A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the award of bachelor of

Technology in CIVIL ENGINEERING

IV B.TECH (CIVIL)-I SEM

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT
 Retaining walls are structures used to retain earth or other
loose materials which would not be able to stand vertically by itself. The retaining material
exerts a push on structure and this tends to overturn and slide it. The weight of the retaining
walls is of considerable significance in achieving and maintaining stability of the entire
system. The basic function of these walls is to provide lateral support for a mass of earth or
other material that is at a higher elevation behind the wall than the earth or other material in
front of the wall .hence they all may be broadly termed retaining structures or retaining walls.

In the process of designing of retaining wall we mainly considered the soil stability for the
retaining wall against sliding and overturning based on these conditions we recommended
counterfort retaining wall in between AP Transco to Uppal depot area.

The main objective of this project is design the counterfort wall, Based on the soil stability
conditions of the surveyed area. We design this retaining wall based on two conditions

1. DESGIN OF RETAINING WALL WITH TOE AND SUBMERGED

CONDITION UPTO FULL HEIGHT OF THE SOIL
2. DESGIN OF RETAINING WALL WITH TOE AND DRY
CONDITION UPTO FULL HEIGHT OF THE SOIL

INDEX

Introduction
1.Types of retaining wall 1

[1.a] Gravity retaining wall

[1.b] Cantilever retaining wall

[1.c] Counter fort retaining wall

[1.d] Butters retaining wall

[1.e] Bridge retaining wall

[1.g] Brick retaining wall

2. Design of counterfort retaining wall 18

3. Lateral earth pressures 15

[3.a] Active earth pressure

[3.b] Passive earth pressure

4. Check for over turning 20

5. Check for sliding

6. Design of stem

7. Design of heel slab

8. Design of toe slab

9. Design of counterforts

10. Counterfort retaining wall essential components 21

[10.a] Face slab

[10.b] heel slab

[10.c] Toe slab

[10.d] Front counterfort and

[10.e] Rear counterfort

Problems

1.DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL WITH TOE AND SUBMERGED CONDITION UPTO

FULL HEIGHT OF SOIL

22

2.DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL WITH TOE & DRY CONDITION UPTO FULL OF
SOIL

32

INTRODUCTION
Retaining walls are structures used to retain earth or other loose materials
which would not be able to stand vertically by itself. The retaining material exerts a push on
structure and this tends to overturn and slide it. The weight of the retaining walls is of
considerable significance in achieving and maintaining stability of the entire system.

The basic function of these walls is to provide lateral support for a mass of earth or other
material that is at a higher elevation behind the wall than the earth or other material in front
of the wall .hence they all may be broadly termed retaining structures or retaining walls.

Some retaining walls may support vertical loads in addition to lateral loads from the retained
materials.

In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the
lateral earth pressures exerted by the retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the
lateral earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in the civil engineering field.

The plastic state of stress, when the failure is imminent, was investigated by Rankine in 1860. A lot of
theoretical and experimental work has been done in this field and many theories and hypothesis have
been proposed. Retaining wall construction is an exact science that requires specific data to be
designed and built. All dimensions and materials have to be determined based on each specific
physical settings and critical geological information that can only be obtained, respectively from a
topographic survey and from a soil report.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS ARE

FOLLOWS:
Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth
pressure, and according to their shape. Following are some of common types of retaining walls.
1. Gravity walls

2. Cantilever retaining walls

3. Counter fort retaining walls

4. Buttress walls

5. Bridge abutment

6. Brick retaining wall

GRAVITY WALLS:
The gravity wall depends mostly on its own weight for stability.

It is usually made of plain concrete and is used for walls up to approximate 10ft in height.
The semi gravity wall is a modification of the gravity wall in which small amount of reinforcing steel
are introduced.

This, in effect, reduces the massiveness of the wall.

Richard and Elms utilized an analogy between the behaviour of a gravity retaining wall and that of a
block sliding on a plane, which is on oversimplification of the actual behaviour of a wall-backfill
system. Consequently, they suggested the use of a liberal safety factor, which to some extend takes
into account the effects of these over simplifications and other uncertainties in the analysis.

Earlier in20th century, taller retaining walls were often gravity walls made from large masses of
concrete or stone. Today taller retaining walls are increasingly built as composite gravity walls such
as: geo synthetic or with precast facing: gabions, crib walls or soil-nailed walls.

CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL:

 The cantilever wall is the most common type of retaining structure, and generally is used for walls in
the range from 10 to 25ft in height.

It is so named because its individual parts (toe, heel, and stem) behave as, and design as, cantilever
beam.

Aside from its stability, the capacity of the wall is a function of the strength of its individual parts.

