Hithesh B (4VZ17MTP03) - Mains PDF

“Optimization and Production of Gossypium Hirsutum oil Biodiesel Using
RSM technique and its Performance Evaluation in Four Stroke CI Engine” 2018-2019
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The utilization of non-renewable energy source amid days of yore was less because of
absence of innovation, the general population used to go starting with one spot then onto the
next by utilizing bullock truck and by walk. Be that as it may, in the ongoing year as the
development of innovation builds currently there are no less than a few vehicles in each
house. We can likewise legitimize that as innovation increments there is high utilization in
power and power. In this way, the employments of petroleum products are high which
prompts contamination and ozone layer consumption.
1.1 India Energy Consumption:

India is the second biggest populated nation on the planet. As the populace builds the
vitality request likewise increments, for example, by power, transportation and so on., India is
the third greatest essential vitality utilization after USA and China. Almost India Imports 198
million tons of unrefined petroleum. India produces power by utilizing non-renewable energy
sources, 75% of intensity created in India is by utilizing petroleum derivatives. The figure 1.1
demonstrates the Energy utilization in India. [1]
Figure 1.1 Energy Consumption in India
Since the employments of petroleum derivatives are high, the vitality request increments in
order to locate an elective wellspring of vitality.
There are various opportunities to create your very own capacity and warmth using
economical resources. Nevertheless, first you need to comprehend that you are making an
endeavor, which can be liberal, and this requires the fitting examination, site thoughts,
require evaluation, and cost ampleness consider. More research is required for the similarity
of elective fills in ground vehicles which utilize for the most part fluid powers. In such
manner, it is likewise imperative to take note of that inner ignition motors and gas turbines
Dept. of Thermal Power Engineering, VTU Centre for PG Studies, Mysuru Page 1
could conceivably utilize fills of comparable properties with new fuel infusion advancements
and structures.[2]
In coming years, elective energizes utilized in both air and ground transportation will
bolster the vitality arrangement of nations. Because of affordable and natural weaknesses of
non-renewable energy sources, elective vitality assets have likewise been examined to
diminish reliance on oil based powers and secure condition. At this moment sustainable
power source assets is second driving wellspring of widespread power development in 2017
it was about 22.3% of worldwide age. Sustainable power source shows up in following coal
of 40.7%, further on gas 21.6%, atomic 10.6% with oil 4.3%.[1]
We use energizes like petroleum, diesel, coal, LPG for the greatest which are non
sustainable power sources. So in the ongoing years we are compelled to move towards the
inexhaustible sources for our vitality necessities. So there is need to for an alternative fuel so
the researches are carried out for the alternate fuel known as “Biodiesel”
1.2 What is Biodiesel?

Biodiesel is deﬁned as a blend of l0ng-chain monoalkylic esters fr0m unsaturated fats g0t
fr0m sustainable res0urces, t0 be utilized in diesel engines. This definition is given by ASTM
International [3]
1.3 Sources of Biodiesel

The crude materials used for biodiesel production are vegetable oils, animal fats and
short chain alcohols.
Non Edible Oils
 Jatropha curcas: Unrefined jatropha oil was procured from a financially available
source. Jatropha 0il starts from the shrub Jatr0pha curcas, generally called physic nut.
The plant is nearby to Mexic0, F0cal America, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and
Paraguay and India
 Pongamia pinnata: Unadulterated, cold squashed karanja0il acquired from plant.

Karanja. (P0ngamia pinnata) is a medium .surveyed evergreen tree that makes in
India. The seed contains 27-39% 0il. The 0il is rosy dull shaded and well-off in.
unsaponifiable issue and oleic destructive.

 Linseed 0il: Linseed has been commonly used as a drying 0il. It is yearly herb
and.c0ntains 37-42% 0il. The crude 0il c0ntains.0.25% ph0sphatides, a little
pr0p0rtion of crystalline wax, and a water-dissolvable resinous issue with malignant
growth anticipation operator properties.
 Azadirachta Indica: Neem oil is a generous evergreen.tree,12 to 18 m tall, The parts

contain 40-half of an unforgiving green to dull hued shaded oil.
 Ricinus communis: Castor 0il originated from the cast0r.bean Ricinus c0mmunis.
Castor is created in tr0pical and subtr0pical regions and lean t0wards a dry climate.
The seeds c0ntain.around 45-half oil. Triglycerides of ricin0leic destructive include
84-90%.
 Madhuca indica (Mahua): Madhuca indica, cust0marily kn0wn as ‘mahua or

butternut tree, is a moderate estimated huge decidu0us tree, which creates to a stature
of 10–15 m. The Madhuca:indica tree starts conveying seeds following 10 years and
continues for as long as 60 years. Each tree yields ar0und 20–40 kg of seed each year.
The Madhuca indica 0il contains an irregular territory of FFAs and a system for
changing over this 0il to bi0diesel is especially required.
 Heveabrasiliensis (Rubber): Heveabrasiliensis, normally kn0wn elastic tree, its

rapidly creating tree has a spot with family Euph0rbiaceae. The genuine wellspring 0f
basic flexible and nearby the Amaz0n timberlands and is right now comprehensively
created in tropics over the world. Gr0wing up t0 34 m.in heights, the tree require
overpowering precipitation and pr0duces seeds weighing fr0m 2 to 4 g that don't
starting at now have any major mechanical applications.
Edible Oils
 Corn Oil: Distiller's R0ugh, dry distiller's grain (DDG) expelled corn oil was
acquired fr0m a precisely open s0urce. Thee expelled c0rn 0il starts fr0m the DDG
stream of the ethan0l age pr0cess.
 Mustard Oil: Refined mustard 0il was obtained as of a ec0nomically available

source.
 Soybean Oil: Refined soybean 0il was acquired from a financially accessible source.
 Sunflower Oil: Sunflower 0il 0btained from plants and bl0oms.
Waste co0king 0il: R0ugh utilized c0oking 0il was gained fr0m a financially accessible
source.
Animal Fats: Distinctive waste creature fats can be utilized as feedstocks for biodiesel
generation. They are: fat (beef tallow fat from residential cows and mutton tallow fat from
sheep), pork grease (rendered pork fat), chicken fat and oil.
1.4 Advantages of Biodiesel
The points of interest of bi0diesel are as foll0ws:
 Renewable fuel, acquired fr0m creature fats or vegetable oil.

 Low lethality in comparison with diesel fuel.
 Lower outflows of contaminants: carbon monoxide, particulate issue, aldehydes.
 Lower wellbeing hazard, because of diminished outflows.
 No sulfur dioxide (SO2) emanations.
1.4 Disadvantages of biodiesel
The drawbacks of biodiesel are as per the following:
 Possibly higher fuel usage on account of lower calorific estimation of biodiesel.

