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MATLAB Basic

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Programming

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KU CH. SIVA KUMAR

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
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HYDERABAD
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Matlab Basics

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u To start Matlab: Select MATLAB on the menu (if

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using Windows). Type “matlab” on the
command line (if using Linux).

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 Getting Help and

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Looking Up Functions

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u To get help on a function type “help function_name”,
e.g., “help plot”.

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u To find a topic, type “lookfor topic”, e.g., “lookfor

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matrix”

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Matlab’s Workspace

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u who, whos – current workspace vars.

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u save – save workspace vars to *.mat file.
u load – load variables from *.mat file.

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u clear all – clear workspace vars.
close all – close all figures
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u clc – clear screen
u clf – clear figure
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Basic Commands

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u % used to denote a comment

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u ; suppresses display of value (when placed at end of
a statement)
... continues the statement on next line

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u

u eps machine epsilon

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u inf infinity
u NaN not-a number, e.g., 0/0.
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Numbers

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u To change format of numbers:

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format long, format short, etc.
See “help format”.

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u Mathematical functions: sqrt(x), exp(x), cos(x), sin(x),
sum(x), etc.
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u Operations: +, -, *, /
u Constants: pi, exp(1), etc.
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Arrays and Matrices

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u v = [-2 3 0 4.5 -1.5]; % length 5 row
vector.

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u v = v’; % transposes v.
v(1); % first element of v.

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u v(2:4); % entries 2-4 of v.

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u v([3,5]); % returns entries 3 & 5.
u v=[4:-1:2]; % same as v=[4 3 2];
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u a=1:3; b=2:3; c=[a b]; à c = [1 2 3 2 3];

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Arrays and Matrices (2)

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u x = linspace(-pi,pi,10); % creates 10 linearly-spaced
elements from –pi to pi.

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u logspace is similar.
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6]; % creates 2x3 matrix

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u A(1,2) % the element in row 1, column 2.

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u A(:,2) % the second column.
u A(2,:) % the second row.
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Arrays and Matrices (3)

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u A+B, A-B, 2*A, A*B % matrix addition, matrix
subtraction, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication

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u A.*B % element-by-element mult.
A’ % transpose of A (complex-

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conjugate transpose)
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u det(A) % determinant of A
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Creating special matrices

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u diag(v) % change a vector v to a
diagonal matrix.

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u diag(A) % get diagonal of A.
eye(n) % identity matrix of size n.

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u zeros(m,n) % m-by-n zero matrix.

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u ones(m,n) % m*n matrix with all ones.
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Logical Conditions

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u ==, <, >, <=, >=, ~= (not equal), ~ (not)

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u & (element-wise logical and), | (or)
u find(‘condition’) – Return indices of A’s elements that
satisfies the condition.

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u Example: A = [7 6 5; 4 3 2];
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find (‘A == 3’); --> returns 5.
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Solving Linear Equations

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u A = [1 2 3; 2 5 3; 1 0 8];
u b = [2; 1; 0];

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u x = inv(A)*b; % solves Ax=b if A is invertible.

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(Note: This is a BAD way to solve the
equations!!! It’s unstable and inefficient.)

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u x = A\b; % solves Ax = b.
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(Note: This way is better, but we’ll learn how to
program methods to solve Ax=b.)
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Do NOT use either of these commands in your

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codes!
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More matrix/vector
operations

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u length(v) % determine length of vector.

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u size(A) % determine size of matrix.
u rank(A) % determine rank of matrix.

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u norm(A), norm(A,1), norm(A,inf)
% determine 2-norm, 1-norm,
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and infinity-norm of A.
• norm(v) % compute vector 2-norm.
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For loops

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u x = 0;

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for i=1:2:5 % start at 1, increment by 2
x = x+i; % end with 5.

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end
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This computes x = 0+1+3+5=9.
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While loops

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u x=7;

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while (x > = 0)
x = x-2;

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end;
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This computes x = 7-2-2-2-2 = -1.
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If statements

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u if (x == 3)

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disp(‘The value of x is 3.’);
elseif (x == 5)

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disp(‘The value of x is 5.’);
else
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disp(‘The value of x is not 3 or 5.’);
end;
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Switch statement

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u switch face
case {1}

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disp(‘Rolled a 1’);
case {2}

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disp(‘Rolled a 2’);
otherwise
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disp(‘Rolled a number >= 3’);
end
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u NOTE: Unlike C, ONLY the SWITCH statement

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between the matching case and the next case,

otherwise, or end are executed. (So breaks are
unnecessary.)
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Break statements

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u break – terminates execution of for and while loops.
For nested loops, it exits the innermost loop only.

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Vectorization

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u Because Matlab is an interpreted language, i.e., it is not
compiled before execution, loops run slowly.