Cantilever retaining wall may also be classified as

a. Steel-reinforced cantilever concrete retaining wall

B.steel-reinforced cantilever masonry retaining wall

Properly designed and engineered retaining walls are constructed of concrete block or poured concrete
and provided with steel reinforcement. Steel-reinforced retaining walls have the greatest potential for
long term favourable performance. The hill side areas, retaining walls are normally required to be
engineered. The geologist and soil engineer must recommend the design pressure that the wall must
support as well as the foundation system to be employed. The structural engineer then uses the
information to engineer the wall and provide a set of construction plans.
COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL:
Counterfort walls are cantilever walls strengthened with counterforts monolithic with the back of the
wall slab or base slab. The counterfort acts as tension stiffness and concrete the wall slab and the base
to reduce the bending and shearing stresses. To reduce the bending moments in vertical walls of great
height, counterforts are used ,spaced at distances from each other equal to or slightlylarger than one
half of the height counterforts are used for high walls with height greater than 8-12 m.
Counterfort retaining walls are similar in construction to cantilever walls. However, these types have
one additional benefit in the strength provided by triangular walls. The top of the wall and the back of
the footer are joined by these triangular structures. The three structures of the footers, retaining walls
and the additional walls are incorporated by reinforcing steel. The support provided by the triangular
wall extended the durability of the counterfort retaining walls. This is because the additional support
keeps the walls attached to the footers.

The counterfort wall may be economical when the wall height is in excess of 25 ft.

The counterforts are spaced at intervals and act as tension members to support the stem.

The stem is then designed as a continuous member spanning horizontally between counterforts

BUTTRESS WALLS:
Cantilever walls are buttressed on the front, or inclined a counterfort on the back to provide the
strength resisting high loads. Buttress are short wing walls at right angle to the main trend of the wall.
These walls require rigid concrete footings below seasonal frost depth. This type of walls uses much
less materials than a traditional gravity wall.
The buttress wall is similar to the counterfort wall except the buttress are located on the side of stem
opposite to the retained material and act as compression member to support the stem.

The counterfort wall is more commonly used because it has a clean, uncluttered exposed face and
allows for more efficient use of space in front of the wall.

BRIDGE ABUTMENT:

The bridge abutment is similar in some respects to the basement wall.

The bridge superstructure induces horizontal as well as vertical loads, thus altering the normal
cantilever behaviour.

These are generally used to design drainage on underground structures.

There are many traditional options when building bridge abutment, often involving reinforced
concrete and piling. However, for true visibility combined with substantial savings in cost and
construction time, the tenstretech range of wall system uses a combination of uni axial geo grids for
soil reinforcement and concrete modular blocks. In many cases the full bridge bank seat loading can
be carried by the reinforced soil structures but should there be a need to support the bank seat on piles
than the tensartech wall system can be readily detail to accommodate these bearing piles while
retaining the abutment fill.
BRICK RETAINING WALL:
Brick retaining walls are also commonly employed on hill side properties for low walls or planter
walls. Brick retaining walls lack steel reinforcement and usually are not provided with a proper
foundation but unlike gravity, it has mortar bonding in between blocks providing some added strength
over simple gravity walls. Surface and subsurface drainage control devices are also not usually
provided efficiently for brick walls. Water pressure behind brick walls is a common source of distress
and/or failure of brick walls. Brick retaining walls are also not permitted under the current building
codes in Los Angels.
COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL is preferred in between Ap TRANSCO to uppal depot area
where the soil stability checked for the retaining wall against sliding and overturning.
DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL:

Calculating lateral earth pressures co-efficients by using rankine’s theory

There are two types of earth pressures by rankine

1. Active earth pressure

2. Passive earth pressure

Active earth pressure

Following are the assumptions of rankines theory

1.The soil mass is semi infinite , homogeneous , dry and cohesion less.

2.The ground surface is plane which may be inclined or horizontal

3. The back of the wall is vertical and smooth in other words no shear stress between the wall and

Soil.

4. The wall yield is above the base and satisfy the deformation conditions for plastic equilibrium.

a. Submerged backfill:

In this case the sand fill behind the retaining wall is saturated with water the lateral pressure is made
up of two components

i. lateral pressure due to submerged weight γ' of soil.

ii. Lateral pressure due to water

Thus at any depth h, below the surface ,

Pa = Ka γ' h + γw h

The pressure at the base of the retaining wall (h =H) is given by

Pa = Ka γ' H +γw H

If the free water stands to both sides of the wall , the water pressure need not to be considered,and the
net lateral pressure given by

Pa = Ka γ' H

B. Dry or moist backfill with no surcharge:

A retaining wall of height h, having dry or moist backfill, with no surcharge. According to rankines
theory, the intensity of active earth pressure Pa, trying to move the wall away from the fill, is given by

Pa = Ka γ h

Where Ka = co efficient of active earth pressure

= 1- sin φ/1+sin φ

Where φ = angle of internal friction for the backfill

γ = unit weight of soil

H = height of retaining wall

At any height h, below the horizontal ground surface, the intensity of active earth pressure is

Ka γ h

The distribution of active earth pressure Pa over the retaining wall.