 Higher the point of solidification than diesel fuel.
 Marginally higher nitrous oxide emanation than diesel motor.
 It is less consistent than diesel engine and subsequently whole deal accumulating
(over a half year) of biodiesel isn't recommended.
1.5 Cotton seed (Gossypium Hirsutum Linnaeus)
G0ssypium Hirsutum Linnaeus is normally kn0wn as upland c0tton or Mexican cotton,

it is delivered in excess of 80 nations and disperse everywhere throughout the world. The
archeologists discovered developing cotton seeds in the Indus valley (Pakistan) in the year
3000 B.C. In the wake of collecting from the agribusiness land it will be motorized as crude
cotton, fiber and seed. Fiber and seeds isolated from cotton plant. Cotton fiber will be utilized
in material industry. Cotton seeds are utilized as dairy cattle feed results in great yielding of
milk and utilized for delivering biodiesel. The cotton plants, seeds and their appearance are as
shown in this figure from 1.2 to 1.4.
The plant becomes 2m tall per annum. Leaves are heart molded at base and grow up to
10cm long. Blossoms are Yellowish white in shading. Organic product cases are up to 4cm
long and having 3 to 5 cells. Plant lives for 1 year. Cotton seed yield is around 1200-2450 kg
per hectare.[3]
Figure 1.2 Cotton Plant Figure 1.3 Cotton capsule
Figure 1.4 Cotton seed
In any case as of late the cotton seeds are been developed in North India, North
Karnataka and few places in South India. The table 1 demonstrates the itemized Botanical
Hierarchy of Gossypium Hirsutum Linnaeus (Cotton Seed).
Table 1: Botanical detail of cotton seed
Kingd0m Plantae
Divisi0n Magnoli0phyta
Class Magn0liopsida
Order Malvales
Family Malvaceae
Genus G0ssypium
An oil yield is around 25-30%. Organic product cases are up to 4cm long and having
3 to 5 cells. Plant lives for 1 year. Cotton seed yield is around 1200-2450 kg per hectare. An
oil yield is around 25-30%.[4]
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
R. Senthilraja, V. Shiva Kumar and et al In this paper, consider to change fuel supply plan
of solitary chamber four str0ke diesel engine as a twofold fuel structure. A test examination
on the introduction, exhaust spread and consuming properties of twofold fuel with blends 0f
diesel, ethan0l, c0tton seed 0il methyl ester and CNG were done. At optimum load, the mix
of D60E20CS0ME20CNG10%, D40E30CS0ME30CNG10% expanded pressure in the
chamber than diesel fuel and distinctive blends with CNG proportionate with Diesel. The
study result demonstrates that the p0tential points of interest of using CNG with bi0 fuel
blends f0r higher thermal efficiency and l0wer release. [5]
Y. Alhassan , N. Kumar , I.M. Bugaje and et al, In this research w0rk, transesterificati0n 0f
C0tton seed 0il utilizing methanol-c0solvent frameworks was directed. Optimizati0n of reacti0n
time, temperature, methan0l-c0-solvent ratio and catalyst c0ncentration rati0 were led too.
The accompanying discoveries are uncovered; The expanding rate co-dissolvable int0
methan0l was ideal at littler level of 10% for CBN and ACT while the ideal expanding rate
for DEE was at 30%, recommending that solitary modest quantity of c0-dis solvable was
required for the response much of the time. At first, response time was stretched out from 55
min demonstrating obvious rate yields 0f FAMEs which provoked decrease 0f the
opportunity to 10 min, yet the rate yields acquired were as high as the later with certain
exemptions. Along these lines, response time was decreased multiple times without
fundamentally lessening the yield. [6]
D. Royon , M. Daz and et al, In this paper, consequences of methan0lysis of c0ttonseed 0il
utilizing t-butan0l as a dissolvable and immobilized Candida antarctica lipase (Nov0zym
435) as catalyst are accounted for. The reaction within a reasonable time periods is lower than
that of other systems. . An exceptionally basic, one stage ceaseless reactor can be utilized for
the biodiesel creation. No catalyst recovery steps are required for lipase reuse. The
operational dependability of the catalysti is high even at 50 °C[7]
Duple Sinha , S. Murugavelh , In the present w0rk, creating of an exceptionally dynamic

CaO catalyst from egg shells 0n calcinations, biodiesel generation from waste co0king 0il as
a cott0n seed 0ils were represented. The exhibition of a diesel engine with the waste co0king
0il bi0diesel fuel was evaluated and emanation properties were als0 analyzed. An
insignificant exertion calcium 0xide catalyst made fr0m waste egg shells was set up by
calcinations—hydrati0n—lack of hydration pr0cess. The ideal c0nditions were seen t0 be
oil/methan0l m0lar ratio of 1:12, catalyst 0f 3 wt.%. Used c0tton c0oking 0il yielded 0f 92%
of bi0diesel. The biodiesel blends B10 and B20 realized stunningly exhibited an improved
outpouring trademark with l0wer unburnt HC, CO releases and besides c0uld transform into a
ch0ice for c0nventional diesel fuel. Bi0diesel conveyed from waste c0tton seed oil have a
remarkable potential for being wellspring of substitute fuel. [8]
M. Leenus Jesu Martin et al. In this present w0rk, vari0us methodologies have been tried to
impr0ve the perf0rmance 0f c0tton seed 0il fuelled diesel motor. Cott0n seed 0il was changed
over into its ethyl ester by the transesterificati0n methodology to 0btain better execution,
effectiveness. As we presume that, Ethyl ester of cotton seed oil results in a higher warm
profitability of 30.4% where as CSO results in 28%. Preheating immaculate CSO basically
cuts down the thickness of CSO and improves mix plan and consuming achieving better
brake warm capability when stood out from faultless CSO. Consuming length and begin
deferral is l0nger with CSO as differentiated and diesel. At full weight, the brake warm
efficiency of CSO 70: DEE 30 increases from 28% to 29.5%. NO transmission increases
fr0m 703 ppm for smooth CSO to 737 ppm for CSO 70: DEE 30 at full weight. The sm0ke
level is lessened from 3.9 BSU to 3.5 BSU [9]
M.N. Nabi et al. In the present examinati0n different parameters f0r bi0diesel generation
have been lo0ked int0 and thereafter engine releases have been thought ab0ut with
immaculate diesel fuel and the biodiesel blends. Here the 100% biodiesel is named as
bi0diesel and the different blends of bi0diesel with diesel fuel are named as bi0diesel blends
in the g0ing with. The effects of resp0nse temperature, impetus rates, alc0hol rates and
reaction time f0r perfect bi0diesel generation have been analyzed. Bi0diesel blends showed
less CO, PM, sm0ke releases than those of diesel fuel. NOx outpouring with bi0diesel blends
sh0wed higher characteristics when differentiated and impeccable diesel fuel. Diverged fr0m
the perfect diesel fuel, 10% bi0diesel blends diminished PM, sm0ke releases by 24% and
14%, exclusively. Bi0diesel blends (30%) diminished CO surges by 24%, while 10%
extensi0n in the NOx emanation was learned ab0ut a comparative blend.[10]
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 STATEMENT\0F RESEARCH W0RK
The statement of the pr0ject w0rk is “Optimization and Production of Gossypium

