Buku Bahasa Inggris

English for Academic
Purposes
Written by:
Hj. St. Noer Farida Laila, M.A
Muhammad Basuni, M.Pd
Nanik Sri Rahayu, M.Pd
Edited by:
Susanto, M.Pd
Pre-Intermediate Level
For Islamic University
Published by
IAIN TULUNGAGUNG PRESS
2008
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung i Language Center (LC)
Laila, St. Noer Farida, et.al
English for Academic Purposes
/St.Noer Farida Laila, Muhammad Basuni, Nanik Sri Rahayu
-IAIN TULUNGAGUNG PRESS 2014
189 hlm.; 18.5 x 23 cm
ISBN 978-602-8079-41-9
1. Bahasa Inggris I. Judul
The right of St. Noer Farida Laila, Muhammad Basuni,

and Nanik Sri Rahayu to be identified as authors of this Work
has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior
written permission of the Publishers.
English for Academic Purposes

© IAIN TULUNGAGUNG PRESS 2014
First Published 2008

Printed in Tulungagung, Indonesia
Cover by Yoyo’
IAIN TULUNGAGUNG PRESS
Jalan Mayor Sujadi Timur 46 Tulungagung 66221
East Java, Indonesia
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung ii Language Center (LC)

Acknowledgement
In the name of Allah the most beneficent and most merciful.

Let's pray to Allah SWT (glory be to Him, and He is the High) to bless Prophet
Muhammad SAW (peace be upon him) and his family. Further, may Allah SWT bless
the Khulafaa' Rashidoon and the Sahaba of the Prophet as well as the Followers and
the Followers of the Followers till the day of judgment.
This new edition of English book at pre-intermediate level for the students of
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung facilitates the students with some
interesting activities as well as various topics on Islam and education. Besides, it
also challenges the lecturers as well as the students to go immerse more actively
and creatively in the learning process.
The outstanding remark of this new book is that it provides the three language
skills –speaking, reading and writing, and is enriched with vocabulary exercises.
Therefore, a conducive, active and autonomous English learning will be made
possible here.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the writers and those who
are involved in this work. May Allah SWT bless and reward their good deed. Amen.
Tulungagung, 1 Nopember 2014 M
Dr. Maftukhin, M.Ag

Rector of State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung iii Language Center (LC)

Preface
In the name of Allah the most beneficent and most merciful.
The author wishes to thank all those colleagues who contributed in making this book
available to the readers.
Special thanks to Dr. Susanto, M.Pd and his men in the Language Center,
State Islamic College of Tulungagung for their tremendous help in publishing this
new book for the students of State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung. May Allah bless
and reward them.
Thanks and appreciation go to Dr. Maftukhin, M.Ag, the Rector of State
Islamic Institute of Tulungagung, and unforgettably Prof. Dr. H. Imam Fuadi, M.Ag
the Vice Rector for Academic Affairs. Without them, this publication may not be
possible for the students. May Allah bless them. Amen.
Last but not least, may Allah SWT bless and love all those who contributed
their time, effort, energy, wealth, wisdom, goodwill, editing, typing, proofreading
and their Du'a.
Tulungagung, 1 Nopember 2014 M
The Writers
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung iv Language Center (LC)

LIST OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement …………………………………………….…………….………………..…… iii

Foreword …………………………………………………………………….….……………..…….. iv
List of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………….. v
UNIT. I :
A. Communication: Greetings and Introductions …………………….…… 1
B. Key Structures: Sentence Patterns in English …........................…… 4
C. Reading Comprehension: Muhammad ………………………….…....…… 8
UNIT. II:
A. Communication: Expressing Numbers ………………………………….… 13
B. Vocabulary; Mathematics ……………………………………………………….. 16
C. Key Structure: The Present Continuous and Simple ………………….. 17
D. Reading Comprehension: The Oldest and Largest Profession;
Teaching …………………………………………………… …………...…….……… 22
UNIT. III:
A. Communication: Learning to ask for information …………………..…. 27
B. Key Structure: Definite and Indefinite Article ……………………….….. 33
C. Reading Comprehension: An Approach to the Study of Religion
…………………..………………………………………………………………..…....... 36
UNIT. IV:
A. Communication: Expressing Time …..…………………………..………….. 41
B. Key Structure: The Simple Past ……………………………………..…….….. 44
C. Reading Comprehension: The Outspread of Islam in Java …………. 47
UNIT. V:
A. Communication: Expression of Date ……………………………..…………. 53
B. Key Structure: Modal Auxiliary ………………………………………………… 56
C. Reading Comprehension: The Institution of Family………………….… 63
UNIT. VI:
A. Communication: Exclamations ………….……………………….……………. 67
B. Key Structure: Past Continuous………………………………..……...…….. . 69
C. Reading Comprehension: Mathematics and Astronomy …………… 72
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung v Language Center (LC)

UNIT. VII:
A. Communication: Expressing Certainty and Doubt ……………………… 79
B. Key Structure: The Perfect Tense ……………………………………….…….. 82
C. Reading Comprehension: Principles of Islamic Banking …………….. 88
UNIT VIII:
A. Communication: Making A Phone Call ……………………………………… 93
B. Key Structure: Modal Auxiliary …………………………………………..……. 97
C. Reading Comprehension: Zakat –First Universal Welfare System
……………………………………………………………………………..……..………… 102
UNIT. IX:
A. Communication: Asking About Other’s Plan ...…………………….…….. 107
B. Key Structure: The Simple Future ….……………………………………...… 110
C. Reading Comprehension: American and British English Differences
…..……………………………………………………………………………………..…… 116
UNIT. X:
A. Communication: Agreement And Disagreement ……………….…..…… 121
B. Key Structure: Comparison of Adjective …...……………………….……… 123
C. Reading Comprehension: Al-Kindi …..…………………….……..………… 127
UNIT XI :
A. Communication: Request ……………………………..……...…………….…… 131
B. Grammar Focus: Elliptic Structure …….…..................................…… 133
C. Reading Comprehension : Teacher …………………………………………… 136
UNIT XII:
A. Communication: Conversational Opening……………………………….… 141
B. Grammar Focus: Impersonal it …………...………………………………….. 143
C. Reading Comprehension: Zakat …….…………………………....………….. 146
UNIT XIII:
A. Communication: Invitation …………………..……………………………..…. 151
B. Grammar Focus: Conditional Sentence………..……………………….….. 153
C. Reading Comprehension: Arabic Transliteration .……………..…....... 157
UNIT XIV:
A. Communication: Apologies ……………………..…………………..………….. 161
B. Grammar Focus: Past Perfect Tense ..……………………………..…….….. 163
C. Reading Comprehension: English Vocabulary ..…………………………. 167
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung vi Language Center (LC)

UNIT XV:
A. Communication: Suggestion ..………..……………………………..…………. 173
B. Grammar Focus: Modal Perfect ………………..……………………………… 175
C. Reading Comprehension: Al Ushul ……………………..……….…………… 178
Bibliography ……………………………….……………………………………..…………………… viii
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung vii Language Center (LC)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexander, LG., Practice and progress, Yogyakarta, Kanisius, 1975.

Alexander, LG., Question and Answer, Yogyakarta, Kanisius, 1980.
Azar, Schrampfer Betty, Fundamental of English Grammar, Jakarta, Bina
Rupa Aksara, 1993.
Binhamp, Philip, How to say it, Yogyakarta, Kanisius, 1974.
Darwis, Djamaluddin, English for Islamic studies, Jakarta, Raja Grafindo
Persada, 2001.
Hornby, AS, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, London, Oxford
University Press, 1987.
Kon, T.S., Practical English Usage 4, Jakarta, Bina Rupa Aksara, 1991.
Lindell, Anne, Intensive English for Communication, Jakarta, Bina Rupa
Aksara.
Murphy, Raymond, English Grammar in use, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1986
Watcyn, Peter – Jones, Test your vocabulary, Gelatik, 1991.
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung viii Language Center (LC)

English for Academic Purposes pre-intermediate level is primarily developed
and designed for the students of Islamic universities as a self study reference and
practice book, yet which can be used for classroom work. This book covers at least
five important aspects of language learning: speaking, reading, writing, grammar,
and vocabulary.
The outstanding remark of this book is that the reading passages served to the
learners encompass various topics; from the Islamic issues into topics in general
discussion. Therefore, expectedly, this book will be useful to broaden the students’
horizon as well as their language skill.
Published by
STAIN TULUNGAGUNG PRESS
9 7 8 6 0 2 8 0 7 9 4 1 9
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung ix Language Center (LC)

LISTENING SECTION
State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung x Language Center (LC)

UNIT I
A. COMMUNICATION: GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTIONS

1. GREETINGS
a. Formal conversation:
Rina : Good morning, Mr./Mrs./Ms./ Miss ….
Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss. : Hello, Rina. How are you?
Rina : I am fine, thank you. How are you?
Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss. : I am fine too.
b. Informal conversations:
Rina : Hi, Anto. How are you doing?
Anto : Pretty good. How about you?
Rina : Oh. I am O.K.
Rina : Excuse me. I am late for my next class

Anto : Bye, Rina. See you later.
Rina : So long.
c. Other greetings :
Hello How are you? Good bye.
Good morning How are you doing? So long.
Good afternoon How do you do? See you later.
Good evening Good night.
State Islamic College of Tulungagung 1 Language Center (LC)

2. INTRODUCTIONS
a. Formal introduction
Mr. Ahmad : DR. Azhari, I would like you to meet my friend, Said
Umar. Umar this is DR. Azhari.
DR. Azhari : How do you do?
Umar How do you do? I am glad to meet you.
b. Informal introductions:
Amir : Mrs. Rina, this is Emma
Mrs. Rina : Hello Emma. I am glad to meet you.
Emma : I am happy to meet you too.
Amir : Emma, this is Umar.
Emma : Hi, Umar.
Umar : Hi, Emma.
Emma : Hello. My name is Emma Amalia

Rina : Hello. I am Rina Ahmad.
Emma : Where are you from?
Rina : I am from Surabaya
Susan : Hi. I am Susan. I am a waitress.

What is your name?
Ed. : Hi. My name is Eddy.
Susan : What is your occupation?
Ed : I am a clerk.

3. Communicative Activity 1
Let‟s practice greetings.
a. Greet your teacher.
b. Greet your classmates
c. Greet your close friend
d. Greet your parents.
4. Communicative Activity 2.
Let‟s practice introductions.
a. Introduce your friend to your teacher.
b. Introduce one classmate to another classmate
c. Practice a formal introduction.
d. Introduce yourself to your teacher
e. Introduce your classmate to a classmate.
5. Put these words in the blanks. Then practice the conversation!
Nice Hello Hi thanks How

Meet right fine this
Sandi : a)______________, Marta

Marta : b) _____________, Sandi! c) ________are you?
Sandi : I'm d) ___________, e)______. And you?
Marta : I'm all f)_________, thanks.
Sandi : Marta, g) _________ is Anna
Anna : Hello, Marta. h) ________ to meet you.
Marta : Nice to i) _______ you too

6. Communicative Activity
Interviewing a classmate.
a. Write questions to get these facts about a classmate.
b. Work with a partner. Ask your partner the questions. Write the answers
on a piece of paper.
c. Introduce your partner to the class. Tell the class about your partner‟s
answers to the questions.
A. Full name : __________________

B. Birthday : __________________
C. City, country : __________________
D. Occupation outside class : __________________
E. Reasons for studying English : __________________
F. Plans for the future : __________________
B. KEY STRUCTURE: SENTENCE PATTERNS IN ENGLISH

1. Normal Sentence Pattern in English
Subject Verb Complement Modifier

She and I Ate A pizza Last night
We Studied English Last week
a. Subject: The subject is the agent of the sentence in the active voice; it is the
person or thing that does the action of the sentence, and it normally precedes
the verb. NOTE: Every sentence in English must have a subject. (In
the case of commands, the subject is understood)
1) The subject may be a single noun.
Coffee is delicious

Milk contains calcium
2) The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is a group of words
ending with a noun. (It cannot begin with a preposition)
The book is on the table
The new, red car is John's.
3) In some sentences there is not a true subject. However, it and there can
often act as pseudo-subjects and should be considered as subjects when
rules call for moving the subject of a sentence.
It is a nice day
There were many students in the room.
b. Verb: The verb follows the subject; it generally shows the action of the
sentence. Note: Every sentence must have a verb.
1) The verb may be a single word.
John drives too fast
They hate spinach
2) The verb may be a verb phrase. A verb phrase consists of one or more
auxiliaries and one main verb. The auxiliaries always precede the main
verb.
John is going to Miami tomorrow
Jane has been reading that book.
c. Complement: A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject

because it is usually a noun or a noun phrase; however, it generally follows
the verb when the sentence is in the active voice. Note: every sentence
does not require a complement. The complement cannot begin with a
preposition. A complement answers the question what? or whom?
John bought a cake yesterday (What did John buy?)

Jill was driving a new car (What was Jill driving?)
They called me yesterday (whom did they call?)
I saw her last night (whom did I see?)
d. Modifier: A modifier tells the time, place, or manner of the action. Very often
it is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that
begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. Note: every sentence
doesn't require a modifier. A modifier answers the question when?
Where? Or how?
John bought a book at the bookstore. (where)
He was driving very fast (how)
I saw him yesterday (when)
Note: a modifier of time usually comes last if more than a modifier is
present.
Example:
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
Exercise 1: Subject - Verb - Complement - Modifier

Identify the subject, verb, complement, and modifier in each of the following
sentences. Remember that not every sentence has a complement or a modifier.
Example:
Johan / is buying / a new hat / in the store.
Subject verb phrase complement modifier of place
1. George is cooking dinner tonight

2. Henry has visited the president
3. We can eat lunch in this restaurant today
4. Paula should have bought gasoline yesterday

5. Trees grow
6. It was raining at seven o‟clock this morning
7. She opened a checking account at the bank last week
8. She opened her book hurriedly
9. Paul was watching television a few minutes ago.
10. Betty is driving her car very fast.
Exercise 2:
Arrange each group of words in the sentences bellow correctly!
1. the film - I - enjoyed - yesterday
2. the news - listened to - I - carefully
3. well - the man - the piano - played
4. games - played - yesterday - in their room - the children - quietly
5. Quietly - the door - he - opened
6. before lunch - the letter - in his office - quickly - he - read
7. this morning - the book - I - from the library - borrowed
8. we - at home - stay - on Sundays.
9. a new school - built - they - in our village - last year
10. the match - at four o‟clock – ended
Exercise 3:
Find the elements in the following sentences that form the basic sentence pattern
NOUN + VERB. Write them on a separate sheet of paper.
Example:
After a long wait, the gleaming glass doors of the new department store
finally opened to the public.
Answer: The doors opened

1. The 6.40 express train from Jakarta at long last arrived at the crowded
station.
2. A small but vicious dog at our neighbour's house noisily and persistently
barked all night.
3. The securely wrapped package of spare parts for the tractor came yesterday
by registered mail.
4. In spite of our best efforts, all essential works in the rubber tire factory
stopped completely
5. A very famous musician from the conservatory played for one hour yesterday.
6. That very popular tourist hotel will soon open for the summer season
7. The engineering students in Prof Mahdi's class busily studied for their
examination all night
8. Dr. Sherly, the well-known physicist at the research laboratory, is lecturing
tonight at the auditorium
9. The jumbo jet airliner, after a long delay, finally landed safely at the airport.
10. A very strange thing happened on the way to work.
C. READING COMPREHENSION
Muhammad
Muhammad was born in or about the year 570.He was born into a family
belonging to a clan of Quraysh, the ruling tribe of Mecca, a city in the Hijaz region of
northwestern Arabia. Originally the site of the Ka'bah, Mecca had become an
important center of sixth-century trade. As a result the city was dominated by
powerful merchant families among whom the men of Quraysh were preeminent.
Muhammad's father, 'Abd Allah ibn'Abd al-Muttalib, died before the boy was
born; his mother, Aminah, died when he was six. The orphan was consigned to the

care of his grandfather, Abdul Mutalib, the head of the clan of Hashim. After the
death of his grandfather, Muhammad was raised by his uncle, Abu Talib. As was
customary, Muhammad as a child was sent to live for a year or two with a Bedouin
family. This custom had important implications for Muhammad. He endured the
hardships of desert life, acquired a taste for the rich language so loved by the Arabs,
and learned the patience and forbearance of the herdsmen.
About the year 590, Muhammad entered the service of a widow named
Khadijah as a merchant actively engaged with trading caravans to the north.
Sometime later Muhammad married Khadijah, by whom he had two sons - who did
not survive - and four daughters.
During this period of his life Muhammad travelled widely. Then, in his forties
he began to retire to meditate in a cave on Mount Hira outside of Mecca, where the
first of the great events of Islam took place. One day, as he sat in the cave, he heard a
voice of the Angel Gabriel, which ordered him to: “Recite: In the name of thy Lord
who created, Created man from a clot of blood.” Three times Muhammad pleaded
his inability to do so, but each time the command was repeated. Finally, Muhammad
recited the words of what are now the first five verses of the 96th surah or chapter of
the Quran.
At first Muhammad divulged his experience only to his wife and his immediate
circle. But as more revelations enjoined him to proclaim the oneness of God
universally, his following grew, at first among the poor and the slaves, but later also
among the most prominent men of Mecca. The revelations he received are all
incorporated in the Quran, the Scripture of Islam.
Not everyone accepted God's message transmitted through Muhammad.

Even in his own clan there were those who rejected his teachings, and many

merchants actively opposed the message. The opposition, however, sharpen
Muhammad's sense of mission and his understanding of exactly how Islam differed
from paganism. Because the Quran rejected polytheism and emphasized man's
moral responsibility, it presented a grave challenge to the worldly Meccans
Glossary:
Site (N) : A place where a building was situated.
Was consigned to (V) : Was given to
Desert (N) : Large area with very little water and vegetation
Forbearance (N) : Tolerance
Herdsmen (N) : persons who look after a herd of animals
Retire (V) : go away to somewhere quiet or private
Pleaded (V) : repeated urgent request
Clan (N) : Large family forming a close group
Grave (N) : dead
Endured (V) : suffered
1. Comprehension exercise
Answer the following questions based on the passage above!
a. Where and when was Muhammad born?
______________________________________________
b. Why was Mecca dominated by powerful merchant families?
________________________________________________
c. Was Muhammad an orphan? Explain briefly!
_________________________________________________
d. For what purposes was Muhammad sent to live with a Bedouin family?
_________________________________________________

e. Who was Khadijah?
_________________________________________________
f. When did Muhammad receive the first revelation?
_________________________________________________
g. What was the first teaching proclaimed by Muhammad?
_________________________________________________
h. Did all Muhammad‟s families receive his teachings?
_________________________________________________
i. Why were almost all Meccan people opposed to Muhammad‟s teaching?
_________________________________________________
j. What are the main teachings of Muhammad opposed by the people?
_________________________________________________
2. Vocabulary exercises.
Find the part of speech and the meaning of these verbs, and construct good
sentences using those verbs.
a. pre-eminent __________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
b. responsibility _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
c. acquire _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
d. polytheisms __________ __________ _ ___________
_____________________________________________________
e. engaged with _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
f. event _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________

g. divulged _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
h. enjoined __________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
i. revelation _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
j. custom _________ __________ _ ___________
_____________________________________________________
k. worldly _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
l. paganism _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
m. oneness _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
n. incorporate _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
o. forbearance _________ ___________ ___________
_____________________________________________________
3. Writing Activity
Write 5 sentences about the following topics:
a. Al-qur‟an
b. Bible
c. Torah
d. Prophetic traditions
e. Pilgrimage

UNIT II
A. EXPRESSING NUMBERS
1. Here is a list of cardinal numbers.
0 Zero 11 eleven 59 fifty-nine
1 One 12 twelve 60 sixty
4 Four 20 twenty 76 seventy-six
10 Ten 50 fifty 99 ninety-nine
100 one hundred (a hundred) 319 three hundred nineteen
101 one hundred one 483 four hundred eighty-three
111 one hundred eleven 620 six hundred twenty
150 one hundred fifty 999 nine hundred ninety-nine
200 two hundred 1,000 one thousand ( a thousand)
5,000,000 five million 1,000,000,000 one billion
Note: A comma can be used when there are more than three numbers, such as
1,000
2. Here is a list of ordinal numbers
first (1st) eleventh (11th)
second (2nd) twelfth (12th)
third (3rd) fifteenth (15th)
fourth (4th) nineteenth (19th)
fifth (5th) twentieth (20th)
sixth (6th) twenty-first (21st)
seventh (7th) twenty-second (22nd)
eighth (8th) twenty-third (23rd)
ninth (9th) thirtieth (30th)
tenth (10th) forty-fourth (44th)

We use ordinal numbers :
a. For dates : December 25th
December twenty-fifth
b. For floors in a building : the classroom is on the third floor
c. As an adjective : She is Amir‟s second wife
My first article has been published.
3. Telephone numbers and Addresses

a. Telephone numbers are usually read in single digits. The number 0 (zero)
is pronounced like the letter o (ow).
Area Code 0313 o, three, one, three

887-9603 eight, eight, seven; nine, six, o, three
321513 three, two, one, five, one, three
0817413166 o, eight, one, seven, four, one, three, one, six, six.
b. Addresses can be read in group of two or more numbers. The number 0

(zero) is pronounced o (ow). A number ending in 00 (zero, zero) are read
as hundred.
46 Major Sujadi Street forty-six.

823 Panjaitan Street eight; twenty-three.
1500 Ahmad Yani Street fifteen hundred
2341 Kenwood. Twenty-three; forty-one.
5100 Main Street Fifty-one hundred
1201 Sudirman Street twelve; o, one.

4. Exercises on numbers
a. Counting
1) Count by twos from 2 to 40
2) Count by threes from 3 to 39
3) Count by fives from 5 to 100
4) Count by nines from 9 to 90.
5) Count by fifties from 50 to 1,000.
b. Complete the questions with are or is, and then answer each question!
1) What ________your name?
2) What ________ your parent‟s name?
3) _______you married?
4) How old_____ you?
5) What_______your address?
6) What_______your phone number?
7) What_______your job?
8) How many books _________ there in our library?
9) Where ________ the place of Mount Kelud?
10) _________ the teachers paid properly?
c. Read the following sentences!
1) My telephone number is Area Code 0355-791669

2) Your hand phone number is 08883546732
3) My address is 279 Main Street Birmingham
4) Your address is 1209 Sudirman Street Jakarta.
5) Santi‟s phone number is Area Code 423. 774-9845

B. VOCABULARY: Mathematics
Activity : Simple arithmetic, decimals and fractions
a. Study the way we write and say these examples.
ADDITION SUBTRACTION
3 + 2 = 5 8 - 1 = 7
Three plus two equals five Eight minus one equals seven
MULTIPLICATION DIVISION
4 x 25 = 100 12 : 2 = 6
four times twenty-five equals one Twelve divided by two equals six
hundred. Two into twelve equals six
DECIMALS FRACTIONS
3.2 = three point two ½ = one half or a half
4.25 = four point two five 1/3 = one third or a third
0.86 = zero point eight six ¾ = three fourths or three quarters
1/4 = a quarter
b. Work each problem and write it as a sentence!