The total active earth pressure Pa or the resultant pressure per unit length of the wall is given by

Pa = ½ x Ka x γ x H²

Acting at h/3 above the base of retaining wall.

If the soil is dry, γ is the dry weight of soil , and if wet, γ is the moist weight.

Passive earth pressure:

Passive earth pressure is exerted on a wall when it has a tendency to move towards the backfill. Such
a condition may occur when the retaining wall supports an arch, and is subjected to arch thrust,
moving it towards the fill. Another condition of passive earth pressure may be when the wall supports
soil of different heights on both the sides. Due to active pressure from the right hand side, the wall
moves to the left. The soil to the left is thus compressed and in turn exert passive earth pressure,
resisting such movement.

If h is the height of fill, the intensity of passive pressure at height h is given by

Pp = Kp γ h

Where Kp = co efficient of passive pressure

= 1+sinφ/1-sinφ

= 1/Ka

The passive pressure distribution will thus be a triangle. The total pressure is given by

Pp = Kp. γh²/2

Acting at h/3 above base.it should be noted that Kp is very much greater than Ka.

Thus Kp ,for this case, is 9 times Ka. In making calculations for active earth pressure behind retaining
walls, the passive pressure due to other side of walls is generally neglected, since it is possible that
this soil will erode away or that shearing will occur, thus eliminating the passive pressure.

If a uniform surcharge of intensity w per unit area acts over the surface of the backfill, the increase in
the passive pressures will be equal to Kp. The preesure intensity at depth h is given by

Pp = Kp (γh + w)

If the backfill is having its top surface inclined at an angle β, the passive pressure is given by

Pp = γh cosβ cos β + √cos² β - cos² φ/cos β-√cos²β-cos²φ or

Pp = Kp . γh

Check for overturning:

The lateral loads causes overturning moment (Mo) about the toe

The weight of backfill, surcharge, self weight of retaining wall cause stabilizing moment(Ms) about
the toe

The factor of safety against the overturning is given by

(Fos)o =Ms / Mo
The factor of safety should not be less than 1.5

Check for sliding:

The lateral earth pressure on stem tries to slide the reataining wall away from the back fill

This lateral force is resisted by frictional force between base slab and the soil below it.

Max frictional is given by

F = µ∑W

Where ,∑W is the total downward load.

If Pw is the total horizontal pressure, then factor of safety against sliding is given by

(FOS)s = µ∑W/P H

AS per S 456-2000 recommendations,the factor of safety should not be less than 1.5.

1.DESIGN OF STEM:
Unlike the stem of cantilver retaining wall,the stem of counterfort retaining wall acts
as a continous slab supported on counterforts. Due to the varying earth pressure over the height of
stem, the stem slab deflects outwards,and hence reinforcement is provided along the length of the
retaining wall, at the outer face of the stem between the counterforts, and at the inner face near the
counterforts. The reaction of the stem is taken by the counterforts to which it is firmly anchored.the
maximum bending moment occurs at B,where the uniformly distributed earth presusure load is
calculated for unit height.If w is the load on the stem slab, at B, per unit length

W = Pa x 1 x 1 = Ka x γ x h.

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-fyAst/fck bd)

If l is the clear distance between the counterforts, the negative bending moment in the stem at the
counterforts may be taken as w l²/12 and the positive bending moment in between the counterforts
may be taken as w l²/16, for the intermediate panels. The reinforcement may be vary along the height
of the stem.

2. DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB:

The action of heel slab is similar that of stem. The heel slab is subjected to the
downward load due to weight of soil and self-weight, and upward load due to soil reaction. The net
load is found to act downwards. The maximum net pressure is found to act on a strip of unit width
near edge C, since the upward soil reaction is minimum there. If p is the net downward pressure per
unit area , the maximum bending moment (negative) near counterforts will be (p l²)/12 and positive
bending moment will be (p l²)/16. The total load (reaction) from the heel slab is transferred to the
counterforts, and this load helps to provide a balancing moment against its overturning. The heel slab
is firmly attached to the counterforts by means of vertical ties (two legged stirrups).