Hirsutum Linnaeus oil Biodiesel using RSM and its performance evaluation in four stroke CI
engine”
3.2 OBJECTIVES
 To study the cost effective process for biodiesel production using Gossypium
Hirsutum L seed (cotton seed).
 To study the production techniques of biodiesel by Gossypium Hirsutum L seed.
 To study the properties of crude oil of Gossypium Hirsutum L seed.
 To study optimization process by using RSM technique.
 To study the fuel pr0perties of c0tton seed methyl ester.
 T0 study the properties of bi0diesel blend t0 enhance thermal pr0perties.
 To study the perf0rmance characteristics of single chamber, 4 str0ke, direct ignition
diesel engine al0ng with blends
3.3 METHODOLOGY
 Selection of low cost biodiesel source such as cotton seed oil in and around Mysuru
 Evaluation of acid value and fatty acid composition of crude oil there by find out
percentage of saturation and unsaturation in the crude cott0n seed 0il.
 Investigation of thermal, chemical and physical pr0perties of crude c0tton seed 0il.
 Optimization and production of Bi0diesel from c0tton seed 0il using RSM technique.
 Investigation of thermal, chemical and physical the pr0perties of cott0n seed methyl
ester.
 Preparing the blends of biodiesel with diesel 0il. i(B20, B40, B60, B80,B100)
 Investigation of thermal, chemical and physical the pr0perties of c0tton seed methyl
ester blend with diesel 0il. (B20, B40, B60, B80,B100)
 Experimental investigati0n of biodiesel blends with c0nventional diesel 0il such
(B20, B40, B60, B80,B100) using computerized single chamber 4 str0ke diesel
engine with l0ad condition
 Comparison of performance characteristics parameters of bi0diesel blends with

c0nventional diesel 0il.
CHAPTER 4
OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

4.1 Determination of Fatty Acid Distribution in Crude Cotton Seed Oil.
It contains 50..29% saturated acid (Palmitic acid 28.73%, Myristic acid 0.97%,Stearic
acid 18.71%) and 49.71% unsaturated acid (Oleic acid 49.71%) from the above it is
discovered that cotton seed contains high saturated corrosive substance in that. Immersion is
high in the sense it will fluid at room temperature.
The level of unsaturated fat structure present in the crude cotton seed oil and it very well
may be found by a procedure called Gas Chromatography. The Gas Chromatography was
done at Ganesh consultancy and Analytical Services, Mysuru and the outcome is as shown in
the table 4.1.
Table 4.1: The C0mposition of Cotton seed oil Fatty Acids/Analyzed By GC
Components Formula Result % in 100
Palmitic acid (16:0) C16H32O2 26.73%
Myristic acid (16:1) C14H28O2 0.97%
Stearic acid (18:0) C18H36O2 18.71%
Oleic acid (18:1) C18H34O2 49.71%
4.2 Properties of Cotton Seed Oil
By utilizing weigh balance, Pensky-Martin apparatus and Redwood viscometer we can

discover density, flash point, Fire point and kinematic viscosity. Free fatty test value, Iodine
value, Saponification value was done at Ganesh consultancy and Analytical Services,
Mysuru. The outcomes is as shown in the table 4.2
On the off chance that the FFA level in Cotton seed oil is under 1%, at that point we
ought to consider single stage process which is called as alkali base Transesterification must
be embraced and if FFA level in the cotton seed oil is more than 1% then we ought to pursue
two stage process which is called as acid esterification process.
Table 4.2 The Composition of Cottonseed oil Fatty Acids
Sl Test Unit Result Test Method

no.
1 Free fatty acid % 0.13 IS-548 (Part-1)
2 Acid value -- 0.26 IS-548 (Part-1)
3 Iodine value -- 99.16 IS-548 (Part-1)
4 Saponification value -- 194.68 IS-548 (Part-1)
5 Flash point ℃ 202
6 Fire point ℃ 216
7 Cloud point ℃ 3
8 Pour point ℃ -5
9 Viscosity at 40℃ cST 29.32
10 Density at 40℃ kg/m3 914
11 Calorific Value kJ/kg 40195.2
4.3 Methods Used for Production of Biodiesel
As referenced bi0diesel can be conveyed fr0m straight vegetable 0il, animal 0il/fats and
waste 0ils. There are three basic courses t0 bi0diesel age fr0m 0ils and fats:
 Transesterificati0n 0f 0il using base catalyst

 Transesterificati0n 0f 0il using direct corrosive catalyst.
 Conversion of oil to unsaturated fats and into biodiesel
Practically all bi0diesel is pr0duced utilizing base catalyst for/Transesterificati0n as it is

the m0st efficient procedure requiring just l0w temperatures and weights and delivering a
98% transformation yield. Thus just this procedure will be depicted in this report. The below
figure 4.1 sh0ws the Fl0w chart for Pr0duction of Bi0diesel from cotton seed 0il
The Transesterificati0n method is the reacti0n 0f a triglyceride](fat/0il) with an alc0hol to

outline esters and glycer0l. A triglyceride has a glycerin as its base with three l0ng chain
unsaturated fats affixed. The characteristics 0f the fat are constrained by the possibility 0f the
unsaturated fats associated with the glycerin.
Figure 4.1: Flow chart for Pr0duction of Bi0diesel fr0m cotton seed oil
G0ssypium Hirsutum L seeds are gathered and squashed utilizing mechanical expeller
extraction as shown in figure 4.2. As the oil yield is between 25 to 30%. Oil yield of 25%
methods, 250ml of oil per kg of Gossypium Hirsutum L seeds.
Figure 4.2 Extraction of oil using mechanical expeller
The Transesterification procedure will be completed in the accompanying manner. Pour 1

liter of cotton seed oil in to the 3 neck flask. Fix the condenser into the cup. By blending
10gms of Sodium Meth oxide and 250ml methanol an answer is readied. As shown in figure
4.3 and 4.4 the oil is warmed up to 60℃ utilizing heater and at the same time blended
consistently utilizing magnetic stirrer keeping up speed around 500 rpm. The readied
arrangement is poured in to the oil. Enable the blend to mix for 65 min to accomplish
appropriate response. After response takes empty the blend into the separation jar.
4.3 Heating the Cotton Seed oil 4.4 Transesterification Process
Separation Process: When the response is finished, two noteworthy items exist: glycerin and
biodiesel. Every a significant measure of the overabundance methanol that was utilized in the
response. As shown in figure 4.5(a) and 4.5(b) the responded blend is here and there killed at
this progression if necessary. The glycerin stage is extensively thicker than biodiesel organize
as shown in figure 4.6
4.5(a) and 4.5(b) Separation of Biodiesel and Glycerin
Cotton seed Methyl Ester Wash: 0nce detached from the glycerin, the bi0diesel is a portion
of the time cleansed by washing gently with warm water t0 clear waiting stimulus or
chemicals, dried, and sent to limit. In specific methodology this movement is inconsequential
as shown in below figure 4.7(a).
This is typically the finish of the creation procedure bringing about an unmistakable golden
yellow fluid with a thickness like petr0diesel. In certain frameworks the bi0diesel is refined
in an extra advance t0 expel little measures of shading bodies to create a dreary biodiesel
Figure 4.6: Separated Glycerol
Figure 4.7: Water washing Cotton seed methyl ester
Figure 4.8: Pure Biodiesel
Later take out the methyl ester from the division cup to the open estimating flagon and
warmth it utilizing the warmer over 100 ℃ so the remainder of the methanol and water will
get vaporized and left just with the last separated Biodiesel will remain in the flask as shown
in figure 4.8.
4.4 Optimization using Resp0nse Surface\Meth0d0logy (RSM):
Resp0nse surface meth0d0logy (RSM) gives brilliant static apparatuses to plan and
examination of investigations went for procedure streamlining. At the last phases of
procedure improvement, RSM enlightens sweet spot where high yield of in determination
items can be accomplished at most minimal conceivable expense. It delivers statically-
approved prescient models and with the guide of specific programming, reaction surface
guide that indicate the path apexes of procedure execution. The most costly use of RSM are
in the modern world, especially in circumstances where a few information factors
conceivably impact some presentation or quality normal for the item or procedure. This
presentation measure or quality attributes is called response.
It is regularly estimated on a continuous scale, despite the fact that trait response,
positions and sensory response are not uncommon. The experimentation assumes a
significant job in science, designing and industry. The experimentation is an utilization of
medications to trial units, and afterward estimation of at least one reactions. With the
expanding rivalry and presence in market, the producer needs to deliver the item (both quality
and amount) with least expense. The procedure yield and quality which relies upon certain
working parameters can be enhanced utilizing different numerical models. This is
conceivable by streamlining each progression in assembling line for example procedure and
activities.
This can be cultivated with inclusion and research in the relating field anyway these
things require captivates time. There is a strategy subject to estimations and science which
can propel the methodology parameters in extraordinarily short time, called Response surface
methodology (RSM).
4.4.1 Learning Objectives and Outcomes of RSM
 Response Surface Methodology and its consecutive nature for streamlining a

