fruits or vegetables—
the main sources of vitamin C—caused the bleeding gums and listlessness of scurvy, a disease that often proved fatal. Even today in many
low-income countries, people frequently suffer from a variety of nutrient-deficiency diseases.

Types and Functions of Micronutrients Vitamins and minerals can be divided into four categories: water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble
vitamins, macro minerals and trace minerals. Regardless of type, vitamins and minerals are absorbed in similar ways in your body and
interact in many processes.

Water-Soluble Vitamins Most vitamins dissolve in water and are therefore known as water-soluble. They’re not easily stored in your
body and get flushed out with urine when consumed in excess. While each water-soluble vitamin has a unique role, their functions are
related.
For example, most B vitamins act as coenzymes that help trigger important chemical reactions. A lot of these reactions are necessary for
energy production. The water-soluble vitamins — with some of their functions — are:

 Vitamin B1 (thiamine): Helps convert nutrients into energy.

 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): Necessary for energy production, cell function and fat metabolism.

 Vitamin B3 (niacin): Drives the production of energy from food.

 Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): Necessary for fatty acid synthesis.

 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): Helps your body release sugar from stored carbohydrates for energy and create red blood cells.

 Vitamin B7 (biotin): Plays a role in the metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids and glucose.

 Vitamin B9 (folate): Important for proper cell division.

 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): Necessary for red blood cell formation and proper nervous system and brain function.

 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): Required for the creation of neurotransmitters and collagen, the main protein in your skin.

As you can see, water-soluble vitamins play an important role in producing energy but also have several other functions.Since these
vitamins are not stored in your body, it’s important to get enough of them from food.

Trace Minerals Trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts than macro minerals but still enable important functions in your body.
The trace minerals and some of their functions are:

 Iron: Helps provide oxygen to muscles and assists in the creation of certain hormones.

 Manganese: Assists in carbohydrate, amino acid and cholesterol metabolism.

 Copper: Required for connective tissue formation, as well as normal brain and nervous system function.

 Zinc: Necessary for normal growth, immune function and wound healing.

 Iodine: Assists in thyroid regulation.

 Fluoride: Necessary for the development of bones and teeth.

 Selenium: Important for thyroid health, reproduction and defence against oxidative damage.

Major causes of HEART ATTACK?

The normal heart The human heart is only the size of a fist, but it is the strongest muscle in the body. With every heartbeat, the heart
pumps blood, carrying oxygen and nutrients, to all parts of the body. The heart beats about 70 times a minute in a person at rest. The
heart rate increases when we are active or when we feel strong emotions.

A heart attack The heart itself gets oxygen and nutrients through blood vessels called the coronary arteries. When the blood flow to the
heart is cut off, the decrease in the supply of oxygen and nutrients can cause lasting damage to this vital organ. When the blockage is
sudden, it is called a heart attack. If the blockage is only partial and the blood flow to the heart is decreased, it can cause chest pain called
angina. It may not cause lasting damage to the heart muscle, but it is a warning sign that a person could develop a major heart attack.

What is a stroke?

The normal brain The brain can only function if blood is fl owing through it. Two large blood vessels, which run along either side of the
neck, bring blood from the heart to the brain. The blood vessels branch off and get smaller and smaller, until tiny blood vessels supply
oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the brain.

A stroke A stroke happens in the same way as a heart attack, but takes place in the brain. If the blood flow to the brain is interrupted, the
brain loses its supply of oxygen and nutrients. This causes the damage to the brain tissue that we call a stroke.
What causes heart attacks and strokes? Heart attacks and strokes are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from fl owing
to the heart or the brain. The most common reason for this is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that
supply the heart or the brain. This makes the blood vessels narrower and less flexible. It is sometimes called hardening of the arteries or
atherosclerosis. The blood vessels are then more likely to get blocked by blood clots. When that happens, the blood vessels cannot supply
blood to the heart and brain, which become damaged.

Why does fat build up in blood vessels? There are three main reasons for fatty build-up, and you can control them all:

• Smoking and other tobacco use

• Unhealthy diet

• Not staying active.