1) 10 + 7 = Ten plus seven equals seventeen
2) 4 x 5 = ___________________________
3) 36 : 3 = ___________________________
4) 19 – 8 = ___________________________
5) 610 : 10 = ___________________________
6) 550 x 2 = ___________________________
7) 1.5 + 2.25 = ___________________________
8) 2.5 - 1.3 = ___________________________
9) ½ + ¼ = ____________________________
10) 5 : ½ = ____________________________

C. KEY STRUCTURE
THE PRESENT: CONTINUOUS AND SIMPLE
Study the following sentences!

The present continuous:
a. I am still having breakfast
He is sleeping right now
What are you doing?
b. Helmi is walking to school tomorrow

I am leaving for Jakarta next week
The simple present:

c. He always has breakfast at 6 o‟clock
The earth goes round the sun
Do you ever read in bed?
d. We want to leave now

They understand the problem now
Note:
1. The present continuous is used to indicate present time/now (examples a.)
and future time (examples b.). It is composed by using the following rule:
Subject + am/is/are + verb ing…….
Here are some more examples:

The secretary is typing the letter now (present time)

I am taking five courses this semester . (present time)
We are flying to Medan tomorrow (future time)
I am going to the library this afternoon (future time)
2. The simple present tense is used to indicate things in general or a habitual
action (examples c.). It is composed by the following rule :
Subject + verb (1) + …….

They always swim in the evening (habitual action)
Mark usually walks to school (habitual action)
Nurses look after patients in hospitals (general things)
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (general things)
3. The words “always, forever, or constantly” can be used in present continuous
tense to complain, i.e., to express annoyance, anger, etc.
Example: Mariam is always leaving her dirty shock on the floor for me to pick
up!.
4. The simple present tense is usually not used to indicate present time (now).
However, it is usually used to indicate present time (now) with stative verbs;
verbs that describe states or conditions that exist, and not describe activities
that are in progress (examples d.). Here is the list of the stative verbs:
Know believe hear see smell wish

Understand hate love like want sound
Have need appear seem taste own

The coffee tastes delicious. John hates smoke.
Your cough sounds bad. I believe you.
The verbs listed above are almost never used in the present or past
continuous. However, the verbs have, taste, smell, appear and see are
commonly used in the progressive form with a different meaning. Compare
the following sentences:
Existing state/condition: Activity in progress:

I have a car I am having trouble
The food tastes good The chef is tasting the food
Those flowers smell good Diana is smelling the roses
I see a butterfly Doctor is seeing a patient
He appears to be asleep The actor is appearing on the stage
Sentence patterns:
The present continuous: The simple present:
Johan is talking in the phone He usually goes to campus by bus
I am going to a party tonight I study for two hours every night
Mariam is not reading a novel She does not go to campus by bus
I am not attending a meeting I don‟t take biology this semester
Are you talking to me? Does she take Arabic this semester?
Isn‟t she attending a seminar? Don‟t you write a novel this year?

Exercise 1:
Chose either the simple present or present continuous in the following sentences!
1. Something__________________(smell) very good
2. We __________________(eat) dinner at seven o‟clock tonight
3. He________________________(practice) the piano every day
4. They______________________(drive) to school tomorrow
5. After three days of rain, I am glad that the sun (shine)__________again
today
6. Please be quiet. I (try)_________to concentrate.
7. Look. It (begin)______________to rain. Unfortunately, I (have, not)
_________________ my umbrella with me.
8. Zahara (tutor, often)__________other students in her English class. This
afternoon, she (teach)____________ Andi reading comprehension.
9. Every morning the sun (shine) _________ in my bedroom window and
(wake)_______ me up.
10. Amir is a student in Oxford University, but he (go, not) __________ to
campus right now because it‟s summer. He (attend) _________college from
September to May every year, but in the summers he (have, usually)
____________ a job at the post office. In fact, he (work)
__________there this summer.
Exercise 2:
Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
1. Are you hungry? Do you want_______ something to eat? (you/want)

2 Jimmy is interested in politics, but he ________ to a political party.
(not/belong)
3. Don‟t put the dictionary away. I __________ it. (use)

4. Don‟t put the dictionary away. I __________ it. (need)
5. Who is that man? What _____________ ? (he/want)
6. Who is that man? Why _____________ at me? (he/look)
7. George says he is 80 years old but nobody ____________ him. (believe)
8. She told me her name but I _____________ it now. (not/remember)
9. Let‟s go out. It _________ now. (not/rain)
10. Julia is very good at language. She _____ four languages very well. (speak)
11. Hurry up! Everybody_______________(wait) for you.
12. The river Nile________________(flow) into the Mediterranean.
13. Look at the river. It_________(flow) very fast today – much faster than
usual.
14. We usually ___________(grow) vegetables in our garden but this year
we_____________(not/grow) any.
15. 'How is your English?' 'Not bad. It _______(improve) slowly'.
16. Normally I_____________(finish) work at 5.00, but this week I
_________(work) until 6.00 to earn a bit more money.
17. My parents ____________(live) in Amsterdam. They were born there and
have never lived anywhere else. Where______ (your parents/live?)
18. Sari________(look) for a place to live. She _______(stay) with her sister
until she finds somewhere.
19. “What__________(your father/do?)” “He is an architect but he
________(not/enjoy) this one very much.
20. “Can you drive?” “I ________ (learn). My father_______ (teach) me.
Exercise 3: Complete the following with your own words!

Rika : I really don‟t know if I can stand to have Sari for a roommate one more day.
She‟s driving me crazy.
Santi : Oh? What‟s wrong?

Rika : Well, for one thing she‟s always_____________________________
Santi : Really?
Rika : And not only that. She‟s forever_____________________________
Santi : That must be very inconvenient for you.
Rika : It is. And What‟s more, she is constantly_______________________
Can you believe that? And she‟s always________________________
Santi : I think you are right. You need to find a new roommate.
D. READING COMPREHENSION
The oldest and largest profession: teaching

Every one of us is a teacher in one way or other in everyday life. We all
teach and we all learn throughout our lives. A great many relationships in
ordinary life depend on teaching and learning: parents and children, husband
and wife, managers and employees, and so on. However, in real-life school, it
is not always easy to become a teacher. First of all, there are some people who
should never take the charge of a classroom, and there are others who seem
to be perfect for the work. “Born teachers” we call them.
The task of teachers is central to education. Teachers must transmit to
new generations the cultural heritage of a society – the knowledge, skills,
customs, and attitudes acquired over the years. They must also try to develop
in their students the ability to adjust to a rapidly changing world.
The task of teachers has increased in complexity. There are many more
students enrolled and they present a broader range of ability, backgrounds
and interests. Besides, school and university curriculum have become
increasingly specialised. This places new demands upon the competency of
teachers. They often need intensive preparation in a subject field.

Teachers are also “instrument of society”. They are responsible to the
community. Their contacts with the community usually extend to the parents
of their students and to the neighbourhood of the town. In the deprived
areas, students may lack good food, clothing, shelter and the incentive to
learn. The successful teachers find ways to build the self image of such
students so that they can develop in themselves a strong interest in learning.
Glossary
Heritage (noun) : What is handed on to a person from his ancestors
To enrolled (verb) : to become a member of…
Deprived (adj.) : underprivileged.
Lack (verb/noun) : have less than enough of…
Shelter (noun) : something that gives protection or safety.
1. Comprehension exercises
Answer the following questions based on your understanding of the passage!
a. Is teaching at school more difficult than teaching in every day life?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. Are there “born teachers”?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c. What are the tasks of teachers?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d. Give the reasons why the task of teachers has become more complex?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e. Are teachers responsible to the community? Why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Before each of the following statements, write “T” for true, “F” for false, and
“NC” for not clear according to the passage.
_______ a. Every one has taught at a school in one way or other
_______ b. The job of a teacher has become more and more difficult.
_______ c. Teachers must adapt themselves to the changing world.
_______ d. Children in poor surrounding have less interest in learning
_______ e. All teachers are “born teachers.”
_______ f. Teachers should only deal with the students at school.
_______ g. Education is more important than food and shelter.
_______ h. The hardest work of a teacher is motivating his students.
2. Vocabulary exercise
a. The items in column B are illustration or examples of the concept or ideas in
column A. Match the illustration/example with the concept/idea.
A B
1. Cultural heritage a. Neighbours who respect and help
2. Lack each other
3. Deprived b. Borobudur, Prambanan, .
4. Enrolled c. There are 45 students, but there are
5. Shelter only 40 chairs in the classroom
d. Some one tries to become a new
member of a school.
e. State of not having the normal
benefits of adequate food.

b. Find the part of speech and the meaning of the following words, and then
construct them in good sentences.
a) Ordinary ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
b) Employee ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
c) Charge ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
d) Transmit ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
e) Acquire ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
f) Intensive ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
g) Contact ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
h) Extend ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
i) Interest ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
j) Community ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
k) Demand ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
l) Neighbourhood ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________
m) Range ____________ __________ ___________
____________________________________________________

n) Lack ___________ __________ ____________
_____________________________________________________
o) However ___________ __________ ____________
_____________________________________________________
c. Fill in the box below with the correct part of speech of the following words.
noun Verb adjective adverb
sharp
ability
adjust
enrol
rapidly
strong
deprive
responsibly
development
successful
3. Writing activity
Write down five things about:
a. What a teacher should and shouldn't do outside the classroom

b. What a teacher should and shouldn‟t do in the classroom
c. What a student should and shouldn't do in the classroom
d. What a student should and shouldn‟t do outside the classroom.

UNIT III
A. COMMUNICATION : LERNING TO ASK FOR INFORMATION

Study the following conversation!
Situation: Mrs. Helen and Mrs. Santi are on their way to a meeting. Mrs.
Helen asks about women‟s activities. Notice to the words in italic!
Mrs. Helen : Do many women here take part in women’s organisations?
Mrs. Santi : Quite a lot. All wives of civil servants automatically become
members of a national organisation called Dharma Wanita.
Mrs. Helen : If it is a national organisation, it must be very large. How is it
managed?
Mrs. Santi :We have regional and sectoral chapters each with its own
officers.
Mrs. Helen : What are the activities?
Mrs. Santi : Different chapters have different activities. These are purely
social for some.
Mrs. Helen : That must be quite an organisation!
1. Structure Focus
The dialogue above shows us that people use questions to find out things or
to ask for information. Different kinds of information use different types of
questions.
a. Yes/No questions
Usually we make questions by putting the first auxiliary verb (AV) before
the subject (S). Study the following:
AV + S + V

Do you speak Chinese?
Does he live here?
Are you speaking English?
Did she come to the doctor?
Was he attending the meeting?
b. Other questions look for other types of information. The following

questions show us that different kinds of information use different types
of question words; who, what, when, where, why, which, whom, whose,
and how.
TO ASK ABOUT WE USE:

A thing What is that under the table?
What happens at midnight on May 4th?
Which book is yours?
A time When is your next exam?
A place Where do you usually go on idul adha days?
A reason Why do you always wear blue?
A person Who is your favourite movie star?
Who lives in that strange house?
The way you do How do you remember their names?
something
A period of time How long does the program last?
The number of time How often do you see Mariam?
you do something
The cost of something How much is this?

Note:
1) We use what if there are many possible answers.

What is your name?
2) We use which if there are only a few possible answers
Which girl’s name begins with J and ends with E?
c. We can make compound questions by using WHAT, WHICH and HOW :
Question : What type/kind/sort of food do you like?

Answer : I like Italian food
Question :What time does the train leave?

Answer : It leaves at six o‟clock
Question : What colour is your car?

Answer : It is green.
Question : Which one do you like best?

Answer : I really like the yellow one
Question : How far is your home from here?

Answer : It is about 2 kilometres
Question : How long is your lecture?

Answer : It is about one and a half hour
Question : How fast is your computer?

Answer : It is very fast

Question : How many cigarettes do you smoke?
Answer : 20 a day
Question : How old are you?

Answer : I am seventeen years old
2. Communicative Activity.
Using the cues given to you, carry out the following conversation.
a. Student A : Ask student B where she/he is going today.
Student B : Tell A you are planning to go to Taman Safari.
Student A : Tell B you think it is a fine idea.
Student B : Ask A whether she/he has gone to Taman Safari
Student A : Say yes.
Student B : Ask when and how.
Student A : Tell B your experience.
b. Student A : Ask B if she/he is interested in going to mountain climbing.

Student B : Say you are interested.
Student A : Invite B to the mountain climbing.
Student B : Ask A when.
Student A : Give the day and time.
Student B : Ask A what should be prepared
Student A : Make plans with B.
Student B :Agree. Thank A.
Student A: Take leave of B
Student B : Respond.

3. Structure Activity: Asking Questions
a. Read the following paragraph, and then ask information-seeking questions
as you are cued.
The Women‟s International Club is an organisation of women with
different nationalities who live in Jakarta. It was founded on March 11, 1950.
Its aim is to foster friendship and mutual understanding among women of
different nations. The club holds regular general meetings. In addition, there
are meetings for different interest groups. These interest groups include
education, culture and social welfare groups. This club also has an annual
bazaar for the purpose of raising funds. These funds are used for social
welfare purposes and for scholarships which the club awards to needy but
deserving students.
Now, following the cues given below, ask questions about Women‟s
International Club.
Example: What ________Women‟s International Club?
What is the Women‟s International Club?
a. Who ________ members of the Club?
b. When _________ founded?
c. Where _____________ members come from?
d. What ________ club‟s aim?
e. What kind of meetings ________ club have?
f. What _______ some of the interest groups?
g. What ________ the purpose of the bazaar?
h. How often _________ club have a bazaar?
i. What __________ funds used for?
j. Who __________ get scholarships from the club?

b. Construct correct questions based on the underlined words/expression below.
1. Indonesia has as much as 17,000 islands. So, it is called „nusantara‟.
___________________________________________________
2. The president delivered an important speech in front of farmers.
___________________________________________________
3. The thief escaped quickly when the police came to catch him yesterday.
___________________________________________________
4. The mayor of the city has awarded the innovative citizens in his office.
___________________________________________________
5. It takes more than 10 hours to go to Jakarta from here by car or train.
___________________________________________________
6. The water has flooded the city because the trees have been cut off
massively.
___________________________________________________
7. Indonesia is well-known from its diversity of culture, language, and race.
___________________________________________________
8. The girl in red blouse is presenting a memorable song beautifully.
___________________________________________________
9. I prefer to have a Genio to a BMW as my daily means of transportation.
___________________________________________________
10. The car parked in front of this office is the student‟s car.
___________________________________________________

B. KEY STRUCTURE
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES

Study the following sentences:
I bought a bag and an eraser yesterday.
The bag is black.
The eraser is red.
Mexico is the largest city in the world.

New Year's Day is the first day of the year
The postman delivers the letters.
'A, an and the are called articles.

1. A and an are called indefinite articles. They are used to indicate something
which has not been identified or something we mention for the first time. We
use A before a singular noun or an adjective that begins with a consonant
sound; a kitchen table, a good idea. We use an, the alternate form of A before a
singular noun or an adjective that begins with a vowel sounds; an early class, an
ostrich feather. A has the meaning of “one” and it may occur with countable
nouns in phrases such as a thousand people and a hundred dollars. A and an
can never be used with uncountable nouns.
2. The is called definite article. It is used to indicate something that has been
identified or has been mentioned previously. The is used with countable and
uncountable nouns. We also use the to refer a special or particular thing,
superlatives, and ordinal numbers, etc. Do not use the with plural and
uncountable nouns to talk about things in general e.g. I hate modern art. The is
normally used with the following place names: seas, mountain groups, rivers,
hotels, cinemas, theatres. The is not normally used with continents, town,
streets, lakes, the principal buildings of a town e.g. Canterbury or Cambridge,
individual mountains and most countries e.g. Australia or France (except for
those countries which include a common noun like Union, Republic or States
e.g. the USSR or the USA.

Exercise 1
Put "a", "an", or "the" where necessary, otherwise leave the space empty
1. Would you like to have….cup of tea and ….cake?
2. I can hear …..noise. I think there is….man at …..door.
3. I bought …piece of …..cloth yesterday. It cost Rp 25.000,- …..meter.
4. This is not ….book I want. That is….one I want. It is on …..top of…..shelf.
5. ……empty vessel makes ….most noise.
6. I live in ……semi detached house at ….end of ….Orchid road.
7. My father is in…..hospital now. He met with ….accident on …..Friday.
8. ….axe is ….useful weapon. You can use it to chop ….wood or to kill…..wild
animals like …cavemen used to do.
9. We can't play ….football today. …ground is flooded after ….rain.
10. He walks to ……school in ….morning, but he comes …..home by bus in
….afternoon.
Exercise 2
Put "a", "an", or "the" where necessary, otherwise leave the space empty
1. She opened……present which he sent her and was pleased to see ….beautiful
watch in it.
2. ……water in…well is so clear that we could see ….bottom of it clearly.
3. "To have ….axe to grind" is …..idiomatic expression
4. My friend collects ……postcards,….. stamps and….butterflies.
5. ….hotel that you were telling about is….good one. You have to pay only ten
dollars ….a day for …..room.
6. If you look at….bottom of ….car, you will see …..lot of mud on….axle.
Get…cloth and clean it.
7. You can't go out without … umbrella! You'll get wet in…rain. Come, I'll give
you…lift to… station.

8. I've already written .......letter you told me to write, but I can't find
….envelope or….stamp.
9. …..weather today is fine. We can't go for ….picnic at seaside.
10. I hurt my leg in….football match….last Saturday. I went to see ….doctor
after….game. ….doctor told me it was ….bad sprain.
11. "Ox" is ….general name for ….animal which looks like ….bull. …plural of "ox"
is ….."oxen".
12. In …..old days people used to tell ….time by …hourglass. Nowadays we
tell….time by …..clock or watch.
13. Eskimo lives in …igloo. You will be surprised to know that ….igloo is built of
….snow; and ….roof of igloo is round.
14. ….."a" is…first letter of ….English alphabet;….."z" is ….last. If you run …."m"
upside down, it looks like …."w".
15. My father had…..lunch with …..old friend of his on….Sunday. When he came
home, he had …..bad stomach-ache and had to see …..doctor.
Exercise 3
1. Yesterday I found …egg in ….nest. I took …egg ….home and show it to my
mother. She said that it was….biggest she had ever seen.
2. Take …chair and make yourself at …home. My brother will be back in half
…..hour.
3. Singapore is…island situated near …..equator, lying to…. South of….west
Malaysia. Singapore is linked to west Malaysia by…..causeway.
4. Chile is ….longest country in ….world. It lies between ….range mountain
called …Andes and….South Pacific Ocean.
5. Mecca is …..holy city of…Muslims. …. Muslim who has gone on ….pilgrimage
to …..Mecca is known as …."Hajji" or …."Hajjah".

6. Last night she had …..bad headache. I gave her …..aspirin and …glass of
water. After ….while she felt better and went to…..bed.
7. …..earth is round, so is sun. …earth moves round ….sun, and….moon moves
round ….earth. …..stars can be seen at….night, but sometimes they are hidden
by …..clouds.
8. …..week ago some men went to climb …Mt.Semeru. On ….way
up…..mountain, one of ….men had…fall. He injured his leg and had to be
helped down by …rest of….men.
9. …..three boys have planned to visit ….Kuala Lumpur during….holidays. John
has ….aunt who is living in that city. He has written …..letter to her, telling
her of their coming visit there.
10. Russia is ….largest country in ….world; it occupies …..half of… Europe and
….third of ….Asia. It has ….population of 210 million. It is commonly known
as …..USSR, which in full means ….Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
An Approach to the Study of Religion

There is a crucial question about the study of religion. The question is “Is
it possible to study religion scientifically?” Religion is a social phenomenon as
are politics, economics, psychology, anthropology, and the like. The social
sciences can be studied scientifically, so can religion. Religion is a universal
phenomenon and is the most important ingredient in the study of human life.
There are two approaches to the study of religion. These approaches are
linked through the unbroken line of the two extremes. The first approach is
normative and the other is descriptive. The normative approach is based on
the criteria of what is true and good and what is bad, what one ought to do
and ought not to do. This is based on the personal internal experiences of the

religion founder or the messenger in contact with the divinity; the
transcendental experience. This approach can be looked at two ways. The
first one is theology, that is an attempt to give a systematic traditional
expression of religious experience. In Islam it is called the ‘aqa’id, something
which must be accepted and believed. The second way is religious ethics or
moral behaviour: how to act with one‟s fellow man. The second approach is
descriptive which is based on intellectual curiosity rather than on belief.
There are a number of disciplines which will help in understanding
religion. The first is the history of religion; looking at religious behaviour
historically. The second is the psychology of religion; understanding the
mental process and feeling of religious people. The last is the sociology of
religion; trying to understand how religious groups organized themselves, the
role of religious institutions, religious leaders, law and the state. Using the
descriptive approach, it is possible to study religion scientifically.
Glossary :
Crucial (adj.) : very important
Extreme (noun.) : condition as different from another as possible
Curiosity (noun) : inquisitiveness
Ingredient (noun) : any of the qualities of which something is made.
Divinity (noun) : God or theology
Transcendental experience (noun) : going beyond the limit of human
experience
1. Comprehension exercises
1. Answer the following questions according to the passage.
a. What is the answer to the question about the possibility of studying
religion scientifically?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. Why is the study of religion important for the study of human life?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c. What approaches can be used for the study of religion?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d. What is the link between these approaches?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e. What is the first approach? Explain briefly!
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
f. What is the basis of the approach?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
g. There are two ways in this approach. What are they?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
h. What is the second approach to the study of religion? Explain briefly!
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
i. What disciplines are used in studying religion through this approach?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
j. What is the sociology of religion?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Fill in the blank by referring to the description in the passage.

a. The topic talks about…………
b. According to the writer, religion is considered as………, like…….
c. The different between the two approaches in studying religion is…..
d. Define the technical terminology below:
1) religion :……………………………………………………….…
2) the normative approach :………………………………………………………….
3) the descriptive approach :………………………………………………………….