3.DESIGN OF TOE SLAB: The toe slab bends as a cantilever due to upward soil reaction as
in the case of cantilever retaining wall. Due to bending of the toe as cantilever, clockwise moments
are induced at E, Which are shared by both vertical stem and heel slab. The distribution of this
moment between the stem and heel slab are not known. These transferred edge moments will cause
bending of stem as well as heel slab, in a direction normal to their usual bending.

These edge moments also cause shears in both the slabs which are not precisely known. Hence the
design is done empirically , because of uncertain bending behaviour.However, if counterforts are also
provided over the toe slab, upto the height of soil (i.e. upto ground level), their behaviour becomes
certain.in such a case,the reaction is transferred directly to the counterforts, without affecting the
bending of stem and heel slab.

4.DESIGN OF COUNTERFORTS: The counterforts take reactions both from the stem as
well as the heel slab. Since the active pressure on stem acts outwards,and net pressure heel slab acts
downwards,the counterforts are subjected to tensile streeses along the outer face AC of the
counterforts.The angle ABC between the stem and the heel slab has a tendency to increase from 90
degrees, and this tendency is resisted by counterforts.Thus the counterfort may be considered to bend
as a cantilever , fixed at BC .The counterfort acts as a an inverted T-beam of varying rib depth.The
maximum depth of this T-beam is at the junction B.This depth is measured perpendicular to the
sloping face AB, i.e., depth d1=BB1 at B.This depth thus goes on decreasing towards A1 where the
bending moment also decreases.The width b1 of the counterfort is kept constant throughout its height.
Main reinforcement is provided parallel to AC.The reinforcement may be varied along AC, maximum
being at b1. The faces AB and BC of the counterfort remain in compression.The compressive stresses
on face AB are counter-balanced by the vertical upward reaction transferred by the slab.In addition to
the main reinforcement, the counterforts are jointed firmly to the stem and heel by horizontal and
vertical ties respectively , provided in the form of two legged stirrups. Normally, the spacing between
the counterforts depends upon many factors, but usually ranges from 2m. The spacing of the
counterforts depend upon many factors , but usually less than 2 m. The spacing l between the
counterforts may be determined from the following approximate expression

l = 3.5 (H/γ)⅟4

where H is the height of wall in m and y is the unit weight of the soil in KN/cub m .

COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL consists of essentially five components:

a. face slab

b .heel slab

c .toe slab

d. front counterfort and

e. rear counterfort.

Face slab:

The face slab is much thinner than that required for a cantilever retaining wall. This is built-in on
three edges and is free at the top edge. It is subjected to a triangular load due to active earth pressure
along its depth. The lower part of the slab cantilvers vertically from the base and the upper part spans
horizontally between the counterforts. Under earth pressure, the vertical slab tends to deflect outward
but it held back by the counterforts to which it is firmly secured. Reinforcement is provided in the
horizontal and vertical directions. This slab can be analyzed using the yield line theory.

Rear counterforts:

counterforts are firmly attached to the face slab as well as the base slab. The earth pressure acting on
the face slab is transferred to the counterforts which deflect as vertical cantilevers. The back of the
rear counterforts comes in tension and their front face is under compression. Since the face slab is cast
monolithic with counterforts ,part of the face slab acting as flange in compression . thus rear
counterfort is designed as a vertical cantilever of varying T-beam section. These counterforts also
resist the lateral earth pressure due to earth due to earth fill. However, only end counterforts need be
designed for the lateral earth pressure since it will cancel out in the inner counterforts.

Front counterforts:

Front counterforts are optional. The height of front counterforts wall may be just below the ground
level so that the retaining wall may appear to be plane. These counterforts receive upward earth
pressure from the toe and will bend as horizontal cantilevers. Tension develops at the bottom face.

Heel slab:

It is a slab built-in on three edges and may be free on the fourth. The heel slab is subjected to
downward weight of earth fill, self weight of earth fill, self weight of the slab and the upward soil
pressure acting under the slab. Depending on the direction of the net resultant, heel slab near the face
slab develops sagging moment at its midspan and hogging moment at its midspan near the outer edge.
Since rear counterfort has a tendency to separate out from the heel slab, the reinforcement from the
counterforts should be properly tied in the heel slab. The thickness of the heel slab is usually such that
no shear reinforcement is required.

Toe slab:

The toe slab has a net upward soil pressure acting on it. If there is no font counterfort, it simply
deflects like a horizontal cantilever fixed at the face slab. In case front counterforts are provided,
design of the toe slab is similar of that of the heel slab. Front counterforts help in reducing the
thickness to the toe slab.