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u Vectorized code runs faster in Matlab.
Example: x=[1 2 3];

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for i=1:3 Vectorized:

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x(i) = x(i)+5; VS. x = x+5;
end;
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Graphics

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u x = linspace(-1,1,10);

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u y = sin(x);
u plot(x,y); % plots y vs. x.

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u plot(x,y,’k-’); KU % plots a black line
of y vs. x.
• hold on; % put several plots in
the same figure window.
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• figure; % open new figure window.

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Graphics (2)

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u subplot(m,n,1) % Makes an mxn array

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for plots. Will place plot in 1st position.

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Here m = 2 and n = 3.
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Graphics (3)

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u plot3(x,y,z) % plot 2D function.

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u mesh(x_ax,y_ax,z_mat) – surface plot.
u contour(z_mat) – contour plot of z.
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) – change axes

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u title(‘My title’); - add title to figure;

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u xlabel, ylabel – label axes.
u legend – add key to figure.
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Examples of Matlab Plots

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Examples of MATLAB Plots

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Examples of MATLAB Plots

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File Input/Output

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u fid = fopen(‘in.dat’,’rt’); % open text file for
reading.

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u v = fscanf(fid,’%lg’,10); % read 10 doubles
from the text file.

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u fclose(fid); % close the file.
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u help textread; % formatted read.
u help fprintf; % formatted write.
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Example Data File

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Sally Type1 12.34 45 Yes

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Joe Type2 23.54 60 No
Bill Type1 34.90 12 No

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Read Entire Dataset

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fid = fopen(‘mydata.dat’, ‘r’); % open file

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for reading.

% Read-in data from mydata.dat.

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[names,types,x,y,answer] = textread(fid,’%s%s%f%d%s’);
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fclose(fid); % close file.
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Read Partial Dataset

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fid = fopen(‘mydata.dat’, ‘r’); % open file

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for reading.

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% Read-in first column of data from
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mydata.dat.
[names] = textread(fid,’%s %*s %*f %*d
%*s’);
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fclose(fid); % close file.

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Read 1 Line of Data

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fid = fopen(‘mydata.dat’, ‘r’); % open
file

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% for reading.

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% Read-in one line of data corresponding
% to Joe’s entry.
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[name,type,x,y,answer] =…
textread(fid,’%s%s%f%d%s’,1,…
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’headerlines’,1);
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fclose(fid); % close file.

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Writing formatted data.

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% open file for writing.

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fid = fopen(‘out.txt’,’w’);

% Write out Joe’s info to file.

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fprintf(fid,’%s %s %f %d… %s\n’,name,type,x,y,answer);
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fclose(fid); % close the file.
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Keeping a record

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u To keep a record of your session, use the
diary command:

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diary filename

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x=3
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diary off
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This will keep a diary called filename

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showing the value of x (your work for this

session).
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Timing

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u Use tic, toc to determine the running time of an
algorithm as follows:

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tic

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commands… KU
toc

This will give the elapsed time.

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Scripts and Functions

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u Two kinds of M-files:

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- Scripts, which do not accept input
arguments or return output arguments.

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They operate on data in the workspace.

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- Functions, which can accept input
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arguments and return output
arguments. Internal variables are
local to the function.
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M-file functions

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u function [area,circum] = circle(r)

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% [area, circum] = circle(r) returns the
% area and circumference of a circle

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% with radius r.
area = pi*r^2;
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circum = 2*pi*r;
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• Save function in circle.m.

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M-file scripts

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u r = 7;

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[area,circum] = circle(r);
% call our circle function.
disp([‘The area of a circle having…

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radius ‘ num2str(r) ‘ is ‘… num2str(area)]);
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• Save the file as myscript.m.
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Interactive Example

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u Write a Matlab program to compute the following sum

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∑1/i2, for i=1, 2, …, 10
two different ways:

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1. 1/1+1/4+…+1/100
2. 1/100+1/81+…+1/1.
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Solution

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% Forward summation
forwardsum = 0;

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for i=1:10
forwardsum = forwardsum+1/(i^2);

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end;

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% Backward summation
backwardsum = 0;
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for i=10:-1:1
backwardsum = backwardsum+1/(i^2);
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end;
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Interactive Example

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u Write a Matlab function to multiply two

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n-by-n matrices A and B. (Do not use built-in functions.)

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Solution

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function [C] = matrix_multiply(A,B,n)

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C = zeros(n,n);
for i=1:n Can this code be written so that it

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for j=1:n runs faster?
for k=1:n
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C(i,j) = C(i,j) + A(i,k)*B(k,j);
end;
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end;
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Hint: Use vectorization.

end;
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Solution

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u Script to use for testing:

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n = 10;

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A = rand(n,n);
B = rand(n,n);
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C = matrix_multiply(A,B,n);
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