4) theology :………………………………………………………….
5) religious ethics : …………………………………………………………
6) sociology of religion :……………………………………………………..…..
7) psychology of religion :…………………………………………………….……
8) history of religion :…………………………………………………….……
e. According to Islam, religion is not only a social phenomenon but also a
guide for humanity. Explain briefly!
2. Vocabulary Exercise
A. Find the part of speech and the meaning of these verbs, and construct good
sentences using those verbs.
a) Approach ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
b) Scientifically ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
c) Founder ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
d) Curiosity ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
e) Disciplines ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
f) Unbroken ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
g) Normative ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
h) Extreme ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
i) Attempt ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________

j) Ingredient ____________ ___________ ___________
____________________________________________________
B. Fill in the blank using the listed words from the passage.
Disciplines psychology mentally history
Ingredient ‘aqa’id approaches
Criteria ethics intellectual curiosity
a. As teachers, we have to study…….……of learning because it will help us to
know how students learn.
b. What……………………………….do we use to cook soup?
c. In teaching different subjects we have to use different………………………….
d. In society there is a certain………………………….…..which we have to follow.
e. What…………………………………………………..……do we use to select students?
f. What must be believed in Islam is called………………………………………..…..
g. In order to develop the teaching-learning process the teacher should
stimulate…………………………………among the students.
h. By studying……….…we can look at the events which happened in the past.
i. Fasting in Islam is not only abstinence from eating and drinking, but
more importantly achieving health physically and……………………………..…..
j. There are a number of……………………………………….…..in studying religion.
3. Writing activity
Work in pair. Choose one of the following topics and write in a short paragraph!
a. The importance of studying Islamic education

b. The importance of studying Islamic law
c. The importance of studying Islamic mysticism
d. The importance of studying Islamic art

UNIT IV
A. COMMUNICATION: EXPRESSING TIME

1. Time
a. Time is expressed by the words hours, minutes, and seconds.
One day has 24 hours.
One hour has 60 minutes.
One minute has 60 seconds.
b. There are two ways of telling time between hours
1) we can use past for the first 30 minutes of the hour, and use to for the
remaining 30 minutes and the following hour.
10: 05 five minutes past ten or five past ten
10: 20 twenty minutes past ten or twenty past ten
10: 15 a quarter past ten
10: 30 a half‟ past ten
10: 40 twenty minutes to eleven or twenty to eleven
10: 45 a quarter‟ to eleven
10:50 ten minutes to eleven or ten to eleven
2) We can also use two numbers; the first for the hour and the second for the
minutes.
10:05 ten-five
10:20 ten-twenty
10:40 ten-forty
10:55 ten-fifty-five

c. The expression A.M. (ante meridiem) means in the morning. The expression
P.M (pos meridiem) means in the afternoon or evening.
5:00 A.M. five in the morning
3.00 P.M. three in the afternoon
7:00 P.M seven in the evening
2. Prepositions of time
Read these sentences carefully. Pay close attention to the phrase in italic!
a. Phrase with at:
I always leave home at 8 o’clock.
I begin work at 9 o’clock
I often get home at night
I am very busy at the moment
b. Phrase with in:

I am going out now. I‟ll be back in ten minutes or in half an hour
The Second World War began in 1939 and ended in 1945
Many tourists come here in summer. They usually come in July and in
August.
I‟ll see you in the morning. I can‟t see you in the afternoon or in the
evening
c. Phrase with on:

I shall see him on Wednesday. I am not free on Thursday.
My sister will arrive from England on April 27th. He will return on May
5th.

d. Other phrases:
The shops are opened from 9 to 5
It rained heavily during the night
He will not arrive until 10 o’clock.
Exercise 1:
Read the following time in two ways!
Example : 4:20 twenty past four
four-twenty
1:05 5.30 8:45

2:10 6:40 9:53
3:25 7:45 12:00
Exercise 2:
Supply the correct words in the following sentences!
a. ________Saturday, I always go to the Market
b. He ran a hundred meters ______ thirteen seconds.
c. I can‟t see him ______ the moment. I am busy
d. My birthday is ________ January 15th. I was born _______1972.
e. The days are very short _____ December
f. We arrived at the village late ______ night. We left early _____ the
morning.
g. I shall see him ______ winter.
Exercise 3:
Write sentences using the following:
1. begin / 3 o‟clock 4. bought / 1960

2. children / school / morning 5. went / mosque / Friday
3. go for a walk / evening 6. come / June 15th.
Exercise 4:
Write the answers!
a. What time does your English lecture start?
b. What time does it finish?
c. What time does your campus open every day?
d. What time do stores open in your city? What time do they close?
e. What time do banks open? What time do they close?
B. KEY STRUCTURE: THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Study this example and notice to the verbs in italic.
Averroes (Ibn Rushd) was an Islamic philosopher, jurist and physician. He

lived from 1126 to 1198. He started his education in Islamic law. Under Al-
Mohad ruler, he wrote his famous commentaries on Aristotle. Finally, he
became a royal physician and chief judge of Cordoba.
Comments:
1. Was/lived/started/wrote/became are all past simple. Very often the
past simple ends in –ed (regular verbs), but many verbs are irregular
(doesn‟t end in –ed).
2. The simple past is used for a completed action that happened at one specific
time in the past. Here are some more examples. Notice to the words in italic!
John went to Spain last year.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

We drove to the grocery store this afternoon.
Maria did her home work last night.
3. In questions and negatives we use : did/didn‟t + verb (1)
Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I enjoyed Did you enjoy? I didn't enjoy
She saw Did she see? She didn't see
They went Did they go? They didn't go
4. The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were:

I was angry when they were late
Was the weather good when you were on holyday?
They weren’t in the seminar because they were busy
Exercise 1:
Read what Helmy says about a typical working day:
“I usually get up at 4.00 o’clock. I have a big breakfast at 7 o’clock. I walk to work
which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.30. I never have lunch. I
finish work at 5 o’clock. I am always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal
in the evening. I don’t usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o’clock. I always sleep
well.”
Yesterday was a typical working day for Helmy. Write what he did or didn‟t do
yesterday!
1. He got up______ at 4 o‟clock
2. He ______________________a big breakfast
3. He ______________________to work

4. It _______________________to get to work
5. He________________________ at 8.30
6. He________________________lunch
7. He________________________at 5 o‟clock
8. He____________tired when _________home
9. He________________________a meal yesterday evening
10. He___________________________out yesterday evening
11. He___________________________at 11 o‟clock
12. He___________________________well last night.
Exercise 2:
A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask her about it. Write your
questions!
1. (where/go?) Where did you go ?
2. (go alone?) _______________________________?
3. (food/good?) _______________________________?
4. (how long/stay there?) ________________________?
5. (stay/at a hotel?) _____________________________?
6. (how/travel) _________________________________?
7. (the weather/fine?) ____________________________?
8. (what do/in the evening) _______________________?
9. (meet anybody interesting?) ____________________?
10. (travel/expensive) ___________________________?
Exercise 3:
Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.
a. The film wasn‟t very good. I ___________ very much. (enjoy)
b. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I ___________ her. (disturb)

c. I was very tired, so I _________ to bed early (go)
d. The bed was very comfortable. I _________very well (sleep)
e. Santi wasn‟t very hungry, so she __________ anything (eat)
f. We went to Dani‟s home, but he ___________ at home (be)
g. It was a funny situation but nobody _________.(laugh)
h. The window was open and the bird ______into the room. (fly)
i. The hotel wasn‟t very expensive. It ________very much. (cost)
j. I was in a hurry, so I ___________ time to phone you. (have)
k. It was hard work carrying the bags. They ____ very heavy. (be)
The Outspread of Islam in Java

Islam was introduced to the population of Java in the eleventh century
and began to outspread in the thirteenth century. The part of Java which first
came into contact with Islam was the coasts of Ampel and Giri, the eastern-
most part of the Java. Islam was brought there by Sufi preachers.
Islamization process in Java was carried out further by the Wallis. In
Indonesia, these Walliullahs are known as the motivators of religious
activities. The Nine Wallis (Wali Songo) built mosques and religious school
compounds (pondok pesantren) in which they lived. The best known mosque
built is the Demak mosque. It is regarded as the symbol of the emergence of
Islam in Java.
The Islamization process in Java was running well during the reign of the
Kings of Demak which lasted for more than a half century. The effort
continued after the transfer of power from Demak to Pajang in 1568. The
effort to intensify the propagation of Islam among common people all over

Java started when the centre of Islamic power moved again from Pajang to
Mataram in 1588, especially under the reign of Sultan Agung.
The Dutch, who came to Indonesia in 1596, were worried about the rapid
process of Islam in Java as they realized that the Moslems‟ leaders prepared
cadres for the struggle against them. The Dutch then adopted various tactics
and took several measures to suppress the Moslems. But their efforts to
subdue Islam were not successful. On the contrary, the Moslems in Indonesia
became more determined to drive out the Dutch from their motherland.
When the Japanese took over in 1942, the Moslems‟ struggle for
independence did not lose momentum. The Moslem leaders were in the front
line in fighting against the Japanese when the war of independence broke out
in 1945.
Glossary :
reign (noun) : rule
emergence (noun) : rise
lasted (verb) : go on / continue in existence
common (adj.) : ordinary
worried (adj.) : feel uneasy
adopted (verb) : take and use
suppress (verb) : subdue
took over (verb) : took control.
A. Answer these questions based on your understanding of the passage.
a. When did Islam come to Java and who brought it?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Which part of Java that was first Islamized?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. What are the roles of the nine Walis in the propagation of Islam in Java?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d. What is the first Islamic kingdom in Java?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e. Was the spread of Islam in Java supported by the Kings of Demak?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
f. When did the Islamization process of common people take place?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
g. Why was the Dutch worried about the Islamization in Java?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
h. What did the Moslem leaders do when the Japanese took over their
country in 1942?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B. Before each of the following statements, write “T” for true, “F” for false and
_______ a. The Nine Wallis built the Demak Mosque to suppress the Dutch
_______ b. Islam was introduced to Java by the Sufi preachers
_______ c. Moslems began to struggle for their independence when the
Dutch came
_______ d. Islamization process in Java lasted under the Padjang kingdom.
_______ e. Sultan Agung played the main role in the Islamization of
hinterlands.
_______ f. The Japanese was not worried about the Islamization progress
in Java
_______ g. The Moslem leaders used tactics to drive out the Dutch from
their motherland

A. Find the part of speech and the meaning of the following words, and your own
sentences using those words.
a. break out ____________ ___________ ____________
___________________________________________________
b. front line ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
c. effort ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
d. momentum ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
e. motherland ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
f. suppress ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
g. struggle ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
h. fight ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
i. lose ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
j. adopt ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
k. emergence ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
l. cadre ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________

m. reign ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
n. common ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
o. intensify ____________ ___________ _____________
___________________________________________________
B. Fill in the blank in each of the following sentences with a word from the list.
Reign lasted worry
Common adopt suppress
On the contrary took over
a. The Japanese has made a great progress since the Second World War
because it is willing to _________ new ways and technology from the
West
b. Moslem leaders were ______ about communism in Indonesia before the
G.30-S movement.
c. The khilafat of Abu Bakar _______ only for two years
d. People, together with the Armed Forces, managed to ______ the G.30-S
movement in a relatively short time.
e. The Dutch failed in their attempts to subdue Indonesia in 1949.
_________, People and the Armed forces succeeded in maintaining their
independence.
f. The Islamization of the ________ people in Java took place when the
Mataram Kingdom was under the ________ of Sultan Agung.
g. The Dutch ________ Aceh when the Sultanah were in power.

3. Writing Activity
- Make a summary of the passage above in a short paragraph.
- Arrange your daily routine in term of time organization and make it into a
good paragraph.
Example:
Time Activities
04.30 am Getting up
…………………….… …………………………………………….………………………….
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..

UNIT V
A. COMMUNICATION: EXPRESSIONS OF DATE

1. Days
The days of the week always begin with a capital letter. Note the
abbreviations in parentheses. Remember that the preposition on is used with
the days of the week.
Sunday (Sun.) Thursday (Thurs.)
Monday (Mon.) Friday (Fri.)
Tuesday (Tues.) Saturday (Sat.)
Wednesday (Wed.)
Example:
The meeting will be held on Wednesday
I usually visit my parents on Saturday and Wednesday
2. Months
Here are the months of the year and their abbreviations. They begin with a
capital letter. The preposition in is used with the months.
January (Jan.) July (Jul.)
February (Feb.) August (Aug.)
March (Mar.) September (Sept.)
April (Apr.) October (Oct.)
May (May) November (Nov.)
June (Jun.) December (Dec.)
Example:
My birthday is in November
We are leaving Jakarta in April

3. Dates.
Ordinal numbers are used to express dates. Here is the list of ordinal
numbers:
first (1st) eleventh (11th)
second (2nd) twelfth (12th)
third (3rd) fifteenth (15th)
fourth (4th) nineteenth (19th)
fifth (5th) twentieth (20th)
sixth (6th) twenty-first (21st)
seventh (7th) twenty-second (22nd)
eighth (8th) twenty-third (23rd)
ninth (9th) thirtieth (30th)
tenth (10th)
Note: There are two ways to give the date. The preposition on is used with dates.
Study these examples.
What is the date today?
It is the fourth of January
It is January 4th . (January fourth)
When is your birthday?
It is the twenty-third of November
It is November 23rd . (November twenty-third)
When are you going to Medan?
I am going on the third of March
I am going on March 3rd . (March third)
4. Years.
Beginning with the year 1010, the first two digits are read together, then the
second two digits are read. Use the preposition in with years.

Examples:
We are leaving the country in 1981 (nineteen eighty-one)
We are travelling to Asia in 1982 (nineteen eighty-two)
5. Abbreviations of the Month, Day and Year.

The date can be written with an abbreviation. The number of the month
comes first, the day of the month comes second, and finally the year.
November 4, 1969 11/4/69
March 10, 1977 3/10/77
Exercise 1:
Let‟s talk about the days of the week and the months of the year.
a. What is the first day of the week? What is the second day of the week?
b. What is the last day of the week?
c. What is the date today? What is the date tomorrow?
d. What are the business days of the week? When is the weekend?
e. What is the first month of the year? What is the ninth month of the year?
f. What months have thirty days? What months have thirty-one days?
Exercise 2:
Give another way to express the following dates.
Example: It is the fourteenth of February.
It is February 14th
a. It is the fourth of July

b. It is the first of April
c. It is the twenty-fifth of December
d. It is the thirty-first of October

e. It is the twenty-second of August.
f. It is the twenty-ninth of January
Exercise 3:
Please answer these questions.
a. When were you born? (what year)
b. When is your birthday? (month and day)
c. Where were you born?
d. When was your father born?
e. Where was he born?
f. When was your mother born?
g. Where was she born?
h. When and where were your girl friend born?
B. KEY STRUCURE
MODAL AUXILIARY
(May, Might, Can, Could, Will, Would)
Sentence Patterns:
Positive forms You may go now
You might go now
You can go now
You could go now
You would go now
You would go now.

Negative forms You may not go now
You might not go now
You can not go now
You could not go now
You will not go now
You would not go now
Question forms May I go now?
Might I go now?
Can I go now?
Could I go now?
Will I go now?
Would I go now?
2. May can be used :

a. Polite request
May I borrow your pen?
May I close the door?
b. Formal permission
You may leave the room
c. Less than 50% certainty
„Where is John?‟ „He may be at the library‟. (present/future)
He may have been at the library. (past)
3. Might can be used:
a. Less than 50% certainty
„Where is John?‟ „He might be at the library‟ (present/future)
He might have been in the library (past)
b. Polite request (rare)
Might I borrow your pen?

4. Can is used:
a. Ability/possibility
I can run fast (present/future)
I could run fast when I was a child, but now I can‟t (past)
b. Informal permission
You can use my car tomorrow
c. Informal polite request
Can I borrow your pen?
d. Impossibility (negative only)
That can‟t be true! (present/future)
That can‟t have been true! (past)
5. Could can be used:

a. Past ability
I could run fast when I was child
b. Polite request
Could I borrow your pen?
Could you help me?
c. Suggestion
„I need help in math.‟ You could talk to your teacher. (present)
You could have talked to your teacher. (past)
d. Less than 50% certainty.
„Where is John?‟ „He could be at home.‟ (present)
He could have been at home. (past)
e. Impossibility (negative only)
That couldn‟t be true! (present)
That couldn‟t have been true! (past)

6. Will can be used:
a. 100% certainty
He will be here at 6.00. (future only)
b. Willingness
The phone is ringing. I‟ll get it.
c. Polite request
Will you please pass the salt?
7. Would can be used:

a. Polite request
Would you please pass the salt?
Would you mind if I left early.
b. Preference
I would rather go to the park than stay home.(present/future)
I would rather have gone to the park. (past)
c. Repeated action in the past
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend
Exercise 1:
What would you say in these situations?
a. Jenny has come to see you in your flat. You offer her something to eat.
You: _______________________________________________
Jenny: No. Thank you. I‟m not hungry
b. You need help to change the film in your camera. You ask Anna.
You: Anna, I don‟t know how to change the film.__________________
Anna: Sure. It‟s easy. All you have to do is this.
c. You are on a train. The woman next to you has finished reading her
newspaper. Now you want to have a look at it. You ask her.

You: Excuse me, _______________________________________
Woman: Yes, of course. I‟ve finished with it.
d. You are on a bus. You have a seat but an elderly man is standing. You offer
him your seat.
You: _______________________________________________
Man: Oh, that‟s very kind of you. Thank you very much.
e. You are the passenger in a car. Your friend is driving very fast. You ask her to
slow down.
You: You are making me very nervous________________________
Driver: Oh, I am sorry. I didn‟t realise I was going so fast.
f. You have finished your meal in a restaurant and now you want the bill. You
ask the waiter:
You: _______________________________________________
Waiter: Right. I‟ll get it for you now.
g. A friend of yours is interested in one of your books. You are invite him to
borrow it.
Friend: This book looks very interesting.
You: Yes, it‟s very good. __________________________________
Exercise 2:
Complete the sentences using might not or couldn‟t.
1. A: Do you think she saw you?
B: No, she was too far away. She couldn‟t have seen me
2. A: I wonder why she didn‟t say hello. Perhaps she did didn‟t see me.
B: That‟s possible. She____________________________________
3. A: I wonder why Anna didn‟t come to the party. Perhaps she wasn‟t invited.
B: Yes, it‟s possible. She___________________________________

4. A: Tom loves parties. I‟m sure he would have come to the party if he‟d been
invited.
B: I agree. He _________________________________________
5. A: I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident?
B: No, the police say it ___________________________________
6. A: How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident.
B: Well, the police aren‟t sure. They say it_______________________
Exercise 3:
Write the answers by using may/might/could.
a. Marry isn‟t in the class today. Where is she?
(I don‟t know. She _________________)
b. Where does Paul live? (I don‟t know. He________)
c. What do you think I have in my briefcase?
(I don‟t know. It______________)
d. What kind of watch is Laura wearing?
(I don‟t know. She_______________)
e. I can‟t find my pen. Do you know where it is?
(I don‟t know.___________________)
f. How old do you think George W. Bush is?
(I don‟t know. He ________________________)
Exercise 4. Directed Questions.

Ask your classmates what they think they will be doing in the future. They will
give an answer using might according to the example.
Example: Ask (Budi) what he thinks he will study next year.
Ani : What do you think you will study next year?
Budi : I am not sure. I might study business.

a. Ask (Rina) where she thinks he will be living next year.
b. Ask (Santi) where she thinks she will go for her vacation
c. Ask (Dickey) what courses he thinks he will be taking next year.
d. Ask (Farid) when he thinks he will get married.
e. Ask (Ratna) what she thinks she will do next week.
Exercise 5: Answering questions

Answer these questions of possibility by using a complete sentence.
a. Where can I get a good meal in the town?
b. When can we take a break?
c. What can we do tonight?
d. Where could I smoke a cigarette?
e. What time could you be free today?
Exercise 6: Sentence Completion

Complete these sentences with an appropriate response.
a. For my vacation, I might ____________________________________
b. I could ________________________________________ in the park.
c. That answer couldn‟t ___________________. Two plus two doesn‟t equal
five.
d. When can ______________________________________________ ?
e. My friends might not _______________________________________
f. It may __________________________________________ tomorrow.
g. The old man can ____________________________ for about two hours.
h. My Mom would rather __________________ than ________________
i. If you need friend you could __________________________________
j. According to forecast, it may __________________________ tomorrow.

The Institution of Family

The foremost and fundamental institution of human society is the unit of
family. A family is established by the coming together of a man and a woman,
and their contacts brings into existence of a new generation. It produces the
ties of kinship and community which gradually develop into a large society.
The family is the institution through which a generation prepares the
succeeding generation for the service of human civilization and for the
discharge of its social obligations with devotion, sincerity and enthusiasm.
The institution of family doesn‟t merely recruit cadets for the
maintenance and development of human culture but its guardians. They
earnestly desire that those who have to replace them in the future should be
better than themselves. In this respect the family can be truly called the
fountainhead of the progress, development, prosperity and strength of
human civilization on the earth. Hence, among the social problems Islam
devotes much attention to those relating to the family and strives to establish
this important social unit on the healthiest and strongest foundations.
According to Islam the correct form of relationship between man and
woman is marriage, that is the one in which full social responsibilities are
undertaken by them and which results in the emergence of a family. Free sex-
licence and irresponsible behaviour are not condoned by Islam as innocent
past times or ordinary transgressions. Rather, they act which strike at the
very roots of human society. Hence, Islam holds every form of extra-
matrimonial sex relationship as sinful forbidden (haram) and punishable
under the criminal law of Islam. It prescribes severe punishments of the
offence so that such unsocial behaviour may not become common. At the

same time it aims at purifying and purging the society of all activities which
encourage such irresponsible action or provide opportunities for them.
(Adapted from „Islamic way of life‟ by Sayyid Abu al-A‟la al-Maududi)
Glossary:
Kinship (noun) : blood relationship
Discharge (noun) : Something released or emitted.
Cadets (noun) : A young, or son, or brother
Fountainhead (noun) : Spring that is the source of a stream
To Condon (verb) : to pardon or to forgive
To transgress (verb) : to go beyond or over
To purge (verb) : to cleanse or to clear.
1. Comprehension questions
a. What is a family established by?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. How can the new generation develop into a large society?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c. What is a family?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
d. What can the family be truly called in this respect?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
e. What does Islam devote among the social problems?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
f. What is the correct form of relationship between man and woman
according to Islam?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g. What does Islam keep of free sex-licence and irresponsible behaviour?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
h. How does Islam hold every form of extra-matrimonial sex relationship?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A. Find the meaning and the part of speech of the following words, and make
them into good sentences.
a) Irresponsible ____________ ___________ __________
_________________________________________________
b) Forbidden ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
c) extra-matrimonial ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
d) transgression ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
e) undertake ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
f) punishable ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
g) purify ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
h) purge ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
i) opportunity ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________
j) encourage ___________ __________ __________
_________________________________________________

B. Fill in the blank in each of the following sentences with a word from the
list.
Kinship discharge Cadets

Fountainhead condoning To transgress
To purge prosperity offence innocent
a. Because it was his first ________, the punishment wasn‟t too severe.
b. He wished the young couple a life of happiness and ________
c. Even after meeting only once, they felt a ________
d. Not punishing them amounts to ___________ their crime.
e. She undertook to _______ all the responsibilities of a minister.
f. They promised that the party would be ______ of racist.
g. They have imprisoned an _________ man.
h. The ________ training to become a police officer have been staying in
the dorm for two months.
i. Drug abuse ________ what is morally or legally accepted.
j. Most of political parties in the world become ___________ of power.
3. Writing Activity
Work in pair. Discuss the role of the family in your society and write in a
paragraph!