procedure.
 First and second order reaction surface modals and how to discover the direction
of steepest climb or descent to amplify or limit the reaction.
 How to manage a few reactions at the same time.
 Central composite plan and Box Behnken structure as two noteworthy response
surface structures and how two create them utilizing Minitab.
 Introductory comprehension of plans and PC models
Table 4.3 Independent Parameters Used in CCD

Process Units Representation Changing Levels
parameters
-1.68(-α) -1 0 1 1.68(α)
for CCD
CH3OH Ratio A 3.31821 4 5 6 6.68179
NaOCH3 Grams B 0.663641 0.8 1 1.2 1.33636
Time Min C 22.9552 40 65 90 107.045
4.5 Optimization of crude cotton seed oil biodiesel yield adopting Resp0nse
surface method0logy (RSM)
It is logical technique. It requires observing and assembling data about how procedure
and framework functions. In a trial, some info X's change into a yield that has at least one
perceptible reaction factors Y. Accordingly, valuable outcome and end can be drawn by
analysis. So as to acquire a goal end, an experimenter needs to plan and structure the
experiments and investigate the outcomes.
During Transesterification process, central composite plan (CCD) was used for
advancement of self-ruling variables affecting Gossypium Hirsutum L biodiesel yield. CCD
can be gained to get Optimized results in least trial runs. For advancement reason,
exploratory runs were led by fluctuating free factors as proposed by CCD, shown Table 5.2.
The outcome esteems acquired from preliminary runs were fitted into a moment request
polynomial condition as shown in Equation no. 4.1, to get anticipated yield utilizing CCD
YIELD(%)=97.36+0.8803*A+1.67*B-2.74*C-0.5313*AB+1.72*AC+1.46*BC-4.93*A²-
2.16*B²-2.58*C²--------------------------------------------------------------(Eq 4.1)
Where An indicates Oil-Methanol Molar Ratio, B demonstrates Catalytic application, and

C shows Reaction Time. +ve sign will give better outcome on GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L
yield contrasted with – ve sign according to the above condition. From the underneath table
4.4, the joined outcome of information or autonomous factors on ward variable or reaction
yield can be seen close by foreseen yield.[9].
In the numerical investigation, Quadratic models were set up by utilizing strategies for
least square. Right off the bat we will build up the linear equation by utilizing the curve
fitting programming for example LAB FIT
From the below Table 4.5 Maximum yield (%) for GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L was
observed to be 97.34% for molar proportion of 5:1, catalytic concentration of 1% and 65
minutes response time 98% of inconstancy in the reaction variable can be exhibited by CCD
if the estimation of relationship co-productive of relapse R2 is 98%. Quadratic model can be
improved if estimation of R2 is higher and closer to solidarity. The cubic model was
suggested as related by CCD in light of the way that the no. of Experimental runs required to
help cubic model isn't open in CCD.
Table 4.5 CCD Suggested Experimental Matrix Arrangement
Std Run A:Time B:Methanol C:Catalyst Conc

in min Molar Ratio Grams
1 5 40 4 0.8
2 16 90 4 0.8
3 8 40 6 0.8
4 12 90 6 0.8
5 19 40 4 1.2
6 20 90 4 1.2
7 10 40 6 1.2
8 3 90 6 1.2
9 11 22.9552 5 1
10 6 107.045 5 1
11 2 65 3.31821 1
12 18 65 6.68179 1
13 9 65 5 0.663641
14 17 65 5 1.33636
15 15 65 5 1
16 1 65 5 1
17 13 65 5 1
18 14 65 5 1
19 4 65 5 1
20 7 65 5 1
Table 4.5 CCD Suggested Experimental Matrix Arrangement for Optimization of

Transesterification Process Parameters along With Response Yield and Predicted Yield
Std Run A:Time B:Methanol C:Catalyst R1 Predicated

in min Molar Conc Yield Yield
Ratio grams
1 5 40 4 0.8 89.4 89.23
2 16 90 4 0.8 88.88 88.60
3 8 40 6 0.8 91.98 91.69
4 12 90 6 0.8 88.13 87.79
5 19 40 4 1.2 77.53 77.76
6 20 90 4 1.2 85.55 85.73
7 10 40 6 1.2 86.17 86.34
8 3 90 6 1.2 90.98 91.04
9 11 22.9552 5 1 81.9 81.88
10 6 107.045 5 1 85.14 85.31
11 2 65 3.31821 1 88.38 88.35
12 18 65 6.68179 1 94.7 94.88
13 9 65 5 0.663641 91.2 91.73
14 17 65 5 1.33636 85.32 84.88
15 15 65 5 1 97.34 97.34
16 1 65 5 1 97.34 97.34
17 13 65 5 1 97.34 97.34
18 14 65 5 1 97.34 97.34
19 4 65 5 1 97.34 97.34
20 7 65 5 1 97.34 97.34
The below table 4.6 demonstrates the aftereffects of Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA).ANOVA was performed to discover the significance of CCD. The model with
relapse F-estimation of 63.57 proposes that the model was huge and it was affirmed by p-
value (probability) of under 0.0001 which means the model is noteworthy at 95% certainty
used to assess the importance of free factors. The factors with higher F-value and lower p-
value probe>F are said to be critical factors.[10]
Table 4.6: Model Summary for Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel Synthesis
Source Std. Dev. R² Adjusted R² Predicted R²

Linear 5.75 0.2005 0.0506 -0.1812
2FI 5.88 0.3222 0.0093 -0.6241
Quadratic 0.4526 0.9969 0.9941 0.9743 Suggested
Cubic 0.1509 0.9998 0.9993 0.9545 Aliased
Table 4.7 Analysis of Variance ANOVA for Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel Synthesis
Source Sum of df Mean F-value p-value

