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1. Introduction 3
2. Definitions 7
4. Classification of Vibrations 15
Annex B Examples 43
References 52
Your partners 53
1
1. INTRODUCTION
3
1. Introduction
Floor structures are designed for ultimate limit The design guide comprehends simple
state and serviceability limit state criteria: methods, design tools and recommendations
for the acceptance of vibration of floors
¬ Ultimate limit states are those which are caused by people during normal
related to strength and stability; use. The given design methods focus on
the prediction of vibration. Measurements
¬ Serviceability limit states are mainly performed after erection may lead to
related to vibrations and hence are differences to the predicted values so that
governed by stiffness, masses, damping one cannot claim on the predicted result.
and the excitation mechanisms.
The design and assessment methods for floor
For slender floor structures, as made vibrations are related to human induced resonant
in steel or composite construction, vibrations, mainly caused by walking under
serviceability criteria govern the design. normal conditions. Machine induced vibrations or
vibrations due to traffic etc. are not covered by
Guidance is given for: this design guide.
5
© ArcelorMittal Photo Library
2. DEFINITIONS
7
2. Definitions
The definitions given here are
consistent with the application
of this design guide.
Damping D Damping is the energy dissipation of a vibrating system. The total damping consists of
Modal mass Mmod = Each mode of a system with several degrees of freedom can be represented by a system with
generalised mass a single degree of freedom:
1 K mod
f =
2P M mod
Thus the modal mass can be interpreted to be the mass activated in a specific mode shape.
The determination of the modal mass is described in Chapter 3.
2. Definitions
Natural Frequency f = Every structure has its specific dynamic behaviour with regard to shape and duration T[s] of a
Eigenfrequency single oscillation. The frequency f is the reciprocal of the oscillation time T(f = 1/T).
The natural frequency is the frequency of a free oscillation without continuously being driven by
an exciter.
Each structure has as many natural frequencies and associated mode shapes as degrees of
freedom. They are commonly sorted by the amount of energy that is activated by the oscillation.
Therefore the first natural frequency is that on the lowest energy level and is thus the most likely
to be activated.
The equation for the natural frequency of a single degree of freedom system is:
1 K
f =
2P M
OS-RMS90 = RMS- value of the velocity for a significant step covering the intensity of 90% of people’s steps
walking normally
T
1 v
vRMS = ∫
T 0
v (t ) 2 dt = Peak
2
9
© SINGLE Speed IMAGE - Peter Vanderwarker - Paul Pedini
3. DETERMINATION OF
FLOOR CHARACTERISTICS
11
3. Determination of
Floor Characteristics
The determination of floor characteristics can For concrete, the dynamic modulus of
be performed by simple calculation methods, elasticity should be considered to be 10%
by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or by testing. higher than the static modulus Ecm.
As the design guide is intended to be used
for the design of new buildings, testing For manual calculations, Annex A gives
procedures are excluded from further formulas for the determination of
explanations and reference is given to [1]. frequency and modal mass for isotropic
plates, orthotropic plates and beams.
Different finite element programs can perform
dynamic calculations and offer tools for Damping has a big influence on the vibration
the determination of natural frequencies. behaviour of a floor. Independent on the
The model mass is in many programs also method chosen to determine the natural
a result of the analysis of the frequency. frequency and modal mass the damping values
As it is specific for each software what elements for a vibrating system can be determined
can be used, how damping is considered and with the values given in Table 1. These values
how and which results are given by the different are considering the influence of structural
programs, only some general information is damping for different materials, damping due
given in this design guide concerning FEA. to furniture and damping due to finishes. The
system damping D is obtained by summing
If FEA is applied for the design of a floor with up the appropriate values for D1 to D3.
respect to the vibration behaviour, it should
be considered that the FE-model for this In the determination of the dynamic
purpose may differ significantly to that used for floor characteristics, a realistic fraction
ultimate limit state (ULS) design as only small of imposed load should be considered in
deflections are expected due to vibration. the mass of the floor (m, M). Experienced
A typical example is the different consideration values for residential and office buildings
of boundary conditions in vibration analysis. are 10% to 20% of the imposed load.