UNIT VI
A. COMMUNICATION: EXCLAMATIONS
Study the following dialogue
X : Have you got the invitation for Linda‟s wedding party?
Y : Not yet. Who‟s going to marry her.
X : Arman. Our friend at work
Y : Good gracious. Why didn‟t you tell me before.
X : I didn‟t know about this either
Y : They always quarrel all the time. I think they are not loners at all.
X : Who knows!
EXCLAMATIONS
Here are some more common exclamations for various occasions. Remember that
exclamations tend to be colloquial, and should be used with care.
Enthusiasm, praise and flattery

What a wonderful idea!
What glorious weather!
What a charming dress!
We went to Hawaii too.-How interesting!
What did you think of the movie last night?-Really good!
I must say, he certainly knows his stuff!
I knew you were the right man for the job!
Disgust and blame

What an awful mess!

What terrible weather we‟re having!
What a ghastly sign!
She missed the train.-Serves her right, if you ask me.
She‟s always late.
Really, I do think you could be more careful.
Surprise
Look who‟s here! It‟s John.-Hey, what are you doing here? I thought you were in
Burma.
He‟s a very important man now, you know.-Really?
I imagine that! She‟s getting married for the fifth time!
Have you heard, Brown‟s leaving his job next week.
I think he was fired!-You don‟t say!
Goodness me, what‟s happening?
Jane married again last week!-Good gracious. Why didn‟t you tell me before?
Good heavens, what‟s the time?
My goodness, what a noise!
Caution
Look out! There‟s a bus coming! Careful!
Mind your head! Mind your step!
Mind you don‟t lose it! Take care you don‟t catch cold
Hurrying
Hurry up! Get a move on! Come on
Let‟s get on with it!

Practice
1. What exclamations might you take in the following situations?
A. The children have left the room untidy.
B. You wish someone would hurry.
C. You warn someone to be careful not to touch the hot pan.
D. You are asked me for your opinion of a film. You think it is (i) extremely good,
(ii) extremely bad.
E. Your companion is about to trip over a wire.
F. You didn‟t realize it was so late.
G. A blind man is going to cross a busy street.
2. Expand the above situation in a full dialogue.
B. KEY STRUCURE
PAST CONTINUOUS
Study the following examples:
+ I/He/She was looking We/you/they were looking.

- I/he/she wasn‟t looking. We/you/they weren‟t looking.
? Was I/she/he looking? Were we/you/they looking?

This time last year I was living in Malaysia.
What were you doing at 10 o‟clock last night?
My mother burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner
I was walking along the road when I saw Dickey.

1. We use the past continuous to talk about actions in progress:
a. At a certain time in the past.
I was driving home at 6.30 in the morning
The action started some time before 6.30.
b. When another (completed) action happened.

I was cooking dinner when she came home.
The past continuous action started first
2. When two actions occur at the same time in the past.

Marta was watching television while John was reading a book
3. We often use the past continuous to describe the background situation in a

story. The main events are in the past simple.
I was sitting in my car, listening to the radio, when suddenly that idiot
crashed into me!
4. Sometimes the other action interrupts the past continuous.

She was crossing the street when she slipped on some ice.
5. We use WHEN, WHILE and AS to join past continuous and past simple parts
of a sentence.
I saw Ida when/while/as I was getting of the train.
Exercise 1:
What were you doing at the following? Write one sentence as in the examples.
1. (at 8 o‟clock yesterday evening)
I was having dinner with some friends

2. (at 5 o‟clock last Saturday)
3. (at 10.15 yesterday morning)
4. (at 4.30 this morning)
5. (at 7.45 yesterday evening)
6. (half an hour ago)
Exercise 2:
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous!
1. Yenni burnt her hand while she was cooking the dinner
2. The doorbell rang while I _______________________
3. We saw an accident while we ____________________
4. Mary fell asleep while she _______________________
5. The television was on but nobody _________________
Exercise 3:
Use either the simple past tense or the past continuous in the following sentences
as appropriate.
1. Jenny ___________ (eat) dinner when his friend called
2. While Maria was cleaning the apartment, her husband _____________
(sleep)
3. At three o‟clock this morning, Elena _________ (study)
4. When Santi arrived, the Johnson ___________ (have) dinner, but they
stopped in order to talk to her.
5. John _______ (go) to France last year
6. When the teacher _________ (enter) the room, the students were talking.
7. While Joan was writing the report, Henry ________ (look) for more
information.
8. We ________ (see) this movie last night.

9. At one time, Mr. Roberts _________ (own) this building
10. Jose ___________ (write) a letter to his family when his pencil
_____________ (break).
11. Jane _________ (wait) for me when I ________ (arrive)
12. What _________(you/do) this time yesterday? „I was asleep‟
13. ___________ (you/go) out last night? “No, I was too tired”
14. Was Karina at the party last night? „Yes, she________ (wear) a really nice
dress.
15. How fast___________ (you/drive) when the accident ________ (happen)?
MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY

Astronomy was a practical science for the Arabs, partly because they
believed in astrology, and partly they had to know the direction of Mecca from
every Islamic city, in order to face in this direction of their prays. In astronomy as
in Medicine fruit was borne by the talent for accurate and patient observations
Al-Khwarizmi (d. after 846) who produced for the caliph al-Ma‟mun an
abridgement of some Indian astronomical tables; and about 900 in an effort to
smooth out discrepancies between tables from Indian, Persian, and Greek
sources, al-Battani or Albategnius drew up some extremely accurate tables. The
Ptolemaic system was, of course, universally adopted, but Arab astronomers were
increasingly aware of the weakness of that system, even if they failed to discover
a satisfactory alternative.
Some branches of mathematics were closely associated with astronomy,
and it was probably in this field that the Arabs made their greatest contribution
to human knowledge. Our ordinary numerical notation, often called „Arabic

numerals‟, certainly came to us from the Arabs. Though there are some gabs in
the evidence, it is now generally held that the Arabs derived the „ten sign‟ from
Indian sources. It was the practical bent of the Arabs, however, which was quick
to grabs the advantages of this system over the clumsy Roman numerals. And the
slightly number in decimal notation; it was also necessary to show how to use
this notation to perform simple arithmetical operations. Al-Khwarizmi (just
mentioned) and his successors went so far as to show how to find the square root
of a number. The beginning of decimal fractions is traced to a work written about
950 by a man called al-Uqlidisi, „the Euclidean‟, Al-Khwarizmi also wrote a book
which may be reckoned the foundation of algebra, and our word „algebra‟ is
derived from its title, from the word al-jabr meaning „restoration‟. Later Arabs
mathematicians went on from algebra to pioneer the field of analytical geometry,
and the Arabs are also the inventors of trigonometry. About the middle of the
twelfth century a mathematician astronomer of Seville greatly contributed to the
development of spherical trigonometry.
Another distinguished mathematician was Ibn-al Haytham (d.1039),
known in Latin as Alhazen. In giving a solution of what is still known as
Alhazen‟s problem he performed an operation which was tantamount to solving a
quadratic equation. He was unrivalled in what was then called „optics‟, but would
now must be included in physics, inter alia producing a theory of light superior to
that of Eulcid and Ptolemy. He conducted numerous experiments and a result of
his work with spherical and parabolic mirrors and in respect of the refraction of
light in passing through a transparent medium was able to give a calculation of
the height of the earth‟s atmosphere.
Glossary.
Abridgement (n) : summary
Discrepancies (n) : differences

aware of (ad) : having knowledge
derived (v) : got
bent (n) : natural skill, talent
fraction (n) : number that is not a whole number
reckon (v) : take into account, consider
tantamount (adj) : equivalent, the same as
Answer the following question
1. Why was astronomy regarded practical for the Arabs ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Who did produce an abridgement of some Indian astronomical tables?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..................
3. When did al- Battani draw up some accurate tables?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What was the purpose of al-Battani‟s drawing up some accurate tables?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Where did the Arabs derive the „ten signs‟ from?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Where did our ordinary numerical notation originally come from?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Who wrote a book in which decimal fraction is written?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. When was the book written?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Who first wrote a book on algebra?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. What does the „al-jabr‟ mean?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. What did Ibn-al-Haytam do in giving a solution of Alhazen‟s problem?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Who was Ibn-al-Haytam?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. What was the result of his experiment with spherical and parabolic mirrors?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
A. Find the part of speech and the meaning of the words below and construct
the sentences using those words.
a) Distinguished ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
b) Spherical ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
c) Calculation ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
d) Solution ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
e) Unrivalled ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
f) Superior ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
g) Parabolic ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
h) pass through ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________

i) clumsy ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
j) reckon ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
k) practical ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
l) partly ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
m) equation ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
n) derive ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
o) tantamount ___________ __________ ______________
__________________________________________________
B. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words from the list.
branches field successors
science borne contribution
associated accurate derived
contributed tantamount performed
written sources associated
1. Astronomy was a practical ……………………….... for the Arabs.

2. In astronomy as in medicine fruit was ……… the talent for ……….. and patient
observations.
3. Some……….…… of mathematics were closely …………..…. With astronomy.
4. It was probably in his ………. That the Arabs made their greatest ……………to
human knowledge.

5. It is now generally held that the Arabs ………….the „ten sign‟ from Indian………
6. Al-Khwarizmi and his …………..went so far as to show how to find the square root
of a number.
7. The beginning of the decimal fractions is traced to a work……… written about 950
by al-Uqlidisi.
8. In giving a solution of al-Hazen‟s problem he …….…….. an operation which was
……….…… to solving a quadratic equation.
9. About the middle of the twelfth century a mathematician astronomer of Seville
greatly …………...... to the development of spherical trigonometry.
C. Explain clearly the meaning of the following mathematical terms.

1. numeric ………………………………………………………………………
2. notation ………………………………………………………………………
3. decimal ………………………………………………………………………
4. operation ………………………………………………………………………
5. square root ………………………………………………………………………
6. fraction ………………………………………………………………………
7. restoration ………………………………………………………………………
8. geometry ………………………………………………………………………
9. trigonometry ………………………………………………………………………
10. problem ………………………………………………………………………
11. equation ………………………………………………………………………
12. quadratic ………………………………………………………………………
13. spherical ………………………………………………………………………
14. parabolic ………………………………………………………………………
15. refraction ……………………………………………………………………….

3. Speaking Activity
Do you like mathematic? Discuss with your friend the reason why you
like/dislike it?
I like mathematics because I dislike mathematics because
………………………... ………………………...
………………………... …………………………
………………………... …………………………
………………………... …………………………
………………………... …………………………
………………………... …………………………
………………………… …………………………
………………………… …………………………
………………………… …………………………
5. Writing Activity
- Make a summary of the text above in the form of a paragraph which consists
of 40-50 words of your own sentences
- Describe what is going on in your class or its surrounding at the moment.

UNIT VII
A. COMMUNICATION: EXPRESSING CERTAINTY AND

SHOWING DOUBT
1. Expressing Certainty
Situation: Santi is getting ready to leave for the airport and her parent want
to be sure she has everything she needs for her trip.
Father : Be sure you have all your travel documents, Santi.

Santi : All right, Pa. I have them all here in my handbag.
Mother : Better check and make sure, Santi.
Santi : Oh, I am sure, Ma. But okay, I will check again. Let‟s see….
Passport, exit permit, tickets…. They are all here.
Father : What about your suitcases, Santi.

Santi : Just two, Pa. They are all here.
Father : Are your sure? What about that one over there?
Santi : No, that is not mine.
Mother : Are you certain, Santi?
Santi : Yes, Ma. That is Andy‟s briefcase. I am sure I have everything.
Let‟s go.
Study the following expressions:
Be sure………. I have them here
Better check……. They are all here
Make sure……. All right.
Are you sure? Right.
Are you certain….. I am sure……….

Communicative Activity:
Complete the following statements on making certain and expressing
certainty!
Example :
Student A : Are you certain you left your handbag in the library?
Student B : Yes, I forgot to take it because I was in hurry.
a. Student A : Be sure __________________________!

Student B : Okay, ______________________________
b. Student A : Better check __________________________
Student B : Right. I will do it again.
c. Student A : Make sure ___________________________!
Student B : All right! ____________________________
d. Student A : Are you sure?
Student B : Yes, I am sure, because _____________
e. Student A : Are you certain _____________________?
Student B : Yes, __________________________
2. Showing Doubt
Study the following conversation.
Situation : Santi and Rina are at a store trying to decide on a present for
Rina‟s mother. Rina is not sure about what to get.
Santi : I know, Rina. Why don‟t you get her some perfume? Your mother
likes perfume, doesn‟t she?
Rina : I guess she does, but I am not sure of the kind of fragrance she
likes.
Santi : Okay, what about jewellery?
Rina : I don’t know. Give me time to think of it. Besides, it costs a lot.

Santi : Okay, let‟s forget jewellery. What about appliances or things for the
house?
Rina : I don’t think I’ll make it. Besides, I want to get something special
for her not for the house.
Santi : How about the yellow shawl over there? Don‟t you think it‟s pretty?
Rina : I guess yes. But, what do you think?
Santi : Oh Rina. You would better make up your mind before we spend
more time just walking around.
Study the following expressions :

I am not sure.
I don‟t know.
Give me time to think of it.
I don‟t think I‟ll make it.
What do you think?
Study these additional expressions:

May be I should just give up.
I have my doubts
I don‟t trust my self.
I don‟t think I can do it.
Communicative Activity:
For every statement given, respond by showing doubt.
Example : Look! Isn‟t that Budi over there?
It might be. It looks like him, doesn’t it?
a. Do you think she will come this weekend?
b. Would you like to watch the soccer game with me this Saturday?

c. How about a game of chess?
d. That‟s my pen you are using, isn‟t it?
e. Well, are we going to the beach this weekend or not?
f. What a lovely girl Nina is!
g. In what room is the meeting to be held?
h. That‟s a nice dress you are wearing!
i. Are you sure the teacher will be in the office at 2 o‟clock?
B. KEY STRUCTURE
THE PERFECT TENSE: SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
1. The present perfect tense

Use the following rule to form the present perfect tense:
Subject + has/have + (verb in past participle)…
The present perfect is used to indicate:

a. An action that happened (or never happened) at an indefinite time in the
past
Judi has already read this book.
I have ever seen this book.
b. An action that happened more than once in the past
I have met many people since I came here in June
I have had four tests so far this semester
c. An action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present
We have been in Jakarta for two weeks
I have known him since I was child.

2. The present perfect continuous
The present perfect continuous tense is used only for category (3) of the
present perfect rules only, i.e., to indicate an action that began in the past and
is still occurring in the present. Use the following rule to form this aspect:
Subject + has/have + been + (Verb ing) + ……

a. John has been living in Surabaya for three years. Or…
John has been lived in Surabaya for three years.
b. We have been in Jakarta since last month. Or….
We have been being in Jakarta since last month.
Compare the following examples:

a. - My hands are very dirty now. I have been repairing the car
- The car is OK again now. I have repaired it.
b. - How long have you been reading that book?
- How many pages of that book have you read?
c. - She has been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less.
- Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty
d. - Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis?
- Have you played tennis?
e. - Mary is still writing letters. She has been writing letters all day.
- Mary has written ten letters today.
f. - They have been playing tennis since 2 o'clock.
- They have played tennis three times this week.

Exercise 1:
Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect. All the verbs in this exercise are
regular.
a. I …………………………… very hard for this exam. (work)
b. ………………… Melanie ……………….your letter? (answer)
c. She likes him but she ……………………….never ……………………….him. (love)
d. You …………………… very hard. You can do better wok than this. (not/try)
e. Why are the police here? What ………………………….? (happen)
f. My cousins are coming this weekend. They ………………… with me before.
(not/stay)
g. She ………………….. university and …………………….working in London now.
(finish/start)
h. Thank you for everything. You ………………….. me a lot. (help)
i. ……………….. you …………………… the dishes? (wash)
j. I ……………………… everything to Muhaimin and I think he understands. (explain)
Exercise 2:
Read the situation and write two sentences using the words in brackets!
a. Rina started reading a book two hours ago. She is still reading it and now she
is on page. 50
(read / for two hours) She has been reading for two hours
(read / 50 pages so far) She has read 50 pages so far.
b. Amin is from Australia. He is traveling round Asia at the moment. He began
his tour three months ago.
(travel / for three months)
______________________________________________________

( visit / six countries so far)
______________________________________________________
c. Susi is a tennis player. She began playing tennis when she was ten years old.
This year she is national champion again – for the fifth time.
( win / the national championship five times)
______________________________________________________
( play / tennis since she was ten)
______________________________________________________
d. When they left college, Jarot and Arifin started making films together. They
still make films.
( make / ten films since they left college)
______________________________________________________
( make / films since they left college)
______________________________________________________
e. Marry is writing the third letters now. She began writing two hours ago.
( write / letters since two hours ago)
______________________________________________________
( write / two letters for two hours )
______________________________________________________
Exercise 3 :
For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets!
a. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:

(how long/ learn / Arabic? ). How long have you been learning Arabic
b. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:
( how long / wait? )
______________________________________________________

c. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask:
( how many fish / catch? )
______________________________________________________
d. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
( how many people / invite? )
_______________________________________________________
e. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:
( how long / teach? )
______________________________________________________
f. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:
( how many books / write? )
______________________________________________________
( how long / write / books? )
______________________________________________________
g. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask:
( how long / save?)
______________________________________________________
( how much money / save? )
______________________________________________________
Exercise 4:
Use either simple present perfect or present perfect continuous!
1. It (snow) _____________ all day. I wonder when it will stop.

2. We (have) _______________ three major snowstorms so far this winter. I
wonder how many more we will have.
3. It's ten P.M. I (study) ______________ for two hours and probably won't
finish until midnight

4. I (write) ______________ them three times, but I still haven't received a
reply.
5. I (live) ______________ here since last March
6. The telephone (ring) ______________ four times in the last hour, and
each time it has been for my roommate.
7. The telephone (ring) _______________ for almost a minute. Why doesn't
someone answer it?
8. The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he (play) _______ in the
mud.
9. A: (be, you)____________ able to reach Bob on the phone yet?
B: Not yet. I (try) _________________ for the last twenty minutes, but
the line (be) _____________ busy.
10. A: Hi, Jenny. I (see, no) ____________ you for weeks. What (do, you)
_____________ lately?
B: Studying
11. A: What are you going for dinner?
B: Well, I (have, never) ______________ pizza, so I think I'll order that.
12. A: What's the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. (cry, you)
_______________?
B: No. I just finished peeling some onions.
13. A: Dr. Johan is a good teacher. How long (be, he) ___________ at the
university?
B: He (teach) _____________ here for twenty-five years.
Exercise 5:
Complete the following phrases. Use your own sentences!
1. ______________________ since 8 o'clock this morning.
2. _______________ since I came to ____________________

3. _________________________ since 19_____ (year)
4. _____________________ since_____ (month)
5. ______________________ since_____ (day)
6. ________________ since _____ o'clock this afternoon.
7. _______________ since the beginning of the 20 th century
8. __________________ since __________________
Principles of Islamic Banking
For millions of Muslims, banks are institutions to be avoided. Islam is a

religion which keeps Believers from the teller's window. Their Islamic beliefs prevent
them from dealings that involve usury or interest (Riba). Yet Muslims need banking
services for many purposes: to finance new business ventures, to buy a house, to buy
a car, to facilitate capital investment, to undertake trading activities, and to offer a
safe place for savings. It is because Muslims are not opposed to legitimate profit as
Islam encourages people to use money in Islamically legitimate ventures.
However, in this fast moving world, more than 1400 years after the Prophet
(s.a.w.), can Muslims find room for the principles of their religion? The answer
comes with the fact that a global network of Islamic banks has started to take shape
based on the principles of Islamic finance. Islamic banking is based on the Qur'anic
prohibition of charging interest. It has moved from a theoretical concept to embrace
more than 100 banks operating in 40 countries with multi-billion dollar deposits
world-wide. It is also widely regarded as the fastest growing sector in the Middle
Eastern financial service market.

The best known feature of Islamic banking is the prohibition on interest. The
Qur'an forbids the charging of Riba on money lent. It is important to understand
certain principles of Islam that underpin Islamic finance. The Shari'ah consists of
the Qur'anic commands as laid down in the Holy Qur'an and the words and deeds of
the Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.). The Shari'ah disallows Riba and there is now a
general consensus among Muslim economists that Riba is not restricted to usury but
encompasses interest as well. The Qur'an is clear about the prohibition of Riba,
which is sometimes defined as excessive interest. "O You who believe! Fear Allah
and give up that remains of your demand for usury, if you are indeed believers."
Muslim scholars have accepted the word Riba to mean any fixed or guaranteed
interest payment on cash advances or on deposits. Several Qur'anic passages
expressly admonish the faithful to shun interest.
The rules regarding Islamic finance are quite simple and can be summed up as
follows:
1. Any predetermined payment over and above the actual amount of principal
is prohibited.
2. The lender must share in the profits or losses arising out of the enterprise for
which the money was lent.
3. Making money from money is not Islamically acceptable.
4. Gharar (Uncertainty, Risk or Speculation) is also prohibited.
5. Investments should only support practices or products that are not
forbidden
Glossary
Dealings (N) : agreements
Usury (N) : Lending of money at excessively high interest
Interest (N) : money charged for borrowing money

Charging (N) : claim, assertion
Underpin (V) : support
Deeds (N) : act, things done
Profit (N) : Financial gain
Losses (N) : money lost in a business deal
Funds (N) : financial resources
Cash (N) : money in coins or notes
Deposits (N) : sum paid into an account to earn interest
1. Comprehension questions
A. Complete the following statements by using information in the passage!
1. For millions of Muslims, banks are institutions to be avoided because
___________________________________________________
2. Muslims‟ purposes in using bank services are
___________________________________________________
3. In Islam, Muslims are __________________________ to take profit.
4. The principles of Islamic finance are laid down in
____________________________________________________
5. The basic principle of Islamic banking laid down in the qur‟an is
____________________________________________________
6. According to Muslim scholars, riba is
____________________________________________________
7. According to Muslim economist, parts of bank services that can be
considered as riba are ____________________________________
8. The recent growth of Islamic banking is
____________________________________________________
9. The principles of Islamic financial are :
____________________________________________________

10. Explain briefly the different between Islamic banking and the secular one in
matter of principles! Discuss in group!
____________________________________________________
B. Before each of the following statements, write “T” for true, “F” for false and
________ a. Moslems are forbidden to save their money at the bank.
________ b. Banks are forbidden because of the usury given.
________ c. Banks give service only on trading and investment.
________ d. Riba is a charge on money borrowed by the customer.
________ e. The bank interest is decided in the end of a contract.
________ f. Moslems are allowed to invest their money on production of gin
________ g. The customer of shariah bank also share their losses.
________ h. Usury cannot be included as Riba.
________ i. Shariah banks don‟t give profit to the money deposited there.
________ j. The additional payment given for thank is Riba.
2. Vocabulary exercises
Fill in the blank in each sentence with the listed words
Dealings Usury Profit

Interest Charging Funds
Underpin Deeds Deposit
Losses Cash
1. She made two __________of 5 millions last month

2. A syari‟ah bank offers an ___________ free loan
3. The good progress in islamic banking _____________ these developments

4. The capitalist system is based on the _____________ motive
5. The government is short of _________________ so it won‟t pay the civil
servants next month
6. I suffer _________________in the business market
7. ______________ are better than words when people need help
8. Islamic banking is proud of its reputation for fair ________________
9. The state prohibits the _____________of school fee to the elementary
school students
10. I have no _______________ on me. May I pay by cheque!
11. Islam prohibits _______________ because it is Riba.
3. Writing Activity
- Make a summary of the text above in the form of a paragraph which
consists of 40-50 words of your own sentences!
- Write a paragraph about a great thing you have done in your life and
share it with your partners.