Squares Square
Model 660.25 9 73.36 358.08 < 0.0001 Significant
A-Time 8.92 1 8.92 43.55 < 0.0001
B-Methanol 40.99 1 40.99 200.06 < 0.0001
C-Catalyst 82.88 1 82.88 404.54 < 0.0001

Conc
AB 1.68 1 1.68 8.22 0.0168
AC 50.35 1 50.35 245.76 < 0.0001

BC 28.54 1 28.54 139.30 < 0.0001
A² 337.94 1 337.94 1649.47 < 0.0001
B² 58.05 1 58.05 283.33 < 0.0001

C² 119.55 1 119.55 583.54 < 0.0001
Residual 2.05 10 0.2049
Lack of Fit 2.05 5 0.4098

Pure Error 0.0000 5 0.0000
Cor Total 662.30 19
4.6 Result of Parameters of Transesterification Procession Biodiesel Yield
 The outcome of Methanol-oil molar ratio and synergist concentration Gossypium

Hirsutum L biodiesel yield is as shown below figures 4.9(a) and 4.9(b) individually.
During advancement of Transesterification process methanol-oil

methanol molar proportion
was fluctuated from 4:1 to 8:1 aand
nd reactant convergence of NaOCH3was shifted
between 0.8% to 1.2 %( %W). The temperature was kept up in the scope of 60 to
65oC. For methan0l-0il m0lar rati0 of 5:1 and synergist convergence of 1% an ideal
yield of 94.7% was gotten (response time was held steady at an hour and a half). At
the point when molar proportion and reactant focus was changed between 4:1 to 8:1
and 0.8% too 1.2% high bi0diesel yield was acquired
d in the range 0f 79.29% to
97.34%. It is on the grounds that as molar proportion builds better blending of
triglyceride with methanol happens and thus better response happens within the sight
of catalyst which prompts better yield. At the point when molar proportion and
reactant fixation was changed between 4:1 to 8:1 and 0.8 % to 1.2 % low bi0diesel
yield was acquired in the range 0f 55.50% to 85.29%. It is on the grounds that at high
molar proportion overabundance methanol present in blend expands dissolvability and
hinders the detachment of glycerol from methyl ester. On the off chance that glycerol
is permitted to stay in the blend, it causes balance reaction to occur in the reverse
direction leading to reduced biodiesel yield. Moreover due to hig
high molar ratio more
cost is incurred while recovery of methanol from Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel.
Figure 4.9 (a) & 4.9 (b): Result of Methan0l-0il M0lar rati0 and Catalytic c0ncentration 0n
Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel Yield (3D and contour plot)
 The
he aftereffect of Catalytic Concentration and Reaction Time on Gossypium
Hirsutum L biodiesel yield is as shown below figures 4.9(a) and 4.9(b)
4.9 individually.
During improvement of Transesterification process Catalytic Concentration and
Reaction Time was fluctuated between 0.8to 1.2% ( %W) and response time was
changed somewhere in the range of 40 and an hour and a half. The temperature was
kept up in the scope of 60 to 65oC. For Catalytic C0ncentration 0f 1% and Reacti0n
Time of 65 minutes an ideal yield of 97.34% was gotten (methanol-oil
(methanol molar
proportion was held consistent at 5:1). During improvement process the preliminary
runs were performed at various Catalytic Concentration in the scope of 0.8% to 1.2%.
It was seen that there was increment in biodies
biodiesel
el yield with increment in Catalytic
Concentration. It is on the grounds that it improves the response rate among
triglycerides and methanol. Anyway at higher Catalytic Concentration there was a
reduction in biodiesel yield. It is on the grounds that as Na
NaOCH
CH3 Concentration turns
out to be high it responds with triglycerides prompting the arrangement of cleanser,
which diminishes biodiesel yield.
Figure 4.10 (a) & 4.10 (b): Result of Catalytic concentration and Reaction Time on
Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel Yield
 The outcome of Methanol

Methanol-oil m0lar rati0 and Reaction Time on Gossypium Hirsutum
L biodiesel yield is as shown below figures 4.11(a) and 4.11(b)
4.11 separately. During
streamlining of Transesterification process methanol
methanol-oill molar proportion was varied
from 4:1 to 8:1
:1 and response time was fluctuated somewhere in the range of 40 and an
hour and a half.
Figure 4.11(a) & 4.11 (b): Result of Methan0l-0il M0lar rati0 and Reaction Time on
Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel Yield (3D and contour plot)
The temperature was kept up in the scope of 60 to 65oC. F0r methan0l--0il m0lar rati0 of 6:1
and Reaction time of an hour and a half an ideal yield of 97.34%
% was gotten (Catalytic
Concentration was held consistent at 1%).
%). During enhancement process the preliminary runs
were performed at various response time, for example, 40,, 60, 75, 90 and 100 minutes. It was
seen that there was increment in biodiesel yield with increment in response time because of
increment in level of blending for example adequate time was accommodated better blending.
Anyway at higher response time there was abatement in biodiesel yield. It is on the grounds
that as response time increments there is an expansion in thickness of the blend because of
arrangement of glycerol which intrudes on the blending of triglyceride with methanol.
Alongside that higher response time likewise will in general cleanser arrangement which
lessens the yield [10].
CHAPTER 5
INVESTIGATION OF BIODIESEL PROPERTIES AND THEIR

BLENDS
In this research work, after fulfillment of batch production from cotton seed oil to
biodiesel that is B100(cotton seed methyl ester), at that point go for mixes with conventional
diesel fuel like cotton seed methyl ester B80, B60, B40, B20. For any liquids which going to
use for direct ignition diesel engine it must check the physical properties and it is contrasted
and standard diesel fuel and there is worry in progress in the engine execution so for that can
go for added substances to biodiesel blends
5.1 Properties of C0tt0n Seed Methyl Ester Blends with Its Effect on
Different Blends
For any of the fuel primarily should check the fuel properties such as physical, chemical
and thermal properties. Once completion of batch production from cotton seed oil to biodiesel
that is B100, and then go for blends with conventional diesel fuel and check the properties.
5.1.1 Investigation of Properties on Cotton Seed Methyl Ester with Blends

of Conventional Diesel Oil
It is critical to realize the different blends couple of significant properties to perform the
engine test and separating the result. By and by we look at the couple of properties
assortments in different blends and invigorates. The properties of biofuel are surveyed and
varities in properties of unrefined biofuel blends. The table 5.1 exhibits the absolute nuances
qualities pr0perties of c0tton seed methyl ester and its blends nearby ordinary diesel oil, for
instance, B100, B80, B60, B40 and B20. Recorded with the help of the standard examination.
In addition, from the table clearly there is ceaseless reducing in the thickness, express gravity,
consistency, streak point and fire direct, increases with contrast and conventional diesel fuel.
[11]
5.2 Result and Discussion on C0tton Seed Methyl Ester with Blends 0f
Diesel
5.2.1 Effect of Flash Point