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL WITH TOE AND SUBMERGED

CONDITION UPTO FULL HEIGHT OF SOIL

1.5(DL+WL+EP)
Density of concrete = 25 KN/m³

Top width = 0.30 m

Bottom width = 0.45 m

Width of heel , b = 1.00 m

Thickness of heel = 0.45 m

Height of wall above FGL = 2.14 m

Height of wall below FGL = 1.50 m

Height of soil = 3.64 m

Saturated density of soil = 20.00 KN/m³

Density of water = 10.00 KN/m³

Net SBC = 100.00 KN/m²

Surcharge = 0.00 KN/m²

Free board = 0.30 m

Angle of response = 30.00 degrees

Passive pressure

height h1 = 0.00 m

Kp = 3.00

Ka = 0.33

Top slab width , t = 2.20 m

Total width of base , L = 3.65 m

Wt of compound wall

with column = 17.33 KN

Pressure intensity at

Bottom due to soil =Ka x γ x h

= 0.33 x 10.00 x 3.64

= 12.013 KN/m

Lateral pressure due

to soil P1 =1/2 x Ka x γ x h²

= 0.50 x 12.13 x 3.64

= 21.861 KN

Lateral pressure due

to surcharge = Ka x γ xh

= 0.33 x 0 x 3.64

= 0.00 KN

Pressure intensity at

Bottom due to water = Ka x γ x h

 = 1.00 x 10.00 x 3.64

= 36.40 KN/m

Lateral pressure due

to water P2 = 0.5 X Ka x γ x h²

= 0.50 x 36.40 x 3.64

= 66.25 KN

Self weight of

rectangular wall W1 =b x ht x γc

= 0.30 x 3.49 x 25

= 26.17 KN

Self weight of

triangular wall W2 =0.5 x b x ht x γc

= 0.15 x 0.5 x 3.49 x 25

= 6.54 KN

Submerged self weight

of toe W3 = b x ht x γ

= 0.45 x 2.65 x (25-10)

= 17.89 KN

Submerged self weight

of heel W4 = b x ht x γ

= 1.00 x (25-10) x 0.45

= 6.75 KN

Submerged self weight of soil

for Rectangular portion W5 = b x ht x γ

= 10.00 x 1.00 x 3.19

= 31.90 KN

Submerged self weight of soil

For triangular portion W6 = 0.5 x b x ht x γ

 = 0.15 x 3.19 x 10.00 x 0.5

= 2.39 KN

Passive pressure intensity = Kp x γ x h

= 3.00 x 20.00 x 0.00

= 0.00

Passive pressure load = 0.5 x Kp x γ x h²

= 0.00 x 0.00 x 0.5

= 0.00

Passive soil load = 2.0 x 0 x 20.00

= 0.00

Point load due to wind on

Wall , Pw = Kp x ht x γw

= 1.18 x (2.1 + 0.3) x 3

= 8.50 KN

Moment due to wind = 0.5 x Kp x γ x ht

= 8.50 x (3.64 +(2.4/2)) x 0.5 ( 50% assumed)

= 20.56 KN-m

Resisting moment about toe =sum of (foce x distsnce)

= 17.33 x 2.35 + 6.54 x 2.55 + 17.89 x 1.1 + 6.75 x 3.15

+ 0.00

x2.20 + 31.9 x 3.15 + 2.39 x2.6 + 0.00 x 1.1 + 0.00 x

2.85

MR = 266.57KN-m

Over Turning moment = P1 x h/3 + q x h/2 + P2 x h/3 + Pp x h1/3

=22.083 x 1.21 + 0.00 x 1.82 + 66.25 x 1.2133 + 20.56

x0.35

= 114.297 KN

Factor of safety against moment = resisting moment/overturning moment

= 2.33 > 1.5 safe 1.5 ( s:1904-1986 cl:17.2)

Total vertical force ,p = sum of (force x distance)

= 17.33 + 26.17 + 6.54 +17.89 +31.9 + 2.39 + 0.0 +6.75

=108.98 KN

Total lateral force = 22.08 + 0.00 + 66.25 + 8.50

= 96.611 KN

Total resisting force = 0.5 X 108.98 x 0.9

0.9 is as per CI 20.2 in IS 456.only 90% of the

Characteristic dead load shall be taken in account

=49.05 KN

Factor of safety against sliding = Resisting moment/overturning moment

= 0.510 < 1.5 unsafe

SHEAR KEY REQUIRED

Dimension of shear key

Over burden height h3 = 0.4 m

Depth of shear key = 0.3 m

X = 2.20 m

And h1 = 1.05 m,

h2 = [h1 + 0.3 + tan 30 x X] = 2.62 m

Y = 1.27 m (tan 30 =y/x)