UNIT VIII
A. COMMUNICATION: MAKING A PHONE CALL

Study the following conversations
1. Jane makes a phone call
Bob : Hello.
Jane : Hello, this is Jane. Is Peter there?
Bob : Hold on a minute. I‟ll go see… No, he is not here now. Can I take
a message?
Jane : No, that‟s all right. I‟ll call him back later.
Bob : O.K. Good-bye.
Jane : Bye.
Adam makes a phone call

Betty : 821 0537
Adam : Hello, could I speak to Betty, please? This is Adam here.
Betty : This is Betty speaking
Adam : Ah, Betty, good evening. Look, I was wondering if you would like
to come to a party we are having on Friday….
Betty : Oh, that sounds nice. I would love to….
2. Tom calls Directory Assistance

Operator : What city, please?
Tom : Chicago, I want the number of William Smith
Operator : I have a listing for a William Smith on Main Street.
Tom : No, that is not it. He lives on Division Street.
Operator : The number is 872-3974.

Tom : Uh, excuse me. Can you repeat that, please?
Operator : 872-3974.
Tom : Thank you.
Operator : you‟re welcome.
3. Anna makes a collect call.

Anna : Hello, operator? I would like to make a collect call. The number
is Area Code 313-662-8954.
Operator : Your name and number, please.
Anna : Anna Lawrence, 238-6089.
Operator : Just a minute, please… Hello. You have a collect call from
Miss. Anna Lawrence. Will you accept the charges?
Father : Yes, I will.
Operator : Go a head.
Anna : Hello, Dad. How are you?
Father : Just fine. Say, it‟s good to hear from you.
Study the following expressions:

Hold on a minute.
Just a minute.
Could I speak to……
Is Peter there?
I’ll call him back later.
I would like to make a collect call.
Other expressions:
Please, call back later.
Please don’t hang up yet.
Please take a message.

Exercise 1.
Make up sentences using the following expressions. Use the simple past tense.
Example : want / call / friend.
I wanted to call my friend.
a. look up / telephone number / in phone book.

b. Name / be / not / in book.
c. Call / Directory Assistance / and / get / phone number.
d. Hear / busy / signal.
e. Line / be / busy.
f. Dial / again, and / this time / phone / ring.
g. Somebody / answer.
h. Say / call / wrong / number.
i. Say / “sorry / dial / wrong / number.”
j. Hang up / and / try again.
k. Friend / answer.
l. Speak / to him / for / five minutes.
Exercise 2. Communicative activity.

Tell what you will do in these situations.
a. Your phone is ringing. What will you do?

b. Somebody is calling Tom. Tom doesn‟t live in your apartment. You don‟t
know Tom. What will you say?
c. You have a good friend from Jakarta. You receive a call from her. The
operator says, “You have a collect call from Miss. Diana Hamid. Will you
accept the charges?” What will you say?
d. You dialled the wrong number. What will you say?

e. You want to make an overseas person-to-person collect call to your father in
Riyadh. What will you tell the operator?
f. You are trying to call a friend, but you can‟t get the dial tone. What will you
do?
g. You want to call a friend. She isn‟t listed in the telephone directory. What will
you do?
h. You want to report an emergency (call the fire department, the police
department, the ambulance service, etc.) What will you do?
Exercise 3:
Complete this telephone call and practice the conversations in pairs!
Situation: You phone your friend Lia. Her sister answers.
Lia's sister : Hello?

You : ___________________________
Lia's sister : I'm not sure she is in…..just a minute. Lia! Lia! Lia! Sorry, she is
not here….she is probably still at college. She is usually here after
about two o'clock.
You : _______________________________________________
Lia's sister : OK……what is your number?
You : _______________________________________________
Lia's sister : OK. I'll tell her
You : _______________________________________________
Lia's sister : Bye.

B. KEY STRUCTURE
MODAL AUXILIARY
(MUST, SHALL,SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAVE TO)
Sentence Patterns:
Positive forms You must go now.
We shall go to London.
You should go now.
You ought to go now.
You have to go now.
Negative forms You must not go now.
We shall not go to London.
You should not go now.
You ought not to go now.
You don‟t have to go now.
Question forms Must I go now?
Shall we go to London?
Should I go now?
Ought I to go now?
Do I have to go now?
1. Must can be used to express:

a. Strong necessity
I must go to class today (present/future)
I had to go to class yesterday (past)
b. Prohibition (negative)
You must not go to class today

c. 95% certainty
Mariam isn‟t in the class. She must be sick. (Present only)
Mariam must have been sick yesterday (past)
2. Shall
a. Polite question to make a suggestion
Shall I open the window?
b. Future with „ I „ or „ we „ as subject.
I shall arrive at nine.
3. Should
a. Advisability
I should study tonight (present/future)
I should have studied last night (past)
b. 90% certainty
She should do well on the test. (future only)
She should have done well on the test.
4. Ought to
a. Advisability
I ought to study tonight (present/future)
I ought to have studied last night.
b. 90%certainty
She ought to do well on the test. (future only)
She ought to have done well on the test. (past)

5. Have to
a. Necessity
I have to go to class today (present/future)
I had to go to class yesterday. (past)
b. Lack of necessity (negative)
I don‟t have to go to class today. (present/future)
I didn‟t have to go to class yesterday. (past)
Exercise 1:
Complete these sentences with must, mustn’t, have to or don’t/doesn’t have to!
1. It‟s later than I thought. I _____________ go now.
2. I don‟t want anyone to know. You ____________________ tell anyone.
3. Jenny left before the end of the meeting. She ____________ go home
early
4. He ____________________ wear a suit to work but he usually does.
5. In Britain many children ___________________ wear uniform when
they go to school.
6. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I __________________ go
to work
7. When you come to Surabaya again, you ___________ come and see us.
8. Whatever you do, you _____________ touch that switch. It‟s very
dangerous.
9. There is a lift in the building, so we _________________ climb the stairs.
10. Last night, Dina became ill suddenly. We ___________ call a doctor.
11. You ______________ forget what I told you. It‟s very important
12. You really _________ work harder if you want to pass the examination.
13. Sinta______________ get up early. She gets up early because she wants
to.

14. I am afraid I can‟t come tomorrow. I ____________ work late.
15. Don‟t make so much noise. We ____________ wake the baby.
16. I am sorry I couldn‟t come yesterday. I __________ work late
17. I ______________ eat too much. I‟m supposed to be on a diet
18. You ___________ be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.
19. Jenny wore glasses. She ________ wear glasses since she was very young.
20. We couldn‟t repair the car ourselves. We _______ take it to a garage.
Exercise 2:
Complete the following sentences. Use will, should/ought to, or must!
1. Look at all the people standing in line to get into the movies. It ________ be
a good movie.
2. Let‟s go to the lecture tonight. It ____________ be interesting.
3. Look. Jenny‟s car is in front of her house. She _____________ be at home.
Let‟s stop and visit her.
4. A: Hello. May I speak to Jenny?
B: She isn‟t here right now.
A: What time do you expect her?
B: She _______________be home around nine or so.
5. A: Who do you think is going to win the game tomorrow?
B: Well, our team has better players, so we ________ win, but you never
know. Anything can happen in sports.
6. A: It‟s very important for you to be on time.
B: I ______________ be there at seven o‟clock. I promise.
7. A: What time are you going to arrive?
B: Well, the trip takes about four hours. I think I‟ll leave something around
noon, so I ___________ get there around four.

8. A: Here is your ticket Mr. Anton. Your flight _______________ depart
from Gate 15 at 6:27.
B: Thank you.
9. A: Susi is yawning and rubbing her eyes.
B: She _________ be sleepy.
10. A: Martina has been working hard all day. She left for work before dawn this
morning.
B: She ________ be really tired when she gets home this evening
11. A: Where can I find the address for the University of Indonesia?
B: I‟m not sure, but you _____________ be able to find that information at
the library.
12. A: When‟s dinner?
B: We are almost ready to eat. The rice ______________ be done in five
minutes.
13. A: Where is your dictionary?
B: It _________ in the bookcase. You ____________ find it on the
second half. Is it there?
14. I wonder what‟s causing the delay. Maria‟s plane ______________ have
been here an hour ago.
15. I thought I had a dollar in my billfold, but I don‟t. I ____________ have
spent it.
16. Lia has been acting strangely lately. She _____________ be in love.

Zakat –First Universal Welfare Syatem

It is evidence that the Prophet Muhammad brought about the greatest
revolution, even an economic and political miracle in human history. In a very short
time after the prophet migrated to Medina and implemented the system of salaat
and zakat, the economic condition of the people changed.
The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is reported to have said; If a single person
were to sleep hungry in a town, then God's protection is lifted from that town -
[Masnad Imam Ahmad]. This hadith emphasizes that no one (Muslims or non
Muslims) under this system should go hungry. Thus this zakat system created the
first universal welfare system in human history. It also gradually transformed the
existing slave based economy to a universal welfare based economy. By the end of
the Prophet's period, the entire Arabian Peninsula enjoyed economic as well as
political security. This system reached its pinnacle during Khalifa Umar's time, a
time when, history tells us, hardly anyone was in need of charity.
What has occurred then in the intervening years that the Muslims masses are
suffering economic deprivation even though they live in areas with plenty of natural
resources?
Muslims and non Muslims alike ask the question; If the system implemented
by our Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and Sahabaa (r) was so good, why did it not
continue? The answer is simple, we changed or abandoned the system implemented
by the Prophet Muhammad. Instead of deciding matters with open consultation, as
the Quran requires, the Ummayad and Abbasid dynastic rulers created a
dictatorship under the guise of " Shari'iah " and " Ijma'a ". This was a ploy to fool
the people. The rulers first acquired illegal political authority, and then delegated
religious authority to Imams appointed by themselves.

Thus they hijacked the train of Islam from the track of our Prophet (pbuh)
and his Sahabba (r) and put it on a new track called " Shari'ah ." Since then, a
minority of the rich and powerful has been riding this train and entertaining their
friends while exploiting the vast majority of Muslims along the way. Consequently,
common Muslims have continued to live in poverty and to suffer intergenerational
economic misery. Islam's system of Zakat has had nothing to do with this sad state
of affairs.
Glossary:
Welfare (N) : Good health, happiness, prosperity.
Emphasizes (V) : Stress
Pinnacle (N) : Highest point
Deprivation (N) : Poverty or state of not having the normal benefit of adequate
food.
Guise (N) : Style or outer appearance
Hijacked (V) : Steal (food) from a vehicle
Misery (N) : Great suffering
1. Comprehension Exercise
1. In human history, zakat is considered as the first universal welfare system
because _______________
2. The function of zakat in Islam is _______________________
3. Khalifa Umar took care of Muslim‟s welfare by
_____________________
4. In areas with plenty of natural resources, the Muslim masses are suffering
economic deprivation because __________________
5. The Umayyad and Abbasid rulers acquired their authorities by
________________________

6. Unlike the prophet Muhammad, the Umayyad and Abbasid rulers decided
matter by _____________________
7. The Umayyad and Abbasid rulers fooled the people by
_______________________
8. The functions of shari’ah and ijma’a during the time of Umayyad and
Abbasid dynasties were ________________________________
9. In the time of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, a minority of the rich and
powerful enjoyed economic and political security because
_____________________________
10. Common Muslims had continued to suffer intergenerational economic
misery because _________________________
2. Vocabulary Exercise:
sentences using those words.
a. Evidence ____________ __________ ____________
__________________________________________________
b. Revolution ____________ __________ ____________
__________________________________________________
c. Miracle ____________ __________ ____________
__________________________________________________
d. Migrate ____________ __________ ____________
__________________________________________________
e. Single ____________ __________ ____________
__________________________________________________

f. Transform ____________ __________ ____________
__________________________________________________
g. Charity ____________ __________ ____________

__________________________________________________
B. Complete the following sentences by using the following words or phrase!

Is lifted form abandoned plenty sad
Security ploy occurred
Charity authority track
1. A man is ……….by helicopter …….. the burning ship.

2. The Muslim life concert raises money for ……….
3. We need greater ……….. for the president‟s visit
4. There is ………….of time in discussing the problems of society‟s education
5. The judge has ………….. to investigate the president‟s affair.
6. The doctor said that death …………about midnight
7. The lecture ……….. the examination because of students‟ demonstration
8. The train for Jogjakarta is on ……… 9.
9. It was a ……… day for us all when the university closed down
10. The conference was held as a ……….to abandon the nuclear project

C. Find the opposites of the following words.
1. majority …………………………………………………….
2. common …………………………………………………….
3. continue …………………………………………………….
4. ruler …………………………………………………….
5. fool …………………………………………………….
6. alike …………………………………………………….
7. plenty …………………………………………………….
8. hardly …………………………………………………….
9. universal …………………………………………………….
10. slave …………………………………………………….
11. great …………………………………………………….
12. hungry …………………………………………………….
13. gradual ……………………………………………………
14. open …………………………………………………….
15. illegal …………………………………………………….
3. Writing Activity.
Work in pair. Discuss the organization of zakat in Indonesia and write in a short
paragraph!

UNIT IX
A. COMMUNICATION: ASKING ABOUT EACH OTHER‟S PLANS

Conversation 1:
Situation : Santi, Rina and Lisa are chatting together. Santi and Rina ask
Lisa about her plans.
Santi : How long are you going to be in Jakarta, Lisa?
Lisa : Oh, I don‟t know. About two months, I guess.
Rina : Are you going to be in Jakarta all the time?
Lisa : I am not sure. But, we are planning to do some traveling.
Santi : What places are you going to visit?
Lisa : Dad has mentioned Yogyakarta and Bali.
Rina : Oh, you will enjoy those places.
Lisa : Santi, have you been there before?
Santi : Oh yes, My mother comes from Yogyakarta so we go there quite
often. Her parents are still staying there.
Rina : Maybe you can pay them a visit when you are there.
Conversation 2:
Dick : What are your plans for the week-end, Ann?
Ann : I don‟t know, why? Do you have any suggestion?
Dick : Why don’t we go picnic?
Ann : That„s a good idea.
Dick : Good. I will pick you up tomorrow around eight o‟clock.
Ann : Fine. I will be ready. See you then.
Dick : See you!

Conversation 3:
Tom : Hi, Andrew. Any plans for the week-end?
Andrew : I don‟t know yet. Why?
Tom : How about coming to my house this Sunday? We are having a
party.
Andrew : I am not sure I can. The family might already have other plans.
Tom : Oh, come on! Bring the whole family!
Andrew : Better not count on it. But….. I‟ll give you a call and let you know.
Study the following.

1. Asking one‟s plans:
How long are you going to be in Jakarta. Lisa?
Are you going to be in Jakarta all time?
What places are you going to visit?
What are your plans for the week-end?
Any plans for the week-end?
2. Suggesting
Why don‟t we go picnic?
How about coming to my house this Sunday?
3. Accepting
That‟s a good idea
That‟s a wonderful idea.
Oh, I would like that.
That sounds nice.
4. Refusing
I am not sure I can.
Better not count on it.
I‟ll pass this one up.

Communicative Activity 1:
1. Ask a friend about his/her plans for the week-end. Invite him/her to join you
for an activity. Your friend accepts your invitation.
for an activity. Your friend shows uncertainty.
an activity. Your friend refuses your invitation.
Situation: Edy wants you to visit him but you are very busy. Look at your diary
for the next few days and explain to him why you can't come.
Edy : Can you come on Monday evening?

You : Sorry but ________________________________________
Edy : What about Tuesday evening then?
You : No, not Tuesday I __________________________________
Edy : And Wednesday evening?
You : _______________________________________________
Edy : Well, are you free on Thursday?
You : I'm afraid not. _____________________________________
Edy : How about Friday morning?
You : I am not sure, _____________________________________
Edy : Or, Saturday afternoon?
You : Let me think, ______________________________________
Edy : I believe you can come on Sunday evening, can‟t you?
You : ________________________________________________

B. KEY STRUCTURE:
THE SIMPLE FUTURE AND BE GOING TO

The simple future and Be going to are used to express future time. They
are formed by the following:
Subject + will/shall + Verb ……
Subject + to be + going to + verb (1) ……

1. The simple future will and be going to is used to express a prediction:
According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow
According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
2. To express a prior plan, only be going to is used:
I am going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
I am going to buy a car this week.
3. To express willingness, only the simple future will is used:
I will help you solving the problem.
The phone is ringing. I will get it.
Exercise 1:
Complete the following sentences using will or be going to!
1. I______ (finish) all of my works before you leave.
2. I _____ (get) home around six. When I get home I _______ (call) Alisa.
3. I _____ (watch) a TV program at nine. Before I watch that program I
_____(write) a letter to my parent.

4. I am sure it will stop raining soon. As soon as the rain stops I _____ (walk)
to the drugstore to get a film.
5. A: What _____ (do, you) after you leave this college?
B: I_____ (return) home and _____ (get) a job. How about you?
A: I _____ (be) here for at least two more years before I return home and get
a job.
6. A: It is cold in here.
B: I agree. I _____ (turn) the heater on.
7. The damage we do to our environment today _____ (affect) the quality of
life of future generation.
8. Farid ______ (be) at the meeting tomorrow. I think Fuad_____ (come) too.
9. Sari _____ (graduate) in August. After that she _____ (begin) to teach at a
senior high school in her city.
10. Farid ______ (leave) in half an hour. He ______ (call) you before he
leaves.
Exercise 2:
Complete the sentences using will or be going to!
1. A: Why are you turning on the television?
B: I'm going to watch___ the news. (I/watch)
2. A: Oh, I have just realized. I haven't got any money?
B: Haven't you? Well, don't worry. _________________ you some.
(I/lend)
3. A: I have got a headache.
B: Have you? Wait there and _____________ an aspirin for you. (I/get)
4. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?
B: _________________ the car. (I/wash)
5. A: I have decided to repaint this room.

B: Oh, have you? What color ____________ it? (you/paint)
6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?
B: Yes, ____________________ something for dinner. (I/buy)
7. A: I don't know how to use this camera.
B: It's quite easy. _________________ you. (I/show)
8. A: What would you like to eat?
B: ______________ a sandwich, please. (I/have)
9. A: Did you post that letter for me?
B: Oh, I am sorry. I completely forgot. ____________ it now. (I/do)
10. A: The ceiling in this room doesn't look very safe, does it?
B: No, it looks as if _______________ down. (it/fall)
11. A: Has John decided what to do when he leaves school?
B: Oh yes. Everything is planned. ____________ a holiday for a few weeks
and then ___________ a computer programming course. (he/have, he/do)
Exercise 3:
Read the situation and complete the sentences using will or going to!
1. The phone rings and you answer. Somebody wants to speak to Jim.
Caller : Hello. Can I speak to Jim please?
You : Just a moment. ____________________ him. (I/get)
2. It is a nice day. You have decided to sit in the garden. Before going outside, you
tell your friend.
You : The weather is too nice to stay indoors. ___________ in the
garden. ( I/sit)
Friend : That's a good idea. I think _____________ you. (I/join)

3. Your friend is worried because she has lost an important letter.
You : Don't worry about the letter. I'm sure _____________ it.
(you/find)
Friend : I hope so.
4. There was a job advertised in the paper recently. At first you were interested
but then you decided not to apply.
Friend : Have you decided what to do about that job that was advertised?
You : Yes, _______________ for it. (I/not/apply)
5. You and a friend come home very late. Other people in the house are asleep.
Your friend is noisy.
You : Shhh! Don't make so much noise. __________________
everybody up. (you/wake)
REVIEWING TENSES
Use the Different Tenses.
1. In this exercise, use verbs in parentheses in the correct form of SIMPLE
PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, and PRESENT PERFECT TENSES.
The Jamisons are planning to take a trip to other cities in Indonesia. They
______ (already, be) in Jakarta for 3 weeks and only the place they _____
(go) outside Jakarta is Puncak.
Dr. Jamison ______ (be) very busy with his work, so the family
_______ (have, not) the chance to travel. Lisa _________ (begin) to get
bored. She ______ (see) most of the places tourist usually ______ (go) to
when they ______ (come) to Jakarta. Furthermore, Santi and Rina
_______ (can be, neg.) with her all the time because they _____ (have)
classes. Mrs. Jamison, however, _____ (really, enjoy) herself. She

_______ (already, make) a lot of friends and ______ (feel) quite at home
here.
2. Now use the PAST TENSE AND THE FUTURE TENSE.
Santi called Lisa up to tell her she was going to Yogya. Santi _____
(know) that Lisa _____ (be) bored and she _____ (think) Lisa might want
to come a long.
“When we _____ (leave)”_____ (ask) Lisa, “and for how long?”
“ We _____ (stay, neg.) long,,” _____(answer) Santi.
“Just three days and since we _____ (go) by plane, that should give us
enough time. My grand mother is feeling a bit lonely so Mama is sending me
over since I have a short break. Grandma would just love to meet you.”
“Okay, I _____ (come).” You _____ (have to, neg.) convinced me
anymore.” Lisa _____ (say).
They _____ (make) plans for Lisa to stay overnight at Effendis so that
they _____ (can) take the earliest flight to Yogya.
3. Now use THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PRESENT

PERFECT, SIMPLE PAST and FUTURE TENSES.
Tonight, the bigger soccer game of the season is going to be played.