Flash p0int is a significant property to be c0nsidered during fuel st0rage. Higher the flash
point purpose of fuel it is more secure during stored conditions. Flash point of a biodiesel is
controlled by its structure and alcohol substance present in it. From figure 5.1 it tends to be
seen that Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel has most elevated glimmer purpose of 152℃.
Henceforth as biodiesel rate increments in the blends there is an expansion in flash point.
Table 5.1: Pr0perties of Conventional Diesel 0il and Bi0diesel Blends
Properties Diesel B20 B40 B60 B80 B100
Flash point in 0C 52 68 83 92 108 152
Fire point in 0C 60 76 89 98 116 161
Cloud point in -9 5.6 2.5 -7.5 -8 11

0
C
Pour point in 0C -11.3 -8 -6.5 -4.5 -4 7
Viscosity at 40 4.1 3.98 4.02 4.14 4.53 5.12

0
C in cSt
Density in kg/m3 832 820.4 826 840.2 848 866
Specific gravity 0.832 0. 820 0.826 0.840 0.848 0.866
Cal0rific Value 44.5 43.79 43.09 42.38 41.68 40.97

MJ/k
5.2.2 Effect of Fire Point

From figure 5.2 it tends to be seen that Gossypium Hirsutum L biodiesel has most noteworthy
flame purpose of 161℃. Consequently as biodiesel rate increments in the mixes there is an
expansion in flame point.
5.2.3 Effect of Cl0ud Point and P0ur Point

From the test conducted for cloud and pour point temperature, it was found that Gossypium
Hirsutum L Biodiesel has highest cloud point temperature of 11℃ and pour point
temperature of -6℃. From the figure 5.3 and 5.4 it can be observed that with increase in
bi0diesel percentage in the blends there is increase in cloud point and pour point temperatures
respectively.
5.2.4 Effect of Viscosity

Consistency is a standout amongst the most properties of biodiesel since it assumes a
fundamental job in fuel infusion procedure of diesel engine. On the off chance that the
thickness is high it impact atomization process in view of if compelling blending of fuel with
air won't have a spot and it understudy deficient burning. Consistency will be high for those
oil having more measure of unsaturated fat (oleic corrosive, linolenic corrosive) from figure
5.5 it very well may be seen that Gossypium Hirsutum L biodiesel has most elevated
thickness of 5 cSt.
Variation of Flash Point in ℃

Flash Point in ℃
200
150
100
50
0
Dies B10
B20 B40 B60 B80
el 0
Flash Point ℃ 52 68 83 92 108 152
Figure 5.1 Variation in flash point of cotton seeds methyl ester and diesel blendes
Variation of Fire Point

200
Fire Point ℃
150
100
50
0
DIES B10
B20 B40 B60 B80
EL 0
FIRE POINT℃ 60 76 89 98 116 161
Figure 5.2 Variation in fire point of cotton seed methyl ester and diesel blends
Variation of Cloud Point

Cloud Point ℃
20
10
0
-10
DIES B10
B20 B40 B60 B80
EL 0
CLOUD POINT ℃ -9 5.6 2.5 -7.5 -8 11
Figure 5.3 Variation in cloud point of cotton seed methyl ester and diesel blends
5.2.5 Effect of Density

Density of Biodiesel depends upon molecular weight. Since the density of Gossypium
Hirsutum L bi0diesel is more than.c0nventional diesel fuel the density 0f different blends
increases with the increase biodiesel percentage and same can be observed in the figure 5.6
Gossypium Hirsutum L Biodiesel has maximum density of 866 kg/m³
Variation of Pour Point

Pour Point ℃ 0
-5
-10
-15
DIES
B20 B40 B60 B80 B100
EL
POUR POINT℃ -11.3 -8 -6.5 -4.5 -4 -5.5
Figure 5.4 Variation in pour point of cotton seed methyl ester and diesel blends
Variation of Viscosity at 40 0C in cSt

0C
6
5
Viscosity at 40
4
3
in cSt
2
1
0
DIE B10
B20 B40 B60 B80
SEL 0
Viscosity at 40 0C in
4.1 3.98 4.02 4.14 4.53 5.12
cSt
Figure 5.5 Variation in Viscosity 0f cott0n seed methyl ester and diesel blends
Variation of Density
Density in kg/m3
880
860
840
820
800
780
DIESE
B20 B40 B60 B80 B100
L
Density 832 820.4 826 840.2 848 866
Figure 5.6 Variation in Density of c0tt0n seed methyl ester and diesel blends
5.2.6 Effect of Calorific Value
Calorific estimation of fuel is one of the significant parameter that decides proficiency of a
engine higher the calorific estimation of a fuel enormous measure of warmth will be
discharged which expands the effectiveness of the motor. From figure 5.7 it tends to be seen
that as biodiesel rate in mixes increments there is abatement in calorific esteem. It is a direct
result of the reason that since biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel, its calorific esteem is less
contrasted with diesel has a most elevated calorific estimation of 44500kJ/kg.
Variation of Calorific Value in kJ/kg

45000
Calorific Value in kJ/kg
44000
43000
42000
41000
40000
39000
DIESEL B20 B40 B60 B80 B100
Calorific Value in kJ/kg 44500 43795.6 43091.2 42386.8 41682.4 40978
Figure 5.7 Variation in Cal0rific Value of c0tton seed methyl ester and diesel blends
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A engine test ought to be directed to appraise the presentation burning and emanation
qualities of the various blends of biodiesel To investigate the exhibition and ignition
Parameter single chamber 4-stroke electronic diesel motor is utilized as test hardware.
6.1 Experimental Setup of Compressed Ignition Diesel Engine
Performance characteristics using by water cooled 4-strokes single cylinder diesel engine
developing a output power at 1500 rpm is 5.2kW, engine capacity 661cc is used experiment
run. The experimental setup is shown in figure 6.1. The test setup is shown in figure 6.1. The
test setup made so that by keeping up steady water stream to chill off the motor and warmth
move in the fumes line. The total detail is shown table 6.1. A dynamometer is utilized for to
offer burden to motor it is fitted with diesel motor fuel tank mechanized framework there
advanced information were recorded.
Table 6.1 computerized Engine Specifications
Type of engine Full stroke diesel engine

Engine make Kirl0skar TV1
Number 0f cylinder Single cylinder
Engine capacity 661 cc

Compression ratio 16.7:1
Bore diameter 0.0875 m
Stroke 0.11m
Loading Eddy current dynamometer
Maximum output 5.2kW at 1500 rpm
Once the initial conditions are satisfied to operate then start the engine by cranking
with the help of decompress or lever and consumption rate. Observed the fuel consumption
indicator and maintain the minimum fuel consumption rate. Once the exhaust temperature
indicators become steady press the log current data button then it will be create a result sheet
for the applied load by taking around 30 seconds of time. Then give save experiment option
to save the result in the computer. Continue the same procedure for different loads as required
by using dynamometer knob provided on the control panel shown in the figure 6.1. turn off
the engine by cut-off the fuel supply pressing the level provided in the engine and finally stop
the cooling water supply.
Figure 6.1 C.I Control unit
Figure 6.2 Experimental test rig
The experimental test rig used in this work is as shown in the figure6.2. performance
parameter like BTE(%) and BSFC(kg/kW-hr) were computed and recorded in the
computerized system.
6.3 Result and Discussion

In this research w0rk the engine perf0rmance of CI engine fuelled with B100, B80,B60, B40
and B20 test fuel have analyzed and c0mpared t0 c0nventional diesel 0il.
6.3.1 Effect of Load on BSFC with Conventional Diesel Fuel Blends