If compared to ULS design: a connection
which is assumed to be a hinged connection
in ULS may be rather assumed to provide full
moment connection in vibration analysis.
3. Determination of Floor Characteristics
13
4. CLASSIFICATION
OF VIBRATIONS
15
4. Classification
of Vibrations
The perception of vibrations by persons and It should be noted that the vibrations
the individual feeling of annoyance depends considered in this design guide are relevant
on several aspects. The most important are: for the comfort of the occupants only. They
are not relevant for the structural integrity.
¬ The direction of the vibration,
however in this design guide only Aiming at an universal assessment procedure
vertical vibrations are considered; for human induced vibration, it is recommended
to adopt the so-called one step RMS value
¬ Another aspect is the posture of people (OS-RMS) as a measure for assessing
such as standing, lying or sitting; annoying floor vibrations. The OS-RMS
values correspond to the harmonic vibration
¬ The current activity of the person considered caused by one relevant step onto the floor.
is of relevance for its perception of vibrations.
Persons working in the production of a factory As the dynamic effect of people walking on a
perceive vibrations differently from those floor depends on several boundary conditions,
working concentrated in an office or a surgery; such as weight and speed of walking of the
people, their shoes, flooring, etc., the 90%
¬ Additionally, age and health of affected OS-RMS (OS-RMS90) value is recommended as
people may be of importance for assessment value. The index 90 indicates that
feeling annoyed by vibrations. 90 percent of steps on the floor are covered by
this value.
Thus the perception of vibrations is a
very individual problem that can only The following table classifies vibrations into
be described in a way that fulfils the several classes and gives also recommendations
acceptance of comfort of the majority. for the assignment of classes with respect
to the function of the considered floor.
4. Classification of vibrations
Table 2 Classification of floor response and recommendation for the application of classes
Upper Limit
Residential
Education
Industrial
Meeting
Health
Office
Sport
Retail
Hotel
Class
A 0.0 0.1
B 0.1 0.2
C 0.2 0.8
D 0.8 3.2
E 3.2 12.8
F 12.8 51.2
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
17
5. DESIGN PROCEDURE
AND DIAGRAMS
19
5. Design Procedure
and Diagrams
C
Frequency of the floor [Hz]
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
E
F
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
A
B
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
E
F
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
B
C
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
B
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
D
E
F
31
A.1 Natural Frequency
and Modal Mass for
Isotropic Plates
The following table gives formulas for the Support Conditions: Frequency; Modal Mass
determination of the first natural frequency
(acc. to [2]) and the modal mass of plates
for different support conditions.
A E t3
For the application of the given equations, f = ; M mod = B M
it is assumed that no lateral deflection clamped hinged l2 12 m (1 − U 2 )
at any edges of the plate occurs.
9.00
8.00 AA ==11..57
57⋅((11++ LL2 ) )
2
7.00
6.00
b A 5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
l
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
β λ Ratio λ =
Ratio = l/b
L/B
A= 1+ L2 +
2 4
16.00 A =1
1..57
57 1 +2 5L
2..5 +5 14 L
5..14 L4
14.00
12.00
b A 10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
l
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
β λ Ratio λλ =
Ratio = l/b
L/B
2 4
A = 1.57 5.14 + 2.92 L2 + 2.44 L4
14.00
12.00
b A 10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
l 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
β λ Ratio λ =
Ratio = l/b
L/B
Annex A Formulas for Manual Calculation
b A 10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
l 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio λ =
= l/b
β λ Ratio L/B
18.00
A= 14 ++ 23..92 L2 +
2
16.00 A = 11..57
57 55..14 13 L + 52..14 L44
44 L
14.00
12.00
A 10.00
b 8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
l 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
β 0.17 λ Ratio λ =
Ratio = l/b
L/B
33
A.2 Natural Frequency
and Modal Mass
for Beams
4 3 EI
f = M mod = 0.41 M l
l P 0.37 Ml 4
f =
2 3 EI M mod = 0.45 M l
l P 0.2 Ml 4
2 3 EI M mod = 0.5 M l
f =
l P 0.49 Ml 4
1 3 EI
f = M mod = 0.64 M l
l 2P 0.24 Ml 4
Annex A Formulas for Manual Calculation
A.3 Natural Frequency
and Modal Mass for
Orthotropic Plates
P EIy ⎡ ⎛ b ⎞ 2 ⎛ b ⎞ 4 ⎤ EIx Formulas for the approximation of the modal mass for orthotropic plates
f1 = 1 + ⎢2⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ are give in Annex A.6.