You can protect yourself from heart attacks and strokes by investing a little time and effort. An early form of fatty deposits, known as
“fatty streaks”, can even be found in some children younger than 10 years. These deposits get slowly worse as the person gets older. To fi
nd out more about how you can prevent this from happening to you and your family, read Section 2, “Preventing heart attacks and
strokes”.

Other causes of stroke Strokes can also be caused in two other ways:

• A blood vessel in the brain can burst and bleed, damaging brain tissue. This is called intracerebral haemorrhage. High blood pressure is
an important risk factor for this. You can read more about high blood pressure in Section 9.

• If a person has a weak or irregular heartbeat, blood clots may form in the heart and travel through the blood vessels to the brain. The
clots can become trapped in a narrow brain artery, blocking the blood fl ow to an area of the brain.

How poor lifestyle choices increase the risk

Tobacco use Tobacco smoke is full of substances that damage your lungs, blood vessels and heart. They take the place of the oxygen in
the blood that your heart and brain need to work properly. Tobacco use greatly increases your chance of having a heart attack or stroke.
Tobacco also causes cancer and lung disease, and harms babies during pregnancy. Inhaling the tobacco smoke of other smokers is as
harmful as smoking yourself.

Unhealthy diet An unhealthy diet is one with:

• Too much food (too many calories);

• Too much fat, sugar or salt;

• Not enough fruit and vegetables.

If you eat a lot of food and you are not active enough to burn it off, you will put on weight. You could slowly become overweight or even
obese. Being overweight can lead to diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood fat levels. All of these physical problems increase the
risk of heart attacks and strokes. Obese people are at especially high risk if they have a lot of fat around the waist and stomach area. An
unhealthy diet often contains too much “fast food”, which is high in fat and sugar, and sugar-loaded soft drinks. Fast food is also very high
in salt, which increases blood pressure.

Lack of physical activity When people do not stay active, their risk of heart attack and stroke increases greatly. Physical activity lowers
your risk of heart attacks and strokes by:

• helping your body burn sugars and fats and assisting in keeping a good weight;

• lowering your blood pressure

• increasing oxygen levels in your body;

• reducing stress;
• strengthening your heart muscle and bones;

• improving blood circulation and muscle tone.

Staying active also reduces the risk of other illnesses, such as cancer. Active people usually feel better and happier. They are likely to sleep
better and to have more energy, self-confidence, and concentration. You do not have to be in training for the Olympics to get these benefi
ts! Walking, gardening, or doing housework for at least 30 minutes on most days can help you prevent heart attacks and strokes.

Difference between DRUG ADDICTION & DRUG ABUSE?

Many people use the terms drugs abuse and drug addiction interchangeably, even though they are very different terms. If you are
struggling with drugs in your life, it’s important for you to know the difference between these two terms so you can seek the right
treatment. Only then, when you identify your problem, will you begin to make the first steps towards your recovery.

Although drug abuse and drug addiction are different terms, they are related. Drug abuse refers to using drugs even though it has become
a problem in your life. You may have begun using drugs without any noticeable negative consequences, but as you continued to abuse
drugs, the negative consequences became more apparent.

*Identifying Drug Abuse Some questions to ask you are:

 How is my relationship with my family and friends?

 How am I performing at school or work?

 Have I had any legal troubles because of my use?

 Have I been using drugs before or during activities I previously enjoyed sober?

 Am I going out of my way to use drugs?

 Do I think about using drugs throughout the course of a day?

One of the worst consequences of drug abuse is its ability to develop into drug dependency, or addiction. You must understand that drug
addiction is not a moral failing but rather an illness that is recognized by the medical community. Like any illness, sometimes treatment in
the best exclusive addiction treatment centre is the only way to recovery.

Medical Criteria for Addiction

For people struggling with drug addiction, there can be a sense of guilt or shame associated with the addiction. This stigma can be harmful
to the recovery process. Like any illness, addiction should be treated as something that is beyond your control, and you can seek
treatment that can help you recover from your illness. The DSM-IV, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is the
standard used by medical professionals to diagnose and treat illnesses, including addiction.

*Medically Recognizing Addiction The medical community defines addiction as meeting three (or more) of the criteria outlined by
the DSM IV over the course of a 12-month period.