Pp = 172.77 KN/m length of wall

Factor of safety against sliding = Resisting moment/overturning moment

 = 0.9 x (172.77 + 49.05)/96.83

= 2.05 > 1.5 safe As per (IS:1904-1986 CI:17.1.1)

Grade of concrete = 30 KN /m³

Grade of steel = 500.00 N/mm²

Density of concrete = 25.00 KN/m³

Moment about heel = sum of ( force x distance)

= 17.33 x 1.3 +26.17 x 1.3 + 6.54 x 1.1 +17.86 x .45 +

6.75 x

0.45+0.00x 1.45 + 31.90 x 1.3 + 2.39 x 1.05

= 118.18 KN-m

Resultant of force from heel = 2.34 m

Eccentricity = 0.51 < 0.6083 No Tension

6e/L = 0.85

Q max , min = p/L( 1±( 6e/L))

Max upward soil pressure due

to downward pressure

Q1 = 55.09 KN/m²

Min upward soil pressure due

To downward pressure

Q2 = 4.62 KN /m²

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB

Self weight of heel Wh = 0.5 x ( 25 – 10 )

= 7.5 KN/m²

Self weight of toe Wt = 0.5 x ( 25 – 10 )

= 7.5 KN/m²

Weight of soil on heel Wsh = 10 x ( 3.94 – 0.5 )

= 31.9 KN/m²

Weight of soil on toe Wst = 0 KN/m² (passive soil not considered)

Upward pressure at junction of stem

and toe Q3 = 24.67 KN/m² ( by interpolation )

Upward pressure at junction of stem

and heel Q4 = 18.45 KN/m² ( by interpolation )

Net upward pressure end

of toe, NP1 = Q1-Wt – Wst

= 48.34 KN/m²

Net down ward pressure end

of heel,NP2 = Q2-Wh – Wsh

= 34.03 KN/m²

Net upward pressure

at junction, NP3 = Q3-Wt-Wst

= 17.92 KN/m²

Net downward pressure

at junction,NP4 = Q4- Wh-Wsh

=20.20 KN/m²

Max factored

bending moment = 1.5 x [((0.5 x (NP2-NP4) X b) x b x 2/3) + (NP4 X b x

b/2 )]

= 22.06 KN/m²

Max factored shear force = 40.67 KN

Clear cover = 50 mm

Assume dia of bar = 10 mm

Effective depth = 395 mm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.14

Area of steel required = 129.27 mm²

Spacing required = 607.56 mm

Spacing provided = 125 mm 10

Ast provided = 628.32 mm²

Check for shear

Nominal shear stress = 0.10 N/mm²

Percentage of area of steel = 0.16

β = 21.90

shear stress of concrete ζc = 0.30 N/mm² > 0.10 N/mm² no shear rein

DESIGN OF STEM
 H
t of cantilever above base,h = 3.49 m

Max factored bending

Moment = 1.5 x [Ka x ( γ sub) x h^3 /6 + 0.5 x Pw x ( 1.2 +h – 0.3

)

+γw x h^3 /6]

= 169.69 KN-m

Clear cover = 50 mm

Diameter of bar = 12 mm 10 mm

Effective depth = 394 mm

Mu/bd² = 1.09

Area of steel required = 1035.36 mm²

Dia of bar = 12mm 10 mm

Spacing provided = 200 mm 200 mm

Ast provided = 1108.99 mm²

Check for shear

Critical section at a distance

‘d’ from top = 3.10 m

Factored shear force = 108.60 KN

Nominal shear stress = 1028 N/mm²

% area of steel = 0.28

And β = 12.38
Shear strength of concrete ζc = 0.39 N/mm² > 0.28 no shear rein

DESIGN OF TOE

Net upward pressure end

of toe NP1 =48.34 KN/m²

Net upward pressure

at junction NP3 = 17.92 KN/m²

Assume dia of bar = 12 mm

Effective depth d = 394 mm

Max factored bending moment = 1.5 [((0.5 x (NP1-NP3) X t ) x t x 2/3 ) + ( NP3 X t x

t/2 )]

= 138.67 KN-m

Mu/bd^2 = 0.89

Ast required = 834.49 mm²

Min area of steel = 540 mm²< 834.49 provided required

reinforcement

Spacing required = 135.53 mm

Spacing provided = 125 mm 12

Ast provided = 904.78 mm²

Check for shear

Factored shear force = 89.75 KN

Nominal shear stress = 0.23 N/mm²

Percentage of area of steel = 0.23

And β = 12. 67

Shear strength of concrete ζc = 0.38 N/mm² > 0.23 no shear rein

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL WITH TOE & DRY CONDITION
UPTO FULL OF SOIL
1.5(DL+WL+EP)