JAYAKARTA and NIAC MITRA, the two teams of the season, _____
(compete) for first place in GALATAMA competition. The game _____ (be)
held at SENAYAN STADIUM in Jakarta. The whistle for the kick off _____
(sound) at seven o‟clock sharp.
Andi _____ (be) a big soccer fan. He hardly ever _____ (miss) an
important game in the city. And he _____ (like, neg.) watching a soccer

game on television. He _____ (prefer) to be at the stadium, right where the
game is.
Andi _____ (already buy) ticket for the playoff between JAYAKARTA
and NIAC MITRA. Last night, he _____ (call) up his girl friend, Yunita. He
_____ (invite) her to see the game and Yunita _____ (accept) the invitation.
She _____ (promise) to be ready at 5:30 p.m. Andi _____ (know, neg.)
Yunita for a long time; they _____ (meet) only two weeks ago.
Right now, it _____ (be) already 6:45 in the evening. Andi _____ (be) at
Yunita‟s place for more than an hour. He _____ (get) there at exactly 5:30.
Yunita _____ (live) with her parents in a beautiful house in the suburbs. At
this moment, Andi _____ (walk) back and across the living room floor. He
_____ (be, neg.) aware of the fine antiques in the room. He _____ (be)
conscious only of the time. He _____ (wait) for more than an hour, and he
_____ (look) at his watch perhaps a dozen of times.
The game _____ (start) in fifteen minutes. Andi and Yunita _____ (go)
by taxi, but the ride to Senayan _____ (take) a full hour. They _____ (get,
neg.) there on time, and Andi _____ (want, neg.) to miss even part of the
game.
“Hi, Andi! _____ (be) I late? _____ (ask) Yunita as she _____ (come)
into the room.
“Oh, no, not at all.” Andi _____ (reply). You _____ (be) just in time to
watch the game on TV.”

American and British English differences
The English language was first introduced to the Americas by British

colonization, beginning in the early 17th century. Similarly, the language spread to
numerous other parts of the world as a result of British colonization elsewhere and
the spread of the former British Empire, which, by 1921, held sway over a population
of about 470–570 million people: approximately a quarter of the world's population
in that time.
Over the past 400 years, the form of the language used in the Americas –
especially in the United States – and that used in the United Kingdom and the rest of
the British Isles have diverged in many ways, leading to the dialects now commonly
referred to as American English and British English. Differences between the two
include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary (lexis), spelling, punctuation, idioms,
formatting of dates and numbers, and so on. A small number of words have
completely different meanings between the two dialects or are even unknown or not
used in one of the dialects. One particular contribution towards formalizing these
differences came from Noah Webster, who wrote the first American dictionary
(published 1828) with the intention of showing that people in the United States
spoke a different dialect from Britain.
This divergence between American English and British English once caused
George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are "two
countries divided by a common language"; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston
Churchill. Likewise, Oscar Wilde wrote, "We have really everything in common with
America nowadays, except, of course, the language" (The Canterville Ghost, 1888).
Henry Sweet predicted in 1877 that within a century, American English, Australian

English and British English would be mutually unintelligible. It may be the case that
increased world-wide communication through radio, television, the Internet, and
globalization has reduced the tendency to regional variation. This can result either in
some variations becoming extinct (for instance, the wireless, superseded by the
radio) or in the acceptance of wide variations as "perfectly good English"
everywhere. Often at the core of the dialect though, the idiosyncrasies remain.
Nevertheless, it remains the case that although spoken American and British
English are generally mutually intelligible, there are enough differences to cause
occasional misunderstandings or at times embarrassment – for example, some
words that are quite innocent in one dialect may be considered vulgar in the other.
Glossary:
To spread (V) : To distribute widely
To diverge (V) : to move, to differ
Intention(N) : purpose, design
Is ascribed to (V) : attributed to,
Unintelligible (Adj) : not understandable
To reduce (V) : to change, bring back
Extinct (Adj) : inactive
Core (N) : heart
Idiosyncrasies (N) : a structural characteristic unique to individual or group
Dialect (N) : a regional variety of language

1. Comprehension question:
a. Answer these questions correctly.
1. When was English language firstly introduced to the Americas?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. How did English spread to numerous parts of world?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What are the differences between American English and British English?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Have the differences been formalized?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Why did Noah Webster compose "First American Dictionary"?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. According to some scholars, in what aspects the differences between United
States and United Kingdom occur?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What is Henry Sweet's prediction about the development of English
language?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. How could regional variations in English language be minimized?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Could the variations become extinct completely?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Could spoken American and British English be differentiated?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Vocabulary Exercises
the sentences using those words.
a. spread to ___________ ___________ __________
__________________________________________________
b. approximately ___________ ___________ __________
__________________________________________________
c. elsewhere ___________ ___________ __________
__________________________________________________
d. dialect ___________ ___________ ___________
__________________________________________________
e. unknown ___________ ___________ ___________
__________________________________________________
f. particular ___________ ___________ ___________
__________________________________________________
g. divergence ___________ ___________ ___________
__________________________________________________
h. comment ___________ ___________ ___________
__________________________________________________
i. except ___________ ___________ ___________
__________________________________________________
j. core ___________ ___________ ___________
__________________________________________________

B. Choose a, b, c, or d that closest in meaning to the underlined words!
1. He reads occasional books, but mostly just magazine

a. Almost b. sometime c. rare d. infrequent
2. I was embarrassed by his comments about my clothes
a. ashamed b. afraid c. anxiety d. discomfort
3. In 1945, Indonesian people were free form the sway of Dutch government
a. power b. domination c. control d. arrogance
4. Don‟t be so innocent as to believe everything the politicians tell
a. suffering b. foolish c. harmless d. simple
5. For some people, a party becomes a means of a vulgar display of wealth
a. rude b. opened c. offensive d. lacking in good taste
6. It costs approximately Rp. 300.000 – I can‟t remember exactly
a. closely b. nearly exact c. inaccurately d. nearly
7. The population has increased from 1.2 million 10 years ago to 1.8 million
now.
a. add b. raise c. become greater d. change
8. Robbery is not common in this area
a. usual b. good c. popular d. known
9. The two countries are mutually exclusive
a. integrated b. closely c. having same relationship d. together
10. One day factory workers will be entirely superseded by machines
a. introduced b. changed c. replaced d. taken
3. Writing Activity
Describe how crowded is your city today and also make a prediction how
crowded is it in ten years! Write in a paragraph.

UNIT X
A. COMMUNICATION: AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

Fahmi : What do you think of the TV program now days, aren’t they awful?
Farid : Yes, I agree with you. And also the commercial breaks. They mostly
appear on TV too many times. It is such a time consuming watching
them.
Fahmi : What bothers me is the film for teenagers. It‟s only about love and
violence.
Farid : I think so too. There aren‟t enough educational program and even the
news shows were cut in a short time.
Fahmi : You‟re right. We will get nothing watching the program.
EXPRESSING AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

The ways to ask if someone agrees:
 There are far too many police shows on TV. Don‟t you think so ? / Don‟t you
agree?
 There is far too much violence on TV, Isn‟t there ?
 There are so many commercials programs on TV, aren‟t there ?
The responses of disagreement to the above questions can be in many

different ways, like:
Yes I agree with you I think so too

I think you‟re right That‟s quite true
There certainly is/are I couldn‟t agree more
Oh, I agree entirely That‟s exactly what I think
The responses of disagreement of the questions can also be in several

ways, like:
Oh I don‟t agree. I…… I disagree, I‟m afraid
I can agree with ……... I‟m not sure I agree with you
No, I don‟t think so I don‟t think that‟s right
I think you‟re wrong Oh, I don‟t know about………
You can‟t mean that You must be joking
You can be serious No, you‟re wrong
Practice Asking for and giving approval.
1. A: Ask a friend what she/he thinks about jogging.
B: Express approval.
2. A: Tell a friend you're planning to get married soon. Ask him/her what he/she
thinks of the idea.
B: Show approval.
3. A: Tell a friend you're thinking of accepting a job that pays less than your present
job but is more interesting and offers better chances for getting ahead. Ask your
friend what he/she thinks.
B: Show approval.
4. A: You have just finished giving your speech in a Speech Contest. You go back to
your seat and ask a classmate what she/he thinks of your speech and your
delivery.
B: Express approval.

5. A: You are an architect and you have just designed a house. Now you are showing
the design to a supervisor.
B: Show approval.
Express an opinion about the following topics. Your partner will disagree and say
what he/she thinks. Use the following .
1. the TV programs/not very good
2. the talk shows/very boring and long
3. the advertisements/uninteresting
4. the quiz program/too simple
5. the sport programs/too localized
B. KEY STRUCTURE
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE
D
A B C
Box A is as big as box B

Box C is bigger than box A.
Box D is the biggest of all

There are three different forms of adjective, big, bigger, and biggest. We use the
positive degree to compare two equal things or persons. We use the comparative
degree to compare two unequal things or person. We use the superlative degree to
compare three or more things or persons. The comparative and superlative of
adjective are formed by adding "er" or "the ..est" for one syllable while "more" and
"the most" for more than three syllables. But we have a group of adjectives which are
formed irregularly. They are : good, bad, many/much, a little, etc.
Exercise 1
From each adjective, make three expressions as shown:
Popular : as popular as
more popular
the most popular
1. Narrow 11. Careful

2. Dark 12. Wonderful
3. Hot 13. Beautiful
4. Heavy 14. Important
5. Lazy 15. Valuable
6. Safe 16. Exiting
7. Useful 17. Interesting
8. Handsome 18. Good
9. Wide 19. Little
10. Smooth 20. Bad

Exercise 2
Give the correct form of the adjective in the brackets.
1. An apple is as (big) as an orange.

2. It is (hot) today than it was yesterday.
3. Who is (lazy), he is or his brother.
4. This painting is the (bad) you have ever done. Do it again and see that is a
(good) one this time.
5. You maybe (rich) than I, but you are certainly not as (happy) as I am.
6. I'll never forget the day I got married. It was the (happy) of my life. I don't
suppose there will be ever a (happy) day than that.
7. Paul is the (lazy) student in his class. He always gets the (bad) mark in every test.
8. Going to Jakarta by bus is (expensive) than by train, but going by plane is the
(expensive) of all.
9. Your sister is (pretty) than you. So she is (favourite) than you.
10. The kitchen is (clean) than the bathroom, but the bedroom is the (clean) of all.
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences by using the comparative and superlative
forms of the words in the parentheses.
1. His English is much…….(good) than mine.

2. My brother is ……(old) than you, but he is …….(careless)
3. After working for 3 years in this company, his salary is ……(high)
4. This dictionary is ………(expensive) than that one but it …..(complete)
5. He arrived…….. (late) because he took the bus.
6. I have three cars, and the red one is ………(expensive).
7. She is …….(beautiful) woman I have ever seen.

8. This knife is (sharp), but it is …….(heavy).
9. The boy is (naughty) than any other boys, but he is ……(clever).
10. What is…….(difficult) subject for you?
Exercise 4
Express the relationship in the following sentences using the adjective given in the
parentheses.
E.g. : A radio costs Rp 500,000. A television costs Rp 1,500,000. A computer
costs Rp 5,000,000
A television is more expensive than a radio, but a computer is the most
expensive of all.
1. Bandung, east Java is 180 km from Jakarta, Semarang, central Java is 485 km
from Jakarta, Surabaya, east Java is 793 km from Jakarta.
2. China has a population of 1,154,000,000, India has a population of
971,000,000, Indonesia as a population of 225,000,000.
3. Stanford University was founded in 1891. Yale University was founded in 1701.
Harvard University was founded in 1636.
4. Mount McKinley in Alaska is 6,194meters above sea level. Mt. Everest in the
Himalayas is 8,848 meters above sea level. Mt. Kibo in Africa is 5, 895 meters
above sea level.
5. Berlin, West Germany, is 4,414miles from Chicago, Illinois. Cairo, Egypt is
6,141 miles from Chicago. Bangkok, Thailand, is 8,570 miles from Chicago.

AL-KINDI
Al-Kindi, the Latin Alkindus, who is entitled the “Philosopher of Arabs”
came from the Arabs tribe of Kindah. His ancestors had settled in Kufa where his
father was governor. Al-Kindi spent his early life in Kufa, which had become a
centre of the sciences. He studied the religious sciences as well as philosophical
science after going to Baghdad. At this time the major movement of translation
into Arabic had already began. He knew Syriac and perhaps some Greek and was
well acquainted with Graeco Helenistic scientific and philosophical works. For
some time he was held in high esteem in court but spent the last part of his life in
obscurity.
Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim philosopher-scientists. His interest
was encyclopaedic. He wrote about two hundred seventy treatises, most of which
are now lost, in logic, philosophy, physics, all branches of mathematics as well as
music, medicine and natural history. He was the founder of the Islamic
Peripatetic school of philosophy and was highly respected in the medieval and
Renaissance West to the extent that he was considered as one of the judies of
astrology and Cordano called him one of the twelve great intellectual figures of
humanity. His immediate students were well-known geographer and
mathematicians, while his philosophic influence is to be seen directly in the
writings of al-Farabi and later Muslim Peripatetic.
Glossary
ancestor (n) : a person from whom another is descended
settle (v) : live
treatise (n) : book etc, that deals systematically with one subject
peripatetic (adj) : wandering

1. Comprehension Question
Answer the following questions based on the text
1. Who is Al-Kindi?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Where did he come from?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Who was his father?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Where did al-Kindi spent his early life?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. What city was the centre of the science then?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. What did al-Kindi study after going to Baghdad?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. How many works had al-Kindi written?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. What subjects did he write?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. What did al-Kindi found?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Why was al-Kindi highly respected in the medieval and Renaissance West?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words from the list.
spent religious studied

spent entitled obscurity

seen came interest
influence become considered
1. Al-Kindi, who is ……….. the “philosopher of Arabs”, …………. From the Arab
tribe.
2. Al-Kindi ………… his early life in Kufa, which had ………….. a centre of the
science
3. He ……….. the ………… science as well as the philosophical sciences.
4. He ………….. the last part of his life in …………….
5. He …………….. as one of the judices of astrology.
6. His …………….. was encyclopaedic
7. His philosophic ………….. is to be ………… directly in the writings of al-Farabi and
later Muslim Peripatetic.
3. Writing Activity
Compare your friend and yourself, and tell how your friends are different from you
in terms of characteristics, physic, likes/dislikes etc. Then write in a paragraph
consisting 50-60 words

4. Fun
Puzzle
Ulfa is older than Farid. Farid is older than Husein

Husein is younger than Ulfa. Hisyam is younger than Husein.
1. Who is older, Ulfa or Husein?
2. Who is older, Husein or Hisyam?
3. Who is younger, Farid or Husein?
4. Who is younger, Ulfa or Hisyam?
5. Who is older, Hisyam or Farid?
6. Who is younger, Ulfa or Farid?
7. Who is the youngest?
8. Who is the oldest?
9. Write the names from the oldest to the youngest?

UNIT XI
A.COMMUNICATION
Ani : May I borrow your typewriter please?
Ria : Yes. Go right a head. I‟m not using it right now.
Ani : Do you mind if I take it at home? I have to collect my assignment soon.
Ria : No, that‟s all right, but my cousin will use it next Wednesday. Can you
return it before Wednesday?
Ani : Sure, I‟ll give it back to you before Wednesday.
REQUESTS
A. When we wish to get something, or to get something done

- Would you pass the sugar, please? –Sure, here you are.
- Would you mind closing the window, please? –Sure.
- Could I see you for a minute? –By all means.
- I wonder if I could speak to Mr. Agung? Just a moment please.
- I‟d like a bar of soap, please? –Here you are, madam.
- Anything else?
- Please come in (polite imperative).
- Shut the door, please.
B. For help
- Would you come and help me buy a new dress? –I‟m afraid I haven‟t got time
just now.
- Could you spare me a few minute? –Well, it depends.
- I wonder if you could help me move this table? –Oh, do you think we can
manage it? It looks rather heavy.

C. For permission
- Do you mind if I smoke? –Not at all. Go right ahead.
- Would you mind if I open the window? –No, please do.
- May I come a little later? –Yes, that will be quite all right.
- I‟m taking the car today, if you don‟t mind.-No, that‟s all right.
D. For information
- Excuse me, but could you tell me the way to the post office? –Yea it‟s not far
from here. Go straight, then it is on the right sign.
- How do I get to the airport from here? –I should take a taxi, if I were you.
- Could you tell me the time, please? –It‟s about ten to eight.
- I wonder if you could tell me what time the shops close here? –I‟m sorry, but
I‟m a stranger here my self.
- How does one open this door? –Try turning the handle the other way.
Practice
1. Make your own requests by completing the following expression :
a. May I…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
b. Would you…………………………………………………………………………………………....
c. Could you……………………………………………………………………………………………..
d. I wonder if…………………………………………………………………………………………....
e. Would you mind……………………………………………………………………………………
f. Do you mind if…………………………………………………………………………………..….
g. I‟d like………………………………………………………………………………………………....
2. Give replies for the request you have made above (agree or disagree)
3. Make a dialogue on request for the following topic :
a. asking direction to the bank
b. asking permission to leave the meeting earlier
c. asking for a help to lift your heavy luggage

d. asking someone to pass the sugar in tea time
e. asking someone how to use a CD player
B. GRAMMAR FOCUS
ELLIPTIC STRUCTURE
(SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER)

He works hard, and so do I
He works hard and I do too
I am a student, and so is my sister
I am a student and my sister is too
He doesn‟t work hard, and I don’t either or neither do I
I am not lazy, and my sister isn’t either or neither is my sister
So, too, either, neither are called elliptic structures which means a word that is
omitted. The appropriate auxiliary verb can replace the main verb and the rest of
the sentence in cases where the main verb has occurred once or is understood from
the context. So and too are used to combine two affirmative sentences. So is used
before the auxiliary verb, whereas too is used after the auxiliary verb. Either and
neither are used to combine two negative sentences. Either is used after negative
auxiliary verb whereas neither is used before affirmative auxiliary verb.
Exercise I
Give positive response to the following statements by using so and too based on the
subject in the parentheses
1. He is taking a course in French now. (She)
..................................................................................................................................

2. Andi is going to study math tonight. (Rina)
...................................................................................................................................
3. He has a lot of work to finish. (She)
...................................................................................................................................
4. He will borrow some novels from the library, (I)
...................................................................................................................................
5. My cousin has to take the exams. (She)
...................................................................................................................................
6. Her friend should finish his job on time, (we)
...................................................................................................................................
7. Rizal might know his neighbors well, (they)
..................................................................................................................................
8. Anton passed the entrance test. (She)
..................................................................................................................................
9. Examinations are necessary. (Homework)
..................................................................................................................................
10. Father drinks coffee before leaving for office, (his friend)
..................................................................................................................................
11. Amin and Janeta have to do a lot of homework. (We)
...................................................................................................................................
12. They had to study last night. (We)
...................................................................................................................................
Exercise II
Give negative response to the following statements by using either and neither based
on the subject in the parentheses
1. Mary might not be here tomorrow, (Panji)
...................................................................................................................................
2. Amir isn‟t always early, (Agus)

..................................................................................................................................
3. Tomy doesn‟t drink beer, (My friends)
...................................................................................................................................
4. Ann wasn‟t at the movie yesterday, (We)
...................................................................................................................................
5. They weren‟t in the park yesterday, (my cousin)
...................................................................................................................................
6. She hasn‟t submitted her application, (my sister)
...................................................................................................................................
7. My father could not run fast when he was young, (my uncle)
...................................................................................................................................
8. He didn‟t remember to mail his letter, (I)
...................................................................................................................................
9. They won‟t continue his study in America, (my cousin)
...................................................................................................................................
10. We couldn‟t sleep well because there were a lot of mosquitoes ( our guests)
...................................................................................................................................
11. They don‟t take English course on Monday, (our class)
...................................................................................................................................
12. They haven‟t repaired our broken car, (the mechanic)
...................................................................................................................................

TEACHER
While everyone agrees that teacher need to love children, love alone is not
enough. To earn the coveted little of teacher, one must posses very special qualities,
abilities, attitudes, and skills. A teacher is a highly respected member of society who
has a fine command of language and a through knowledge of his subject. Good
teacher find their work deeply rewarding. Their own enthusiasm for learning carries
over to others. In addition, they are willing to spend many hours at home planning
their lesson and correcting papers. They are well- organized people too. They know
how to handle classroom routines, and they accept a certain amount of clerical work
as part of the job. Above all, they know how to get along with others, including their
supervisor and the rest of the faculty.
Good mental and physical health are important too. A teacher must have
energy and stamina because it is not easy to keep a group of youngsters interested
and controlled almost 200 days a year. Teachers also must be concerned with their
appearance, for they are the models that their students emulate. Finally, a teacher
must be willing to serve others.
Find the part of speech and the meaning of the following words, and construct them
into good sentences.
1. Coveted ……………………. ……………….………

……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
2. Posses …………….…….. ……………….………
……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
3. Reward …………………… ………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

4. Handle …………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….
5. Routines ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………
6. Clerical …………………… ………………………
………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………
7. Get along ……………………. ……………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
8. Youngsters ……………………. ………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
9. Concern ……………….…… ………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………
10. Emulate ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
Comprehension question
1. Answer the following question based on the passage above
1. What kind of person is a teacher in his society?
.................................................................................................................................
2. What do teachers need to have beside love?
.................................................................................................................................
3. What do teachers usually do at home?
.................................................................................................................................
4. Do teachers also have to work like clerks? Mention a sentence from the text to
support your answer?
................................................................................................................................
5. What must a teacher do with his supervisors and the rest of the faculty?
................................................................................................................................

6. Why must a teacher have energy and stamina?
.................................................................................................................................
7. Why do they have to appear well?
.................................................................................................................................
8. Who do students usually emulate?
.................................................................................................................................
2. Choose the correct answer based on the text above

1. Beside love, they must posses…..
a) General qualities
b) Unwanted qualities
c) Specific qualities
d) A title
2. A good teacher must also have…..
a) Enthusiasm for learning a foreign language
b) Enthusiasm for learning
c) Enthusiasm for learning bout teachers
d) Enthusiasm for learning a language
3. Teachers…..planning their lesson
a) May spend many hours at school
b) Must spend many hours at home
c) Must spend many hours in the classroom
d) Need to spend many hours in the office
4. Teachers sometimes have to work like…
a) Supervisor
b) Other people
c) Clerk

d) The rest of the faculty
5. Teachers must have physical health too because…..
a) They have energy and stamina
b) They have to be models to their students
c) They have to interest and control young people
d) They have to teach the students
6. Because they are the models that their students emulate they must
a) Be willing to serve others
b) Have good appearance
c) Appear in front of their students
d) Serve the student
3. Vocabulary Exercise
Fill the blank with suitable words below
Semester deadline advanced
Tuition require submit
Accept payment permission
Individual instructor schedule
Absent attendance registration
1. The…….for turning in this assignment is next Monday.

2. Some teachers ………..............their students to do a lot of homework.
3. Most students take three or four classes each…..........
4. If you can't pay the ………......, you will have to borrow some money.
5. You have to study the beginning levels first before you take an……..level course.
6. I learned a lot in that class because the.........……..explain everything so clearly.
7. If you are……….........from class too many times, you will fail.
8. To sign up for a class, fill out the …............….. form at the back of the class
catalog.