1. Tolerance, defined by using more to achieve the desired effect or a diminished effect by using the same amount, is present.
2. Withdrawal, defined by having withdrawal symptoms when not using or using to avoid these withdrawal symptoms, is present.
3. The substance is taken in higher amounts or taken over a longer period of time than the user intended.
4. The user unsuccessfully tries to cut down the amount of use.
5. The user spends large amounts of time trying to obtain the drug, use the drug, or recover from the drug’s effects.
6. Social activities, work and recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use.
7. Continued use occurs, despite recognizing that the substance is causing negative physical and psychological consequences.
It’s important to understand the difference between drug abuse and addiction, so that you, or a loved one, can seek the treatment
needed. Neither drug abuse nor addiction is a moral weakness, but rather a diagnosable illness that can be successfully treated to achieve
a happier, drug-free life. If you feel that you are suffering from drug abuse or addiction and want a way out, through treatment you can
begin your successful road to recovery.
Differences between ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINES

In modern times, the treatment and prevention of various life-threatening bacterial, viral and other infections have become possible with
the advent of vaccines and antibiotics. Both vaccines and antibiotics are used to treat infections or kill germs, but they are different as they
work in different ways and are used for different purposes. Antibiotics are used to treat diseases that have already occurred and vaccines
are used to prevent diseases that may happen. Let us see how antibiotics differ from vaccines

Antibiotics:

Antibiotics are small molecules or compounds that are used to treat or stop infections caused by microorganisms like bacteria, fungi etc.
They belong to the group of antimicrobial compounds intended to kill harmful microorganism. They kill bacteria or stop them from
growing or reproducing. The meaning of word antibiotic is ?against life?, so any drug that is prepared to kill bacteria in the body is
technically an antibiotic.

Antibiotics kill only bacteria, they don?t work against viruses. So, they are used for bacterial infections not for the viral infections. Some
common bacterial infections that can be treated with antibiotics are as follows:

o Strep throat

o Dental infections

o Ear and sinus infections

o Bladder and kidney infections

o Bacterial pneumonia

o Whooping cough

o Meningitis

Vaccines:

Vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to produce or improve immunity to a specific disease. They are generally given by
injection (needle) however some are given orally and nasally (sprayed into the nose). The act of giving a vaccine to produce immunity to a
specific disease is known as vaccination.

It is an inactive form of a germ (bacteria or virus). It is generally prepared from small amounts of weakened or dead micro organisms
which can cause diseases like viruses and bacteria. In some cases, the inactivated toxins produced by germs or their body parts like surface
proteins are used to prepare a vaccine. Vaccines protect us from various diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, polio, chicken pox, small pox,
flu, common cold, stomach flu etc.

How vaccine works:

Vaccine contains a small amount of a dead or weakened disease-causing germ (antigen). When this antigen enters the body through
vaccination, it causes the body to build immunity or produce antibodies against the antigen or specific infection without causing the actual
disease. Some of these antibodies remain in the body. Whenever a real disease-causing germ enters into our body, our immune system
quickly recognizes it and produces more antibodies to destroy the actual germ or neutralize toxins effectively. Thus, through vaccination,
the information to fight against specific germ gets stored in the immune system or the immune system is already prepared with antibodies
to fight that germ.
Based on above information, some of the key differences between antibiotics and vaccines are as follows:

Antibiotics Vaccines

Antibiotics are antimicrobial molecules or compounds which are Vaccine is an inactive form of a germ (a small amount of a dead or
used to treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc. inactivate germ) used to provide immunity to a specific disease.

Antibiotics kill bacteria, mainly used to treat bacterial infections. Vaccines kill viruses, mainly used to prevent viral infections.

Classified into three classes: cyclic lip peptides, oxazolidinones The types of vaccines include live and attenuated, inactivated,
and glycylcyclines. subunit, Toxic etc.

Available in different forms like tablets, capsules, syrup, drops, Vaccines are given through injection, in some cases given orally or
ointments. nasally.

Antibodies are given after getting infected. Vaccine is a preventive measure which is given in advance before
the manifestation of an infection.

Its side effects include diarrheal, nausea and allergy. Its side effects include swelling, mild fever etc.

Antibiotic can be used against multiple bacterial infections. A vaccine provides immunity against a particular infection.

It destroys the biochemistry of the bacteria. It improves the natural immunity against germs.