Densit
y of concrete = 25 KN/m³

Top width = 0.30 m

Bottom width = 0.45 m

Width of heel , b = 1.00 m

Thickness of heel = 0.45 m

Height of wall above FGL = 2.14 m

Height of wall below FGL = 1.50 m

Height of soil = 3.64 m

Saturated density of soil = 20.00 KN/m³

Density of water = 10.00 KN/m³

Net SBC = 100.00 KN/m²

Surcharge = 0.00 KN/m²

Free board = 0.30 m

Angle of response = 30.00 degrees

Passive pressure height

h1 = 0.00 m

Kp = 3.00

Ka = 0.33

Top slab width , t = 2.20 m

Total width of base , L = 3.65 m

Wt of compound wall

with column = 17.33 KN

Pressure intensity at bottom

due to soil = Ka x γ x h

= 0.33 x 10.00 x 3.64

= 12.012 KN/m

Lateral pressure due

to soil P1 = 0.5 x Ka x γ x h²

= 0.50 x 12.013 x 3.64

= 21.861 KN

Lateral pressure due

to surcharge = Ka x γ x h

= 0.33 x 0 x 3.64

= 0.00 KN

Pressure intensity at bottom

due to water = Ka x γ x h

= 1.00 x 10.00 x 3.64

= 36.40 KN/m

Lateral pressure due

to water P2 = 0.5 x Ka x γ x h²

= 0.50 x 36.40 x 3.64

= 66.25 KN

Self weight of rectangular

wall W1 = b x ht. x γ

= 0.30 x 3.49 x 25

= 26.17 KN

Self weight of triangular

wall W2 = 0.5 x b x γ x ht.²

= 0.15 x 0.5 x 3.49 x 25

= 6.54 KN

Submerged self weight

of toe W3 = b x ht. x γ

= 0.45 x 2.65 x 25

= 29.81 KN

Submerged self weight

of heel W4 = b x ht. x γ
 = 1.00 x 25 x 0.45

=11.25 KN

Submerged self weight of soil

for Rectangular portion W5 = b x ht. x γ

= 20.00 x 1.00 x 3.19

= 63.80 KN

Submerged self weight of soil

For triangular portion W6 =0.5 x b x ht.² x γ

= 0.15 x 3.19 x 20.00 x 0.5

= 4.78 KN

Passive pressure intensity = b x ht x γ

= 3.00 x 20.00 x 0.00

= 0.00

Passive pressure load = b x ht. x γ

= 0.00 x 0.00 x 0.5

= 0.00

Passive soil load = b x ht. x γ

= 2.0 x 0 x 20.00

= 0.00

Point load due to wind on

Wall , Pw = b x ht. x γ

= 1.18 x (2.1 + 0.3) x 3

= 8.50 KN

Moment due to wind = 0.5 x b x ht.

= 8.50 x (3.64 +(2.4/2)) x 0.5

= 41.14 KN-m

Resisting moment about toe = sum of ( force x distance)

= 17.33 x 2.35 + 26.17 x 2.55 + 6.54 x 2.55 + 29.81 x 1.1 +

11.25
 x3.15 + 0.00 x 2.20 + 63.80 x 3.15 + 4.78 x 2.6 + 0.00 x 1.1 +
0.00x2.85

MR = 405.57KN-m

Over Turning moment = P1 x h/3 + q x h/2 + P2 x h/3 + Pp x h1/3

=22.083 x 1.21 + 0.00 x 1.82 + 66.25 x 1.2133 + 41.12 x

0.35

= 121.500 KN

Factor of safety against moment = resisting moment/overturning moment

= 3.338 > 1.5 safe 1.5 ( s:1904-1986 cl:17.2)

Total vertical force ,p = 17.33 + 26.17 + 6.54 +29.81 +63.8 + 4.78 + 0.0 +11.25

=159.70 KN

Total lateral force = 22.08 + 0.00 + 66.25 + 8.50

= 96.83 KN

Total resisting force = 0.5 X 159.70 x 0.9

0.9 is as per CI 20.2 in IS 456.only 90% of

the

Characteristic dead load shall be taken in

account

=71.87 KN

Factor of safety against sliding = resisting moment/overturning moment

= 0.740 < 1.5 unsafe

SHEAR KEY REQUIRED

Dimension of shear key

Over burden height h3 = 0.45 m

Depth of shear key = 0.3 m

X = 2.20 m

And h1 = 1.05 m,

h2 = [h1 + 0.3 + tan 30 x X] = 2.62 m

Y = 1.27 m (tan 30 =y/x)