9. This school has a good………............for working people because many classes are
offered in the evenings and on weekends.
10. If you don't miss any classes, you will get a certificate for perfect……………......
11. Ask the teacher for……..............to leave the class early.
12. Some teachers let students turn in their assignments late, but others
never…...............…late work.
13. If a student doesn't understand the class work, he should ask the teacher
for……..............help.
14. This course costs $ 500, and you must make your …...........….before the first day
of class.
15. If you don't ……...............the assignment on time, you will get a lower grade.
D.WRITING
Imagine that you‟re a High School teacher who has a problem with some
introvert students. Write out what will you do to make the students more active
and have a better socialization with others in one or more paragraph consisting
at least 100-150 words.

UNIT XII
A. COMMUNICATION
Tom : What d‟ you think of Jakarta?
Cintya : Well, it‟s very big, isn‟t it?
Tom : Too big I think. What‟s Malang like?
Cintya : Oh, it‟s much smaller of course
Tom : And how d‟you like our hot weather?
Cintya : Well, it hasn‟t been too bad lately. –By the way, may I ask you something?
What‟s the Brawijaya Museum like?
Tom : Well, I prefer the art gallery. It‟s less like a museum.
CONVERSATIONAL OPENING
To start a communication, we can use:
1. Question
To start a conversation in a foreign language, it is good for us to have a
supply of questions. It is very important especially if the person we are speaking to is
probably just as shy as we are.
Here are some common patterns:
- What did you think of…?
- What‟s it like?
- How'd you like….?
- What d‟ you think of Borobudur? – I think it‟s a very fantastic temple
- What did you think of the party last night?-I enjoyed it very much
- How did you enjoy your trip?-I found it very interesting

Some other common patterns
- How did you come here? By car, by train
- How did you spend your holiday? We went to Bali
- What subjects do you study? My major subject is art
- What kind of climate does your country have? It is generally fairly hot
2. Remarks
Remarks are often used to start a conversation. Such remarks often begin (or
end) with certain key verbs in the first person:
-Expect I expect you‟ve seen the country already ( an indirect way of finding
out where you‟ve been)
-Suppose It‟s pretty cold in your country in the winter, I suppose.
-Imagine I imagine you have to work pretty hard in a job like yours.
-Hear I hear you„ll be staying here for some time.
From the expression above we can see that these remarks are in many cases
distinguished questions. English people often try to avoid a direct question because
they are afraid of appearing „nosey‟. A remark is more casual and oblique. Beside
such remark, sometimes we can use a question tag.
E.g. It‟s a lovely beach, isn‟t it?
This is a comfortable hotel, isn‟t it?
This winter‟s been bad, hasn‟t it?
Practice
1. Make a role play. Continue the following conversational opening with your own
words, then your partner make the replay.
a) Question b) Remarks
What do you think of…..? I expect……….
How d‟ you like…..? I suppose………

What‟s it like? I hear………….
2. Develop a conversation based on the following situation. Imagine you are taking
Aisyah round your hometown. Point out places of interest and tell her something
about them.
3. Report the result of conversation no 2 to someone else. You can use the following
model:
Well, first of all we talk about…….. Then I ask her what I like. She told
me…….Then we discussed …….. In the end I invited……….
B. GRAMMAR FOCUS
IMPERSONAL IT AND EXPLETIVE THERE
a. Farhan has a new dictionary. It has 1500 pages.
b. What time is it? It is 10 o' clock p.m.

How is the weather? It is nice
How far is Surabaya from Jakarta? It is about 350 kms.
c. It rained heavily yesterday.

It is easy to speak Arabic.
Who's on the phone? It's Anwar
d. There is a book on the table.

There are many ways to solve this problem.
There is a man over there.

It and there are only used to fill the subject position. It in sentence (a) is
used as a pronoun, while it in sentences (b and c) is used as impersonal. It has
no real meaning and doesn't necessarily refer to anything. There in
sentences (d) are used as an expletive (which has no real meaning) and an
adverb (which indicates a place)
Exercise I
Add the correct form of ‘there is’ or ‘it is’
1. …….... easy to understand why she hasn‟t come back.
2. ……..... time to go bed.
3. ……..... very strange that we should both arrive together.
4. ............ no one at home when I called for him.
5. …….... a few sandwiches left over from yesterday.
6. …….... two guests coming for the weekend.
7. ………. no place like home.
8. ……... hard to decide what was the best thing to do.
9. ……... a long time since I saw such a beautiful sunset.
10. ……..... a light in the kitchen when I got home.
11. ……..... a pity you missed the concert.
12. ……..... most unpleasant to have to work twelve hours a day.
13. ……..... a good wheat crop this year.
14. ……..... still several empty seats in the plane when I arrive.
15. …......... crowds of people at the station waiting to greet the movie star.
Exercise II
Fill the correct form of „there is‟ or „it is‟ in the spaces.
1. "What's the time?" "……....3.30. "And what's the date?" "….....the 24 th".
2. How far…....to New York? ….......50 kilometers.
3. ……...very stormy last night. Yes,…......storms all over the country.

4. ….......freezing very hard…….....ice on the lake tomorrow.
5. As……....sunny she decided to take the children to the sea.
6. Why don't you go for a walk? …......a pity to stay when ….....so nice outside.
7. …......(not) any shadow because …......(not) any sun.
8. ............ going to be a bus strike tomorrow.
…......all right if ………..a fine day; but if …....wet ….....
….......long queues at the underground.
9. …......(not) any glass in the windows; that is why …........so cold in the room.
10. ……...very wet yesterday;……......impossible to go out.
11. …......a lot of rain last week. ……......floods everywhere.
12. …........a thick fog last night…...........several accidents on the motorway.
13. ….......foolish to drive fast when ….......foggy.
14. ……....difficult to find you way round this town….........so many streets all looking
exactly alike.
15. Come on, children…..........time to get up….......…nearly breakfast time.
Exercise II
Fill the correct form of „there is‟ or „it is‟ in the spaces.
1. ............said that if you break a mirror you'll be unlucky for seven years.
2. As he had very bad sight ……........difficult for him to recognize people.
3. …….....(not) necessary to carry your passport everywhere with you
but….......advisable to carry some document of identity.
4. …..a guard outside the door and …….....bars on the windows…..........impossible
to escape.
5. ……......a garage behind the hotel? Yes, …..........rather full. I don't think
…........room for your car.
6. One night ….........a heavy fall of snow which blocked all the roads. Luckily
…...........plenty of food in the house.
7. He thought that…...........better to say nothing about his change of plan.

8. ……..........a pond beside your house? Yes, ……... How deep…....….?
9. We‟ve done all we can…….........nothing to do now but wait.
10. …….....a long time before I got an answer. Then one a letter arrive-
well….........(not) really a letter, for ...........….only one sentence on the paper.
11. ….........a pity you haven‟t another bedroom. Yes, but…........quite a big loft,
which I am thinking of turning into a bedroom…….......a skylight so…......(not)
….................a ventilation problem.
12. …............a hotel in the village, so we decided to stay there. …..........a charming
village and I was very happy there, but my children were bored
because…..............nothing to do in the evening.
13. …….........five flats in the building-one o each floor. Mine‟s on the top floor.
…...........no lift but…........supposed to be good for the figure to run up and
down stairs, …...........(not) .........…..?
14. Just cross out that word and go on. ……..........(not) necessary to begin again.
15. „Can I have The Times, please,‟ said the customer. „I‟m afraid ....……(not) any
left,‟ said the newsagent. But ...............….a Guardian on the rack beside you.
Why don‟t you take tat? ….................just as good.
Zakat & Our Approach
Today, we are taught that zakat is one of the pillars of Islam. Zakat is
generally translated as charity or poor due and it is required to be distributed
according to the details given in the Shariah. However, the descendents of the
Prophet (pbuh), generally known as "Syeds" in the Indian subcontinent are
forbidden to take zakat according to this Shariah. No matter how poor, they are
considered superior by birth compared to other Muslims due to their supposed
relationship with the Prophet (pbuh). Obviously, this is against our Prophet's
Sunnah since he proclaimed justice, fairness, and equality for all, regardless of
family or blood relationship.

The dispensation of zakat is regulated by different rates (called shar'h ) for
different items called (nisaab) whose details are given in books of hadith and Fiqh.
Zakat on money is 2.5% of the savings over a period of one year according to the
Shari'ah. There are many conditions attached to the giving and receiving of zakat.
There is no uniformity even among the Sunnis in the restrictions, rates and even
the items of zakat.
In addition, there are different books of Fiqh and Shari'ah for different Muslim
sects or schools of thought! Although Islamic scholars know about these differences
in zakah among the Muslim sects, they rarely bring them out into the open, since it
is in the interest of these scholars to keep the people ignorant.
The differences in zakat among the four Sunni Imams are not as major as
among the Sunni and Shi'ia Imams. For example, in Fiqh Jaffariah , there is no
zakat on paper currency. So, for the followers of this Fiqh there is no Zakat on bank
accounts. When General Zia-ul-Haq, the Pakistani military ruler instituted
compulsory zakat in Pakistan, the Shi'ia 'Ulema revolted against it and refused to
abide by the government's zakat ordinance. Ultimately the government excluded
Shi'ias from the yearly bank account deductions. This led many Sunnis to declare
themselves Shi'ias on their bank forms to avoid paying zakat on their bank
accounts.
1. Pillar ………….………. ………………………

………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………
2. Charity ………….……….. ………..………..……
……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
3. Rate …………………… ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
4. Regardless …………..………. ………………..………
………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….
5. Dispensation ……………………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Restriction …………………… ………………………

………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………
7. Attached ……………………. ……………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Sects ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Ignorant ………………….… ………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Abide ……………………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………
11. Revolted …………………… ………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Ordinance ……………………… ………………..……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Ultimately ……………………. ……………..…………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Deduction …………………………. ……………….………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Declare ………………………….. ……………….………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I. Answer the following question based on the text above!

1. What is zakat
......................................................................................................................
2. What is meant by „Syeds‟?
.....................................................................................................................
3. Why are Syeds forbidden to take zakat?
......................................................................................................................
4. How is the status of muslims based on the prophet‟s sunnah?
.....................................................................................................................

5. What does the word this in line 5 paragraph 1 refer to?
......................................................................................................................
6. Why did Muslim scholar ignore the difference in zakat among muslim sects?
......................................................................................................................
7. What reference is used to regulate the zakah? Give the example!
......................................................................................................................
8. Why is there no zakah on bank account?
......................................................................................................................
9. Why did Shi‟ia ulema revolt the compulsory zakah in Pakistan?
......................................................................................................................
10. Why do Sunnis prefer to be Shi‟ia when they have a bank account?
......................................................................................................................
State whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F) according to the
passage!
1. (.................) Every Muslim must pay for zakat.

2. (.................) Syeds broke the prophet sunnah.
3. (.................) Syeds were a superior group of Muslim in Mecca.
4. (.................) Each kind of zakat has its own regulation in its practice.
5. (.................) There isn‟t uniformity to regulate the zakat.
6. (.................) Shar‟h and nisaab are used to regulate the zakat.
7. (.................) The difference regulation applied in zakat is basically caused by
the difference of sects.
8. (.................) Sunni and Shi‟ia Imams have a great difference on zakat than the
Sunni Imams.
9. (.................) Sunni‟s Muslim must follow his Imam in practicing the zakat.
10. (.................) Shi‟ia prefers to use the rule of zakat that is easy to practice in
their daily life.

Fill in the box below with the correct part of speech of the following
words.
noun verb adjective adverb
translate
relationship
dispensation
Different
declare
government
justice
generally
ultimately
D. WRITING
In your opinion, what is the role of zakats in a society? Can we help the poor by
paying them? Write the result of your ideas in one or more paragraph consisting
at least 100-150 words.

UNIT XIII
A. COMMUNICATION

Agus : Hi Budi
Budi : Hi
Agus : Are you free this evening?
Budi : I think so, I‟ve finished all my work.
Agus : Would you like to come to the cinema this evening?
Budi : I’d love too, I haven‟t seen the movie for quite a long time.
Agus : Fine, I‟ll pick you up at seven o‟clock
Budi : No. We had better come earlier. What about six o‟clock?
Agus : OK, we will meet at six then
INVITATIONS
Most spoken invitations are in the form of questions. They often begin with will,
would, would you like to, would you care to, etc. They are seldom answered only by
Yes or No.
1. Accepting an invitation
Won‟t you come in? Thank you.
Would you like to come to concert this evening? Yes, I‟d love to.
Will you join us for lunch? Thank you.
I wonder whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week? That
would be great fun.
Could you come to a party at my place next Wednesday? Yes, with pleasure.

2. Refusing an invitation
Refusing an invitation is more difficult to perform with grace and courtesy. In
this case, expressions such as I’m afraid or I’m sorry will be useful here. In
addition, some explanation for your refusal is often desirable for example:
A : Will you join us for dinner?

B : If you don‟t mind, I‟d rather not. I‟ve got a bit of a toothache.
A : Would you be free to come to a concert tonight?
B : Thank you, but I‟m afraid I‟ve got another appointment.
A : Could you come to the party tonight?
B : I‟m sorry, I‟ve lots of work to do.
A : Are you free next Sunday afternoon?
B : Well, I am afraid my parents are coming down to see me then.
A : Could you come to tea on Tuesday?
B : That‟s very kind of you, but I am afraid I am rather tied up.
A : Would you like to go to Zoo tomorrow?
B : I‟d love to, but you see the people I am staying with are taking me out for
the day.
There are also certain remarks leading up to an invitation:

What are you doing next Monday? –Well, let me see…………………………………….
Are you doing anything next Friday afternoon? –No, I don‟t think so.
What are you doing the day after tomorrow? –Nothing special, as far as I know.
Practice
1. Make a dialogue to invite your friend for the following occasion :
- Having dinner at your house ( accept)
- Coming to a party ( accept)
- Going to the play ( refuse )

- Going camping to mount Bromo (refuse)
- Going to the beach (refuse)
2. Read the dialogue you‟ve made, but change the acceptances to refusals and
vice versa.
B. GRAMMAR FOCUS
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Study the following sentence :

a. If it rains this afternoon, we won’t go to the concert
If you don’t hurry, you will miss the train
Using unless
b. Alfin will come tomorrow if she isn't busy
= Alfin will come tomorrow unless she is busy
He won't buy a new car if he doesn't have a lot of money
= He won't buy a new car unless he has a lot of money
If you don't change your mind, I won't help you.
= Unless you change your mind, I won't help you. (except you change)
The sentences above are usually called future possible condition. A sentence that
expresses a future possible condition refers to an action that may or may not take
place in the future. The simple present tense is used in conditional (if) clause,
while the simple future is used in the other clauses. Something will happen if a
certain condition is fulfilled. Unless means if….not. Unless is stronger than if…not,
it can be used to show a thread. Note that when the verb in the if clause is
negative, the verb in unless clause is affirmative. The if clause may precede or
follow the main clause. When the if clause comes at the beginning of the sentence,
it is followed by a comma.

Exercise I
Combine the following sentences into conditional sentences
1. If you….........................(not study), you………………………………. (not pass) the test.
2. If she ….....................(be) busy tomorrow, she ….................(not attend) the party.
3. If he ….............(not make) any noise, the librarian ………………..(not remind) him.
4. He…..............(not get) any accident if he always ….......................(drive) carefully.
5. If she ……………………… (come) late, his father ….....................(be) angry with her.
6. You……………. (be) able to go on a vacation if you …………(save) money from now.
7. We …..................................(not come) unless he….................................(invite) us.
8. You .………….........(accompany) me tomorrow if you …..........................(not busy)
9. If the shirt…........................(not fit), we…....................................(change) it.
10. I ……………......(get) any discount if I …...................................(pay) in cash?
11. If you ……………………..(give) me your phone number, I ……………………(call) you.
12. If it ………………………. (rain) tomorrow, we ………………….. (cancel) the barbeque.
13. If the weather …….……………….. (be) good, we often ………..……………(have) lunch
outside.
14. If you …………..…………… (finish) before 5 o'clock, I …………...…………… (come) and
………………………… (pick) you up.
15. If we ………………………… (hurry), we ………………….. (get) to the shops before they
close.
16. He always ……………………….. (complain) if I ……………………….. (be) late.
17. If you ……………………….. (come) to the party, you ……………………….. (meet) Laila.
18. The students usually ………….……………. (work) hard if they ……………….…………….
(have) a test.
19. Where …………………… (you, wait) if I ………………………… (be) delayed?
20. I …………………………. (see) him at the meeting if he ………………………………(come).

Exercise II
Write these sentences, putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the
future simple.
1. If the train's late, we (walk).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. She (call) you if she (have) time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. If it costs too much, I (buy) a smaller one.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. If the doctor can't see me, I (go) somewhere else.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. If the class (be) full, we (find) another one.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. What will we do if the taxi (not come)?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Will you phone me if there (be) any problems?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. I (ask) Jojon if I (see) him tomorrow.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. I (go) next week, if I (can) get a train ticket.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. If I (have to), I (complain) to the manager.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Ms. Nanik (be) worried if you don't come to class without notification.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. I (lend) them some interesting books if they (ask) me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise III
Combine the two sentences into conditional sentences.
Eg : The weather is nice. We go swimming.
If the weather is nice, we will go swimming.
1. You listen carefully. You hear the noise.

....................................................................................................................................
2. Marry cries. The ball hit her.
....................................................................................................................................
3. She thinks carefully. She remembers his name.
....................................................................................................................................
4. We have the time. We paint the house.
....................................................................................................................................
5. He hears the news. He is shocked.
....................................................................................................................................
6. He tries hard. He finds a job somewhere.
.....................................................................................................................................
7. He is a rich man. She marries him.
.....................................................................................................................................
8. You ring the bell. Everybody goes home.
.....................................................................................................................................
9. The lights go out. I am not able to finish my work.
.....................................................................................................................................
10. He works more seriously. The manager gives some more increase.
......................................................................................................................................
11. You want to go pilgrimage. You have to save some amount of money.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Arabic Transliteration
There are a number of different standards of Arabic transliteration: methods

of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin alphabet. The more
scientific standards allow the reader to recreate the exact word using the Arabic
alphabet. However, these systems are heavily reliant on diacritical marks such as "š"
for the English sh sound. At first sight, this may be difficult to recognize. Less
scientific systems often use digraphs (like sh and kh), which are usually more simple
to read, but sacrifice the definiteness of the scientific systems. In some cases, the sh
or kh sounds can be represented by italicizing or underlining them -- that way, they
can be distinguished from separate s and h sounds or k and h sounds, respectively.
(Compare gashouse to gash.)
The system used by the US military, Standard Arabic Technical

Transliteration System or SATTS, solves some of these issues, as well as the need for
special characters by representing each Arabic letter with a unique symbol in the
ASCII range to provide a one-to-one mapping from Arabic to ASCII and back. This
system, while facilitating typing on English keyboards, presents its own ambiguities
and disadvantages.
During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented
text communication technologies have become prevalent in the Arab world, such as
personal computers, the World Wide Web, email, Bulletin board systems, IRC,
instant messaging and mobile phone text messaging. Most of these technologies
originally had the ability to communicate using the Latin alphabet only, and some of
them still do not have the Arabic alphabet as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic
speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text
using the Latin script, sometime known as IM Arabic.
To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using

the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the
numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter "‫"ع‬, ayn. There is no
universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it Arabic Chat
Alphabet. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization
to represent the "emphatic" counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using
capitalization, the letter "‫"د‬, or daal, may be represented by d. Its emphatic
counterpart, "‫"ض‬, may be written as D.

1. Transliteration ………………. …………………

………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………
2. Accurately ……………….. ………………
……………………………………………………………………….………………………………………
3. Diacritical mark …………………… ………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
4. Reliant …………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
5. Optional ………………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
6. Sacrifice …………………… ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Script ……………………. ……………………….
………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
8. Respectively ……………………. ………………………
……………………………………………………………………….………………………………………
9. Facilitate …………….……… ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………
10. Ambiguity ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
11. Prevalent …………………… ………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
12. Feature ……………………… ……………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….………………………………

13. Counterpart ……………………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Emphatic …………………………. ……………………
………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………
15. Exact ………………………….. ……………………
……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………
I. Answer the following question based on the text above!

1. How many approaches can be used in Arabic transliteration? Mention them!
.........................................................................................................................
2. What are the advantage and disadvantage of scientific standard?
........................................................................................................................
3. What are the advantage and disadvantage of less scientific standard?
.......................................................................................................................
4. What is SATTS?
....................................................................................................................
5. How do SATTS solve the problems in Arabic transliteration?
......................................................................................................................
6. Are there any weaknesses in SATTS? Mention them!
......................................................................................................................
7. What is IM Arabic?
.....................................................................................................................
8. In what media IM Arabic can be found?
.......................................................................................................................
9. What is the weakness of IM Arabic?
.......................................................................................................................
10. How can we write capital letter in Arabic Transliteration?
..........................................................................................................................

II. State whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F) according to the
passage!
1. (.................) There have not been standard in Arabic transliteration in Latin
alphabet.
2. (.................) The accuracy of Arabic transliteration is more important than its
efficiency.
3. (.................) Scientific standards encourages the reader to be more creative.
4. (.................) Scientific standard use diacritical marks.
5. (.................) Less scientific system highlights on the definiteness in Arabic
transliteration.
6. (.................) Western countries produce a text communication technologies that
makes Arabic people depend much on it.
7. (.................) In IM Arabic a person don‟t have to translate the Arabic text using
Latin script.
8. (.................) Nominal and certain characters are used to translate Arabic letters.
9. (.................) Up to now there hasn‟t been an easy Arabic transliteration that is
agreed by the people.
10. (.................) Arabic Chat Alphabet can overcome the problem of Arabic letters
that cannot be represented in Latin script accurately.
D.WRITING
Work with the partner. Imagine a futuristic disaster and write about the effects it
will have on the environment, population, food supply, and animal survival.
Write your ideas in one paragraph consisting at least 100 words.