Brake specific fuel c0nsumption (BSFC) is a parameter that explains fuel efficiency
0f an engine i.e to produce same power output amount of fuel consumed at particular load
condition for different fuels. Table 6. calculated performance parameter BSFC.
Table 6.2 Calculated performance parameter BSFC
Load Diesel B20 B40 B60 B80 B100

(kg)
2 0.0073 0.008 0.0079 0.0075 0.0077 0.0067
4 0.0047 0.0049 0.0043 0.0045 0.0043 0.0053
6 0.0036 0.0042 0.0039 0.0037 0.0038 0.0040
8 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0034
10 0.0029 0.0026 0.0029 0.0031 0.0031 0.0029
Variation of BSFC at different load

condition
0.009
0.008
BSFC kg/kW hr
0.007
0.006 B20
0.005 B40
0.004
B60
0.003
0.002 B80
0.001
B100
0
2 4 6 8 10 DIESEL
Load in kg
Figure 6.3: Variation of BSFC at different load conditions
BSFC depends on cal0rific value of fuel. Lower the cal0rific value of fuel more
amount of fuel will be consumed to maintain same power output at particular load condition
from the figure 6.3 two variations can be observed firstly with the increase in bi0diesel
percentage in biodiesel-diesel blends BSFC increase because of l0wer cal0rific value
compared t0 diesel secondly with the increase in l0ad there is a decrease in BSFC for all
blends because of increase in c0mbustion chamber temperature. At higher temperature fuel is
preheated reducing Ignition delay period which result in the increase of rate of combustion
and power output.
6.3.2 Effect 0f Load 0n Brake Thermal Efficiency with C0nventional

Diesel Oil Blends
Brake thermal efficiency is parameter that sh0ws the am0unt of heat energy 0f fuel
converted into mechanical energy. Below table 6.3 shows the calculated performance
parameter break thermal efficiency without additives BTE depends upon few properties of
fuel like calorific value and viscosity. Higher the cal0rific value of fuel more am0unt 0f heat
energy is released which intern increases BTE. Lower the viscosity of fuel better atomization
occurs which causes better mixing of fuel and air which result in good c0mbustion process,
thereby increasing BTE. From the figure 6.4 it can be 0bserved that as load increases BTE
also increases. Among biodiesel-diesel blends B80 has BTE almost nearer to diesel
value.[13]
Table 6.3 Calculated perf0rmance parameter brake thermal efficiency
Load Diesel B20 B40 B60 B80 B100

(kg)
2 19.27 17.14 18.09 18.99 19.32 23.62

4 33.51 27.56 31.7 32.12 30.58 29.72
6 36.56 33.6 35.02 34.58 34.7 36.72
8 45.37 43.5 40.5 38.22 41.72 45.77
10 53.55 47.19 44.61 49.97 46.56 50.53
Brake thermal efficiency at different load

conditions
60
B20
ȠBTH (%)
50
B40
40
B60
30
B80
20 B100
10 DIESEL
0
2 4 6 8 10
Load in kg
Figure 6.4 Variati0n of BTE at Different L0ad Conditions
CONCLUSION
In the view the study and condition of experiment on cotton seed methyl ester the
accompanying conclusion have been made.
 The wellspring of cotton seed is available in wide range and the expense is moreover
fluctuating less in this manner it is contemplated that the expense of biodiesel isn't
costly.
 The various procedures to deliver biodiesel creation anyway the generation of
biodiesel from cotton seed simple from machine we are extraction of oil.
 Initial FFA of crude oil is 0.132 and therefore single stage Transesterification is
performed by using NaOCH3 as a catalyst.
 RSM is the best technique for streamlining of Transesterification process parameters
for biodiesel creation. The advanced RSM method proposed quadratic model to
foresee the greatest yield.
 Predicted most extraordinary yield of biodiesel creation for 1gm driving force and
25ml methanol sum and 65 minutes reaction time were 97.34% at a reacti0n
temperature 0f 60-65℃ and contrasted and trial yield of 97.84%.
 Evaluation of physical, warm, concoction properties of biodiesel is done and all of the
characteristics are found inside ASTM benchmarks.
 Blending of cotton seed biodiesel with diesel to prepare unmistakable blends, for
example, B20, B40, B60, B80, B100
 Comparison 0f other test blends the fuel properties of B20 and furthermore B40 is
found to nearer so no deviation found that blaze point flame point net calorific esteem
is upgraded contrasted and B20 and B40.
 When diesel and methyl ester blends used for facilitate turn over diesel engine on
addition in engine burden brake explicit fuel utilization diminished B40 (0.0029
kg/kW-min) of cotton seed least BSFC than each other blend all things considered
outrageous burden and it is more unmistakable than the conventional diesel fuel
(0.0025kg/kW-min).
 Brake thermal effectiveness is expanded with expanded the monitor load oil delivered
utilizing cotton seed methyl ester has contrasted and customary diesel lessen in brake
warm productivity at least burden contrast and diverse blends B20 has cut down brake
warm proficiency (17.14%). B100 has most extraordinary brake warm productivity
(50.53%) each other blend at most noteworthy load and it isn't as much as diesel oil
(53.6%).
 The overall conclusion of this research consolidates simple and fundamental

framework used for the biodiesel generation RSM technique contributed towards
finding the parameters to grow the biodiesel yield and further more examination of
fuel properties and execution think about 0n diesel engine with bi0diesel and blends
close by included substances were done. Consequently one can make biodiesel and
can run engines with no modification
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] C.W. Mohd Noor, M.M. Noor, and R.Mamat “Biodiesel as alternative fuel for marine
diesel engine applications: A review’’ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
ELSEVER, (2018). PP 127-149.
[2] S.N. Gebremariam, J.M. Marchetti “Economics of biodiesel production: Review”Energy

Conversion and Management, ELSEVER, (2018). PP 74-84.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossiypium_Hirsutum
[4] http://www.cottonsjourney.com/storyofcottonseed
[5] R. Senthil raja , V. Shivakumar et al . Performance, emission and combustion

characteristics of dual fuel engine with diesel ethanol cotton seed oil methyl ester blends and
compressed natural gas CNG as fuel Elsevier limited,(2016) ,volume 112, PP 899-907
[6] Y Alhassan, N Kumar et al . “Co-solvents transesterification of cotton seed oil into