Pp = 172.77 KN/m length of wall

F1actor of safety against sliding = resisting moment/overturning moment

= 0.9 x (172.77 + 49.05)/96.83

= 2.27 > 1.5 safe

As per (IS:1904-1986
CI:17.1.1)

Grade of concrete = 30 KN /m³

Grade of steel = 500.00 N/mm²

Density of concrete = 25.00 KN/m³

Moment about heel = sum of ( force x distance)

= 17.33 x 1.3 +26.17 x 1.3+ 6.54x1.1+29.81

x2.33+11.25x0.5+0.00x1.45+63.80 x 0.5 x 0.00 x 1.45 x 63.80 x 0.5 + 4.78 x 1.05

 = 175.62 KN-m

Resultant of force from heel = 2.03 m

Eccentricity = 0.20 < 0.6083 No Tension

6e/L = 0.33

Q max , min = p/L( 1±( 6e/L))

Max upward soil pressure due

to downward pressure

Q1 = 58.37 KN/m²

Min upward soil pressure due

To downward pressure

Q2 = 29.13KN /m²

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB

Self weight of heel Wh = 0.5 x ( 25 )

= 12.5 KN/m²

Self weight of toe Wt = 0.5 x ( 25 )

= 12.5 KN/m²

Weight of soil on heel Wsh = 20 x( 3.94 –0. 5 )

= 68.8 KN/m²

Weight of soil on toe Wst = 0 KN/m² ( passive soil not considered )

Upward pressure at junction of stem

and toe Q3 = 40.75 KN/m² ( by interpolation )

Upward pressure at junction of stem

and heel Q4 = 37.14 KN/m² ( by interpolation )

Net upward pressure end

of toe, NP1 = Q1-Wt – Wst

= 47.12 KN/m²

Net down ward pressure end

of heel,NP2 = Q2-Wh – Wsh

= 45.92 KN/m²

Net upward pressure

at junction, NP3 = Q3-Wt-Wst

= 29.50KN/m²

Net downward pressure

at junction,NP4 = Q4- Wh-Wsh

=37.91 KN/m²

Max factored

bending moment = 1.5 x [((0.5 x (NP2-NP4) X b) x b x 2/3) + (NP4 X b x

b/2 )]
 = 32.44 KN/m²

Max factored shear force = 62.87 KN

Clear cover = 50 mm

Assume dia of bar = 10 mm

Effective depth = 395 mm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.208

Area of steel required = 190.63 mm²

Spacing required = 411.99 mm

Spacing provided = 125 mm 10

Ast provided = 628.32 mm²

Check for shear

Nominal shear stress = 0.16 N/ mm²

Percentage of area of steel = 0.16

β = 21.90

shear stress of concrete ζc = 0.30 N/ mm² > 0.10 N/ mm² no shear rein

DESIGN OF STEM

Ht of cantilever above base , h = 3.49 m

Max factored bending

Moment = 1.5 x [Ka x ( γ sub) x h^3 /6 + 0.5 x Pw x ( 1.2 +h –

0.3 ) ]
 = 126.79 KN-m

Clear cover = 50 mm

Diameter of bar = 12 mm 10 mm

Effective depth = 394 mm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.82

Area of steel required = 764.57 mm²

Dia of bar = 12mm 10 mm

Spacing provided = 200 mm 200 mm

Ast provided = 1108.99 mm²

Check for shear

Critical section at a distance

‘d’ from top = 3.10 m

Factored shear force = 60.67 KN

Nominal shear stress = 0.15 N/ mm²

% area of steel = 0.28

And β = 12.38

Shear strength of concrete ζc = 0.39 N/ mm² > 0.28 no shear rein

DESIGN OF TOE

Net upward pressure end

of toe NP1 =48.12 KN/m²

Net upward pressure

at junction NP3 = 29.50 KN/m²

Assume dia of bar = 12 mm

Effective depth d = 394 mm

Max factored bending moment = 1.5 [((0.5 x (NP1-NP3) X t ) x t x 2/3 ) + ( NP3 X t x t/2 )]

= 149.73 KN-m

Mu/bd^2 = 0.96

Ast required = 903.79 mm²

Min area of steel = 540 mm²< 834.49 provided required
reinforcement

Spacing required = 125.14 mm

Spacing provided = 125 mm 12

Ast provided = 904.78 mm²

Check for shear

Factored shear force = 103.78 KN

Nominal shear stress = 0.23 N/ mm²

Percentage of area of steel = 0.23

And β = 12. 67

Shear strength of concrete ζc = 0.38 N/mm > 0.26 no shear rein