2 m l4 ⎣⎢ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎦⎥ EIy
b
y
l
x
z
35
A.4 Self Weight
Approach for
Natural Frequency
1 K
f =
2P M
Mg
K=
4D
3
where:
3
4 D is the average deflection [mm].
1 K 1 4g 18
f = = =
2P M 2P 3D max D max [mm]
where:
Dmax is the maximum deflection due to
loading in reference to the mass m.
Annex A Formulas for Manual Calculation
A.5 Dunkerley
Approach for
Natural Frequency
Initial System
37
A.6 Approximation
of Modal Mass
The modal mass may be interpreted as the Figure 15 Application of load to obtain
fraction of the total mass of a floor that approximated load shape (example)
is activated when the floor oscillates in a
specific mode shape. Each mode shape has its
specific natural frequency and modal mass.
For the determination of the modal mass the Expected mode shape:
mode shape has to be determined and to
be normalised to the maximum deflection.
As the mode shape cannot be determined
by manual calculations, approximations
for the first mode are commonly used.
Application of loads:
As an alternative to manual calculations,
Finite Element Analysis is commonly used. If
the Finite Element software does not give
modal mass as result of modal analysis, the
mode shape may be approximated by the
application of loads driving the plate into
the expected mode shape, see Figure 15.
M mod = M ∫ f 2 ( x, y ) dF M mod = ∑f
Nodes i
i
2
dM i
F
Where: Where:
Example 1
Plate simply supported along lx
all four edges, ly ~ lx ly
⎛ Px ⎞ ⎛ Py ⎞
f ( x, y ) = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ly ⎟
⎝ lx ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f ( x, y ( max
= 1.0
¬ Mass distribution
M
M=
lx ly
¬ Modal mass
M ly lx
2⎛ P x ⎞ ⎛ P y ⎞
M mod = M ∫ f ( x, y ) dF =
2
∫0∫0sin ⎜⎜⎝ l x ⎟⎟ sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ dx dy
⎜ l ⎟
F lx l y ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
M
=
4
39
Example 2
Plate simply supported along all
lx
four edges, lx<<ly ly
lx 2 lx 2
lx lx ⎛ Px ⎞ ⎛ Py ⎞
1. 0≤ y≤ and ly − ≤ y ≤ l y : f ( x, y ) = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎜ l ⎟
2 ⎝ lx ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
f ( x, y ) max = 1.0
lx l ⎛ Px ⎞
2. ≤ y ≤ l y − x : f ( x, y ) = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1.0
2 2 ⎝ lx ⎠
f ( x, y ) max = 1.0
¬ Mass distribution
M
M=
lx ly
¬ Modal mass
M mod = M ∫f
2
( x, y ) dF
F
M ⎡ lx y= lx ⎛P x ⎞ ⎛P y ⎞ y = l y− 2
lx
⎛ P x ⎞ ⎤
⎟⎟ sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ dx dy + x
l
=
lx ly
⎢2
⎢⎣
∫ ∫
0 0
2
sin2 ⎜⎜
⎝ lx ⎠
⎜ l ⎟ ∫ ∫
0 0
2 sin 2 ⎜
⎜ l
⎝ x
⎟⎟ dx dy ⎥
⎠ ⎥⎦
⎝ y ⎠
M ⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ 2 − lx ⎟
4 ⎜ ly ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Annex A Formulas for Manual Calculation
ly
Example 3
lx
Plate spans uniaxial between beams,
plate and beams simply supported
Dx ⎛ Px ⎞ Dy ⎛ Py ⎞
f ( x, y ) = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟
D ⎜ l ⎟
⎝ lx ⎠ D ⎝ y ⎠
f ( x, y ) max = 1.0
With
¬ Mass distribution
M
M=
lx l y
¬ Modal mass
2
M lx l y ⎡ Dx ⎛ P x ⎞ Dy ⎛ P y ⎞⎤
M mod = M ∫ f ( x, y ) dF =
2
∫∫ ⎢ sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ dx dy
⎜ l ⎟⎥
F
lx l y 0 0
⎣⎢ D ⎝ lx ⎠ D ⎝ y ⎠⎦
⎡D 2 + D y 2 8 Dx Dy ⎤
=M ⎢ x 2 + 2 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2D P D2 ⎥⎦
41
ANNEX B EXAMPLES
43
B.1 Filigree slab with ACB-composite
beams (office building)
B.1.1 Description
of the Floor
In the first worked example, a filigree slab
with false-floor in an open plan office is
checked for footfall induced vibrations.