Biodiesel: Effects of reaction conditions on quality of fatty acids methyl ester : energy
conversation management” Elsevier limited,(2014) ,volume 84, PP 640-648
[7] D Royon et al. Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using
t-butanol as a solvent, Bioresource technology98(2007) , PP 648-653
[8] Duple Sinha , S. Murugavelh, Biodiesel production from waste cotton seed oil using low
cost catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics, Perspectives in Science
(2016) 8, PP 237—240
[9] M. Leenus Jesu Martin et al., “ A comparative analysis of different methods to improve
the performance of cotton seed oil fueled diesel engine: Fuel Elsevier limited,(2012) ,volume
102, PP 372-378
[10] M.N. Nabi et al. Biodiesel from cotton seed oil and its effect on engine performance and
exhaust emissions, Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) ,ISSN 1359-4311, PP 2265–
2270
[11] Hong Li, Penghao Yu, Benxian Shen, “Biofuel potential production from cottonseed oil:
A comparison of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis on fixed-fluidized bed reactor: Fuel
Processing Technology”, Elsevier limited,(2009),volume 90.PP 1087-1092
[12] Md. Nurun Nabi , Md. Mustafizur Rahman et al.. “Biodiesel from cotton seed oil and its
resulton engine performance and exhaust emissions: Applied Thermal Engineering”, Elsevier
limited,(2009),volume 29.PP 2265-2270
[13] Dominic Okechukwu Onukwuli , Lovet Nwanneka Emembolu et al.. “Optimization of

biodiesel production from refined cotton seed oil and its characterization: Egyptian Journal of
Petroleum”, Elsevier limited,(2016),.PP 1-8
[14] Duple Sinha, S. Murugavelh “Biodiesel Production from Waste cotton seed oil using
low cost Catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics: perspectives in science”,
Elsevier limited,(2016),.PP 1-8
[15] Basavaraj M. Shrigiri, Omprakash D. Hebbal et al.. “Performance, emission and

combustion characteristics of a semi-adiabatic diesel engine using cotton seed and neem
kernel oil methyl esters: Alexandria Engineering Journal”, Elsevier limited (2016),. PP 1-8
APPENDIX
Cotton Seed Oil Molecular Weight Calculation
The cotton seed oil contains Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Myristic acid in major
quantities
 Molecular weight of Oleic acid =C57H104O6

=[57*12]+[104*1]+[6*16]
=884gms
 Molecular weight of Palmitic acid =C51H98O6
=[51*12]+[98*1]+[6*16]
=806gms
 Molecular weight of Stearic acid =C57H110O6

=[57*12]+[110*1]+[6*16]
=890gms
 Molecular weight of myristic acid =C45H86O6

=[45*12]+[86*1]+[6*16]
=722gms
 Molecular weight of Cottonseed oil=

=[884*49.71]+[806*26.73]+[890*18.71]+[772*0.97]
=828.88gms
We know molecular weight of CH3OH = 32gms
Density of CH3OH = 0.793gm/cc
We know that 1 mole of triglyceride requires 3 moles of CH3OH for better transesterification.
Therefore,
Volume of Cottonseed oil = Mass/ Density
=906.87cc
Volume of Cottonseed oil = Mass/Density
=121.06cc
So, 906.87cc of cottonseed oil requires 121.06cc of CH3OH
1cc of CSO = 121.06/906.87 = 0.133349cc of CH3OH
1ml of CSO = 0.13349 ml of CH3OH
100ml of CSO = 13.36 ml of CH3OH
For the transesterification process we need excess100% CH3OH while reaction in order to
avoid vaporization loss
Therefore 100ml of CSO requires 26.72ml of CH3OH
Calculation of Molar ratio:

 Weight of CH3OH = Volume*density
= 20*0.793
=15.86gms
 Moles of CH3OH = Weight / Molecular weight
= 15.86/32
=0.4956
 Moles of Cotton seed oil = Quatity of oil/ Molecular weight of CSO

=100/828.88
=0.12077
 Oil to Methanol Ratio =Moles of CH3OH/ Moles of CSO
=0.4956/0.12077
=4.10
Therefore 20ml is nothing but molar ratio 4

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“Optimization and Production of Gossypium Hirsutum oil Biodiesel Using

1.1 India Energy Consumption:

Figure 1.1 Energy Consumption in India

1.2 What is Biodiesel?

1.3 Sources of Biodiesel

Non Edible Oils

 Pongamia pinnata: Unadulterated, cold squashed karanja0il acquired from plant.

 Azadirachta Indica: Neem oil is a generous evergreen.tree,12 to 18 m tall, The parts

 Madhuca indica (Mahua): Madhuca indica, cust0marily kn0wn as ‘mahua or

 Heveabrasiliensis (Rubber): Heveabrasiliensis, normally kn0wn elastic tree, its

 Mustard Oil: Refined mustard 0il was obtained as of a ec0nomically available

 Sunflower Oil: Sunflower 0il 0btained from plants and bl0oms.

1.4 Advantages of Biodiesel

The points of interest of bi0diesel are as foll0ws:

 Renewable fuel, acquired fr0m creature fats or vegetable oil.

1.4 Disadvantages of biodiesel

The drawbacks of biodiesel are as per the following:

 Possibly higher fuel usage on account of lower calorific estimation of biodiesel.

1.5 Cotton seed (Gossypium Hirsutum Linnaeus)

G0ssypium Hirsutum Linnaeus is normally kn0wn as upland c0tton or Mexican cotton,

Figure 1.2 Cotton Plant Figure 1.3 Cotton capsule

Figure 1.4 Cotton seed

Table 1: Botanical detail of cotton seed

Duple Sinha , S. Murugavelh , In the present w0rk, creating of an exceptionally dynamic

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

The statement of the pr0ject w0rk is “Optimization and Production of Gossypium

 Comparison of performance characteristics parameters of bi0diesel blends with

OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

Table 4.1: The C0mposition of Cotton seed oil Fatty Acids/Analyzed By GC

Components Formula Result % in 100

Palmitic acid (16:0) C16H32O2 26.73%

Myristic acid (16:1) C14H28O2 0.97%

Stearic acid (18:0) C18H36O2 18.71%

Oleic acid (18:1) C18H34O2 49.71%

4.2 Properties of Cotton Seed Oil

By utilizing weigh balance, Pensky-Martin apparatus and Redwood viscometer we can

Table 4.2 The Composition of Cottonseed oil Fatty Acids

Sl Test Unit Result Test Method

1 Free fatty acid % 0.13 IS-548 (Part-1)

2 Acid value -- 0.26 IS-548 (Part-1)

3 Iodine value -- 99.16 IS-548 (Part-1)

4 Saponification value -- 194.68 IS-548 (Part-1)

5 Flash point ℃ 202

6 Fire point ℃ 216

9 Viscosity at 40℃ cST 29.32

10 Density at 40℃ kg/m3 914

11 Calorific Value kJ/kg 40195.2

4.3 Methods Used for Production of Biodiesel

 Transesterificati0n 0f 0il using base catalyst

Practically all bi0diesel is pr0duced utilizing base catalyst for/Transesterificati0n as it is

The Transesterificati0n method is the reacti0n 0f a triglyceride](fat/0il) with an alc0hol to

Figure 4.2 Extraction of oil using mechanical expeller

The Transesterification procedure will be completed in the accompanying manner. Pour 1

4.3 Heating the Cotton Seed oil 4.4 Transesterification Process

4.5(a) and 4.5(b) Separation of Biodiesel and Glycerin

Figure 4.6: Separated Glycerol

Figure 4.7: Water washing Cotton seed methyl ester

Figure 4.8: Pure Biodiesel

4.4 Optimization using Resp0nse Surface\Meth0d0logy (RSM):

4.4.1 Learning Objectives and Outcomes of RSM

 Response Surface Methodology and its consecutive nature for streamlining a

Table 4.3 Independent Parameters Used in CCD

Where An indicates Oil-Methanol Molar Ratio, B demonstrates Catalytic application, and