15.8
16.8
23.0
1.0
39.8
4.2
1.0
x
1.0
1.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 1.0 8.4
[m]
Annex B Examples
160
For the main beams (span of 16.8 m)
76.95
ACB/HEM400/HEB400 profiles in steel HE400B
S460 have been used, see Figure 19.
287.95
The main beams with the shorter span
of 4.2 m are ACB/HEM360 in S460.
592
422
The cross beams which are spanning in
.
global x-direction may be neglected for the
304.05
further calculations, as they do not contribute
to the load transfer of the structure.
93.05 HE400M
[mm]
45
Section properties Loads
Slab Slab
The relevant section properties of ¬ Self weight (includes 1.0 kN/m²
the slab in global x-direction are: for false floor):
l0 l0
beff = beff ,1 + beff , 2 = +
8 8
Main beam
0.7 × 16.8 Self weight (includes 2.00 kN/m for ACB):
= 2× = 2.94 m
¬
8
4.2
g beam = 5.0 × × 2 + 2.0 = 23.00 kN m
2
With
18
f1 = = 7. 0 Hz
6.6
Modal Mass
47
B.2 Three storey
office building
B.2.2 Description
of the Floor
The floor of this office building, Figure 21,
spans 15 m from edge beam to edge beam.
In the regular area these secondary floor
beams are IPE600 sections, spaced in
2.5 m. Primary edge beams, which span
7.5 m from column to column, consist
also of IPE600 sections, see Figure 22.
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
7.5
Composite beam
(beff = 2,5 m; E = 210000 N/mm²)
A = 468 cm²
I = 270089 cm4
Loads
Slab
Self weight:
g = 3.5 kN/m²
g = 0.5 kN/m²
g + g = 4.0 kN/m² (permanent load)
Life load
q = 3.0 x 0.1 = 0.3 kN/m²
(10% of full live load)
Composite beam
Self weight:
g = (3.5+0.5) x 2.5 + 1.22 = 11.22 kN/m
Life load:
q = 0.3 x 2.5 = 0.75 kN/m
49
B.2.3 Determination of
dynamic floor characteristics
Supporting conditions
Eigenfrequency
2 3 EI 2 3 × 210000 × 10 6 × 270089 × 10 −8
f = = = 4.8 Hz
P 0.49 Ml 4 P 0.49 × 1220 × 15 4
¬ Application of the equation for
orthotropic plates (Chapter A.3):
¬ Application of the self weight
P EI y ⎡ ⎛ b ⎞ 2 ⎛ b ⎞ 4 ⎤ EI x
f1 = 1 + ⎢2⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 m l4 ⎢⎣ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎥⎦ EI y
B.2.4 Assessment
5 × 11.97 × 15000 4
D beam = = 13.9mm
384 × 210000 × 270089 × 10 4
18
⇒ f1 = = 4.8 Hz
14.2
Modal Mass
D = D1 + D2 + D3 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 %
With
51
Technical
assistance
& Finishing
References
[1] European Commission – Technical Steel Research: “Generalisation of criteria for floor
vibrations for industrial, office, residential and public building and gymnastic halls”, RFCS
Report EUR 21972 EN, ISBN 92-79-01705-5, 2006, http://europa.eu.int
[2] Hugo Bachmann, Walter Ammann: “Vibration of Structures induced by Man and Machines”
IABSE-AIPC-IVBH, Zürich 1987, ISBN 3-85748-052-X
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