UNIT XIV
A. COMMUNICATION
Hari : Hi, I‟m coming
Budi : Hi Hari, Have you posted my letter?
Hari : Your letter, what letter?
Budi : The one that I gave you this morning. It‟s for uncle Lukman.
Hari : Really? Oh yes I still put it in my office. I’m so sorry. I completely forgot
about it.
Budi : What about tomorrow?
Hari : Never mind. It‟s not an urgent letter
APOLOGIES
Apologies are expression or statements saying that we are sorry for having
done something wrong or something that hurts somebody‟s feeling. Foe example if
you can hear something clearly or can‟t understand what the speaker said, then you
may use the following expressions:
I „beg your pardon?
‘Pardon?, Sorry?
For awkwardness
If we do silly thing for example drop the glass, lateness, we may say:
- Sorry
- I‟m sorry
- I‟m very sorry
- I‟m so sorry

If it‟s not quite clear who‟s to blame:
My fault, I‟m so sorry.
In addition to apologetic expression above, we may use some other apologetic
expressions such as:
Sorry to trouble you –That‟s all right
Sorry to bother you just now. -Oh, that‟s quite all right.
Sorry to have kept you waiting. -It doesn‟t matter.
I hope I‟m not disturbing you. -No, not at all.
Could you come at nine? -I‟m sorry, but I‟m rather busy just then.
Excuse me, but could you tell me the way to the station?
Excuse me, please. (Passing someone in a cinema)
Practice
Complete the following dialog:
14. A. The waiter doesn‟t have what you want.
You : could I have fried noodles, please
Waiter : …………..................................................................................................
You : well, could I have a mushroom omelet?
Waiter : …….......................................................................................................
You : oh, it doesn‟t matter then.
B. The shop assistant (SA) doesn‟t have what you want.

You : how much is that………………………………………………………………..?
SA : eleven dollars
You : that‟s rather expensive. Have you got a cheaper one?
SA : ………………………………………………… we haven‟t. Not in that color.
You : well, do you have the same tie in blue?
SA : No, …………………………………………………………………….....................
You : oh well, I‟ll take the red one please.

C. You are buying some books in a bookshop. The salesperson (SP) gives you the
wrong change.
You : I‟d like this books, please.
(SP) : Certainly. That will be Rp 40, 000.
You : …………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(SP) : Thank you. And here‟s your change.
You : Oh……! You‟ve only given me Rp 5,000.You should have
given me ……………………………………………………………………………….……
(SP) : ……….
You : That‟s all right
(SP) : Here‟s the rest of your change.
You : ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Make a dialogue based on the following situation. Use some apologetic
expressions.
1. You‟re speaking to an old lady and you can‟t hear what she said.
2. Calling a friend up late at night for urgent information.
3. Coming at the wrong class.
4. Calling for the wrong number.
5. Loosing your friend‟s book.
B. GRAMMAR FOCUS
PAST PERFECT TENSE

a) The plane had left when we reached the airport.
b) After I brushed my teeth, I went to bed.
c) After I had brushed, I went to bed.
d) I had been waiting here for almost two hours before you came.

The past perfect tense (had + Past participle) is used to express an activity
that was completed before another activity took place in the past. If either
‘before’ or ‘after’ is used in the sentence (b) and (c), past perfect is often not
necessary because the time relationship is already clear. Sentence (d) is called
past perfect progressive. It is used to emphasize on the duration of an
activity.
Exercise I
Combine the two sentences to form a new one which contains the word because.
When you change the order of the two sentences, use the past perfect.
1. The girls walked for a long time. Then they decided to rest.
..................................................................................................................................
2. John waited for the bus for a long time. He decided to take taxi.
..................................................................................................................................
3. Bob wanted a new car for a long time. He bought one yesterday.
.................................................................................................................................
4. Nancy saved enough money for the plane ticket. She went to Europe.
.................................................................................................................................
5. Mr. Brown worked hard all year. He took a long vocation.
.................................................................................................................................
6. John‟s old car broke down. He bought a new one.
..................................................................................................................................
7. Bob slept for nine hours. He was wide awake yesterday morning.
............................................................................................................
8. John practiced soccer for many years. He played very well yesterday.
..................................................................................................................................

Exercise II
Supply the following verb in the bracket with simple past or past perfect tense.
1. After Shinta ………….... (hear) the sad news, she …........(begin) to cry.
2. After Anwar ……….. ...(write) the letter , he … …...…(go) to bed
3. Before it ………... (start) to rain, I …............. (reach) the station
4. The bell …..............(already ring ) when the bus …..........…(arrive) at school.
5. I ………....(finish)my homework before he ........…….(come) to see me
6. When we …..................(get) there the show …….......…already (begin)
7. The boy …...........…(say) that he just …......…… (receive) a letter from his friend
8. She ……….....(just go) out when I …..........…. (call) at her house
9. The fire …...........(destroy) the whole building before firemen ……..........(arrive)
10. The motorist and one passenger ….....……(die) by the time the ambulance
…….........(arrive)
11. The girl ……….......(tell) us that she ……...........(lose) her way
12. After leaving my house, I suddenly ……....….(remember) that I……….. (forget) to
lock the front door
13. When he……......(get) home, he …..........…(discover) that his little
brother…..............(eat) all the chocolate
14. When I……........(meet) him last week, I suddenly …...........…(realize) that
I…….........…(not see) him for many years
15. He …….............(want) to know who…..........…..(break) the glass
Exercise III
Use Present Perfect Progressive or Past Perfect Progressive for the following
sentences
1. It is 2 o‟clock. Mr. Dadang........................ (work) for two hours. No wonder he‟s
getting tired now
2. It is midday. I ............................(jog) for four hours. No wonder I am very thirsty

3. Lunch is not quite ready yet, although I....................... (cook) all the morning
4. It ...................(rain) all day. I wonder when it will stop.
5. The telephone.................. (ring) for a long time before it was answered.
6. We.................. (do) our homework for about four hours when the lights went out
yesterday.
7. You ................... (sleep) long enough. It‟s time to get up.
8. Hasyim suddenly realized that he was the only passenger left on the bus. He was
shocked because he ....................(sleep) for two hours.
9. There were many people standing in front of the ticket counter. Some of
them................... (stand) for more than two hours. Finally we decided to leave
the movie and went to the cafeteria.
10. It was at noon. The gardener................... (cut) the grass for four hours. He should
take a rest.
Exercise IV
Write the sentences, putting one in each sentence into the past simple, and the other
verb into the past perfect.
1. When the police (arrive), the car (go).
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. When I (get) to the shop, it (close).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. They (eat) everything by the time I (arrive) at the party.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. When we (leave) the beach, the rain (already start).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. I (try) telephoning her several times but she (leave the country).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. When I (find) my purse, someone (take) the money out of it.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The car (go) when I (look) into the street.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The patient (already die) by the time I (see) her.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. All the garages (close) by the time we (cross) the border.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. (You already leave) when the trouble (start)?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. The post (not arrive) when I (leave) the house this morning.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. By the time I (get) into town, the shops (close).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
English Vocabulary
The English vocabulary has changed considerably over the centuries.

Germanic words (generally words of Old English origin) which include all the basics
such as pronouns (I, my, you, it) and conjunctions (and, or, but) tend to be shorter
than the Latinate words of English, and more common in ordinary speech. The
longer Latinate words are often regarded as more elegant or educated. However, the
excessive or superfluous use of Latinate words is considered at times to be either
pretentious or an attempt to obfuscate an issue.
An English speaker is in many cases able to choose between Germanic and

Latinate synonyms: come or arrive; sight or vision; freedom or liberty. In some
cases there is a choice between a Germanic derived word (oversee), a Latin derived
word (supervise), and a French word derived from the same Latin word (survey).
The richness of the language arises from the variety of different meanings and
nuances such synonyms harbor, enabling the speaker to express fine variations or

shades of thought. Familiarity with the etymology of groups of synonyms can give
English speakers greater control over their linguistic register.
An exception to this and a peculiarity perhaps unique to English is that the

nouns for meats are commonly different from, and unrelated to, those for the
animals from which they are produced, the animal commonly having a Germanic
name and the meat having a French-derived one. Examples include: deer and
venison; cow and beef; swine/pig and pork, or sheep and mutton. This is assumed
to be a result of the aftermath of the Norman invasion, where a French-speaking
elite were the consumers of the meat, produced by English-speaking lower classes.
In everyday speech, the majority of words will normally be Germanic. If a

speaker wishes to make a forceful point in an argument in a very blunt way,
Germanic words will usually be chosen. A majority of Latinate words (or at least a
majority of content words) will normally be used in more formal speech and writing,
such as a courtroom or an encyclopedia article. However, there are other Latinate
words that are used normally in everyday speech and do not sound formal; these are
mainly words for concepts that no longer have Germanic words, and are generally
assimilated better and in many cases do not appear Latinate. For instance, the words
mountain, valley, river, aunt, uncle, move, use, push and stay are all Latinate.
English is noted for the vast size of its active vocabulary and its fluidity.
English easily accepts technical terms into common usage and imports new words
and phrases that often come into common usage. Examples of this phenomenon
include: cookie, Internet and URL (technical terms), as well as genre, über, lingua
franca and amigo (imported words/phrases from French, German, modern Latin,
and Spanish, respectively). In addition, slang often provides new meanings for old
words and phrases. In fact, this fluidity is so pronounced that a distinction often
needs to be made between formal forms of English and contemporary usage.
1. Ordinary ………………. …………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Regarded ……………….. ………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Superfluous …………………… ………………………..
……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
4. Pretentious …………………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….
5. Obfuscate ………………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Derived …………………… ………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
7. Nuances ……………………. ……………………….
………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………
8. Etymology ……………………. ………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
9. Peculiarity …………… ………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………
10. Invasion ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………
11. Assimilated …………………… ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………
12. Fluidity ……………………… ……………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………
13. Slang ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
14. Contemporary ……………………… ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………
15. Aftermath ………………………….. …………..……………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer the following questions based on the information from the text above
1. What are the characteristics of Germanic words?
.................................................................................................................................
2. What are the characteristics of Latin words?
.................................................................................................................................
3. What is the impact of the use of excessive Latin words?
.................................................................................................................................
4. What variation can be used by an English speaker in using Germanic and

Latinate synonyms?
..................................................................................................................................
5. Why is English language rich in vocabulary?
..................................................................................................................................
6. Why do English speakers easier to control their linguistics register?
..................................................................................................................................
7. What makes English becomes a unique language in the world? Give the example!
.................................................................................................................................
8. In what aspect is English well known? Give the example!
..................................................................................................................................
9. What is the function of slang language to English?
..................................................................................................................................

10. What does the word this in line 3 (paragraph 5) refer to?
.................................................................................................................................
Choose the correct answer based on the text above

1. Longer Latina words can be assumed as:
a. Graceful b. formal c. pretentious d. obfuscate
2. We can trace the origin of English in:
a. Latin b. French c. Norman d. Germany
3. Germanic and Latin synonyms should be used differently because:
a. They have their own meaning
b. They have their own nuances
c. They are used to express certain thought
d. They have absolute different meaning
4. The following words are Latin, except:
a. Valley b. stay c. sight d. use
5. We can learn the history of a language in:
a. Phonology b. morphology c. etymology d. epistemology
6. English speakers are able to choose appropriate words for many different
context because:
a. They master many languages
b. They master English well
c. They have learned English etymology
d. They are familiar with English etymology
7. The following statements are correct, except:
a. Most Latin words are formal English word
b. English speakers prefer to use Germanic words than Latin words
c. Norman invasion influence English vocabulary
d. We can‟t find Latin words for concept in Germanic words

8. English Vocabulary doesn‟t have the following characteristic:
a. Rich b. dynamic c. active d. constant
9. The following statements are false, except:
a. English is easily adapt to other language
b. English is easily import words that are common in phenomenon
c. English speakers often use slang to differentiate the formal and non formal
words
d. English vocabulary is flourish
10. The antonym of the word noted in the last paragraph is:
a. Famous b. well-known c. popular d. memorable
D.WRITING
Write about the following topics. Use correct sequence of time, then share your
experiences with your friend.
a. The happiest day in your life
b. The saddest day in your life
c. The most embarrassing day in your life
d. The most frustrating day in your life

UNIT XV
A. COMMUNICATION
Ratna : Why were you absent yesterday?
Rina : I got a bad headache yesterday. I‟ve never been in such terrible time before.
Ratna : Have you taken some medicine?
Rina : Yes, of course. I‟ve drunk some aspirin but it didn‟t work.
Ratbn : You had better see a doctor.
Rina : Yes, you‟re right. I‟ll see him as soon as possible.
SUGGESTION
Many of the suggestion below are indirect invitations, others offer advice, ask for
opinion, etc. Here they are grouped according to the words and expression used.
A. Suggestion-and agreeing with them

1. Let
- Let‟s go by taxi.
- Let‟s not stay too long. I‟m feeling rather tired. –Oh, all right. (rather
unwilling consent)
- Let me drive you home. –Oh, that‟s very kind of you.
2. What about…? How about…?
- What about going shopping? –I‟d love to.
- How about a drink? –That‟s a very good idea.
- What about Mary? Would you like one? –Oh, Yes, I‟d love one.
3. Think, suppose, expect
- I think we‟d better be going soon. –All right.

- I don‟t think it‟s worth waiting here for her, do you? –No, frankly I don‟t
think it is.
- I thought we‟d just drop in here and have a cup of coffee. –Good idea.
- I don‟t suppose you have time for a cup of tea? –Well, not really.
- I expect you‟re rather tired after your journey, aren‟t you? –Well yes, I am
rather.
4. You’d better
- You‟d better wear your overcoat.-Yes I certainly will.
- You‟d better hurry up or you‟ll be late. –Good Lord yes. Look at time!
5. Some other expressions
- What do you say to our staying another day? –I don‟t mind.
- Would you like to go to Surabaya sometime? –That would be very
interesting.
- Why not ask him to meet us at the station? –Good idea!
- Why don‟t you sit down? (Please sit down) –Thank you.
- If I were you, I‟d wear a hat.-Yes, I suppose I‟d better.
- Shall we go about 6 o‟clock? –All right.
B. Suggestions and disagreeing with them

- Let‟s go to the fair.-No, let‟s go to the cinema.
- Let‟s drop in here for a drink.-Well, actually, I‟m not thirsty.
- What about a game of tennis? – Well, it‟s rather hot at the moment, don‟t you
think?
- Would you like to go fishing today? –Well, I was just a beginning to enjoy
myself.
- How about another cup of tea? –Do you think we have time?

C. Suggestion about what a person should see or do
- You should try to see Bali if you have time.
- You ought to go to a shadow puppet performance while you‟re here.
- You might spend a few days by the seaside.
- You could go by bus or train I believe.
- Why not hire a car?
Practice
1. Make suggestion for the following situation and then ask your friend to reply.
Stop smoking for somebody‟s bad health
Not going camping in a bad weather
Having some refreshment after doing the test
Wearing the seat belt while driving a car
Having exercise regularly to keep our body fit
2. Read the dialogue you have made above then change the agreement to
disagreement and vice versa
B. GRAMMAR FOCUS
Modal Perfect
Study the following sentence:

Anisa didn‟t come to class this morning, she might have been sick.
The plane should have landed an hour ago, but it was postponed till three
o‟clock.
Amir could have walked to work, but he took a cap instead.
If I was not busy yesterday, I would have helped you.
The tree was wet, it must have rained last night.

Modal perfect is formed by modal and past participle. Might/may have
refers to possibility in the past. Should /ought to have refers to an obligation
that was not fulfilled in the past. Could have refers to an opportunity or
ability in the past that was not used. Would have refers to willingness to do
something in the past that was not done because of some other condition.
Must have refers to a conclusion in the past.
Exercise I
Complete the sentences with correct modal perfect.
1. I couldn‟t find the museum you told me about. I......... ...... (take) the wrong bus.
2. I didn‟t know there was a test yesterday. You .................... (tell) me about it.
3. There was so much noise next door. Our neighbors .................(come back) from
their vacation abroad.
4. Andi .................(pass) the test but he didn‟t take it because he was sick.
5. I .................(report) the accident an hour ago but I had to go to the hospital.
6. The bus .................(have) some trouble since it arrived so late this morning.
7. He ................(not tell) the accident to his parents because they were surprised
when I talked about it.
8. The children ...................(go to bed) very late last night since they are still asleep
now.
9. The police can not find the thief. He ................(escape) before they came or he is
still hiding somewhere.
10. My father ....................(be) very busy in the office because when he got home he
was very tired.
Exercise II
Complete the sentences with appropriate modal and its correct verb form
1. They .................... (finish) the work on time. Next Tuesday is the latest.
2. He .....................(return) the book yesterday but forgot to do it.

3. If the driver didn‟t push on the brake, that child ..............(be run) over by the car.
4. You .................(return) the book last week.
5. They .....................(learn) hard before they took the examination.
6. You .................(come) on time last meeting.
7. The children...............(have lunch) because there was no food left on the table.
8. My father ...............(take) the ten o‟clock or eleven o‟clock flight this morning.
9. When I could not find my wallet, I thought that I................. (leave) it at home.
10. You know this city well though you do not live here. You.............(live) here before
I guess.
Exercise III
Use should have +Past Participle in your answer
Example: You overslept this morning because you didn‟t set your alarm
I should have set my alarm
1. You broke now because you spent all of your money foolishly.
...................................................................................................................
2. You bought your nephew a bar of chocolate, but he doesn‟t like chocolate.
...................................................................................................................
3. Your stomach ache because you ate too many unripe mangoes.
...................................................................................................................
4. You didn‟t drink your coffee, now you are sleepy.
...................................................................................................................
5. You misspelled a word because you didn‟t check it up in the dictionary.
...................................................................................................................
6. You got cold because you went in the rain.
...................................................................................................................
7. The boy told a lie. He got into a lot of trouble.
...................................................................................................................

8. You‟re hungry. You didn‟t cook anything this morning.
...................................................................................................................
9. Your grandmother was sad because you didn‟t visit her for quite a long time.
...................................................................................................................
10. You were sick yesterday, but you go to school anyway. Today you feel worse.
...................................................................................................................
Al Usul: Definition and Clarification
The science of usul al fiqh (juridical source methodology) is the historical

methodology of Islamic thought. In the early days of Islam, the broad principles and
universals of this methodology reflected the nature of Islamic thought arid its
correlation to the religion and mission of Islam. The best example of its spirit and its
creative application is to be found during the times of the khulafa', a time when
revelation (wahy) was taken as the source of guidance and direction, and when
reason and ijtihad were used both as tools for understanding and interpreting
revelation, as well as for dealing with events and developing responses and policies.
In the age of ijtihad that followed, when the first schism occurred between the
Ummah's political and intellectual leadership, Muslim thinkers and scholars were
still in close touch with the spirit of the message and the methods of the earliest age
of Islam. As a result, they wrote and thought on the basis of the early methodology.
However, as their political isolation grew, they began to shun all but academic
pursuits, and taught and wrote on the most personalized aspects of the texts of the
Qur'an and the Sunnah, such as worship and transactions, and ignored issues
related to politics, government, social organization, and the general nature of the
group and society. As a result, the source methodology they used became
conditioned by the purposes it served, while conforming to the circumstances under
which it was developed, and over which the scholars of Islam had no control.
Even so, the general principles of their methodology remained open to

development and real contribution. But continued development, based upon the
spirit of innovation as opposed to taqlid, became the responsibility of the
generations to follow. Only in the spirit of progress would it be possible to deal
correctly with the methodology, to derive benefit from it, and to build upon it in
order to meet the challenges presented by changing conditions. Such a spirit would
allow the methodology to evolve in a positive and effective manner and thereby

contribute to life outside the personal realm. This spirit would also allow Islamic
thought to preserve its comprehensive and original nature, as well as its ijtihad and
the complementarity of its sources and disciplines.
The methodology of Islamic thought as we know it today is represented by the

science of usul al fiqh which, in turn, is represented in its general principles and
axioms by the rational foundations and basic precepts of the Islamic mind. However,
usul al fiqh, as a discipline, was developed by scholars of the successor generation
(tabi'in) and those immediately following them (tabu al tabi'in), generations that
came after the age of al khulafa' al rashidun. Thus the work, al Risalah, by Imam al
Shafi'i is considered the earliest academic articulation of Islamic thought
methodology in general, and of the science of usul al fiqh in particular.
Find the part of speech and the meaning of the following words, and construct
them into good sentences.
1. Arid …………….………. ……………..………

…………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………
2. Spirit …………….…….. …………….…………
……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
3. Revelation …………………… ………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Schism ………….………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Shun …………….……. ………………………
…………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………….
6. Pursuit …………………… ………………………
………………………………………………....…………………………….…………………………….....
7. Derive ……………………. ……………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Evolve ……………………. ………………………
………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………
9. Thereby ……………….…… ………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Preserve ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Realm …………………… ………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Complementarily ……………………… ……………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Axioms ……………………. ………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Precepts …………………………. ……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Articulation ………………………….. ……………………
…………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………
Answer the following question based on the information from the text!
1. What is the definition of ushul al figh?
..................................................................................................................................
2. When was the methodology of Islam applied?
..................................................................................................................................
3. What did ushul al figh reflect?
..................................................................................................................................
4. What did muslim thinkers and schoolars do when the first schism occured
between the Ummah‟s political and intellectual leadership?
..................................................................................................................................
5. What did Muslim thinkers and shcolars write as their personal grow?
...................................................................................................................................
6. What was the impact of ignoring issue related to politics, government, social
organization in the society at that time?
...................................................................................................................................

7. Was the methodology open to the development of the society? Prove your
answer!
...................................................................................................................................
8. How can the methodology give contribution to the life outside the personal
realm?
..................................................................................................................................
9. What does usul al fiqih deal with nowadays?
..................................................................................................................................
10. Why did the work of Imam Hanafi is considered as the earliest academic
articulation of Islam through methodology in general?
..................................................................................................................................
State whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F) according to the
passage!
1. (…………) Khulafa‟ al rashidun used ijtihad to understand and interpret

revelation.
2. (…………) Muslim thinkers and scholars pay attntion to the out of date issue
only.
3. (…………) The spirit of innovation against the taqlid
4. (…………) In the age of ijtihat Islamic methodology became a potential conflict
among the Islamic thinkers and scholars.
5. (…………) The Islamic methodology is more useful for the spirit of progress.
6. (…………) Most Islamic jurist did not control the methodology used to solve the
problem in the sociery.
7. (…………) Each generation must obey the development established by their
previous generation.

8. (…………) The changing methodology could be a burden for the following
generation.
9. (…………) Spirit of progress will influence the Islamic thought and methodology.
10. (…………) Ushul al fiqh is a constant science developed by the prophet.
D.WRITING
What three things in your life do you wish you had done differently? Write them
in a paragraph in your note book. Share them with someone in your class.


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English for Academic

The right of St. Noer Farida Laila, Muhammad Basuni,

English for Academic Purposes

First Published 2008

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung ii Language Center (LC)

In the name of Allah the most beneficent and most merciful.

Tulungagung, 1 Nopember 2014 M

Dr. Maftukhin, M.Ag

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung iii Language Center (LC)

In the name of Allah the most beneficent and most merciful.

Tulungagung, 1 Nopember 2014 M

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung iv Language Center (LC)

Acknowledgement …………………………………………….…………….………………..…… iii

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung v Language Center (LC)

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung vi Language Center (LC)

Bibliography ……………………………….……………………………………..…………………… viii

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung vii Language Center (LC)

Alexander, LG., Practice and progress, Yogyakarta, Kanisius, 1975.

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung viii Language Center (LC)

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung ix Language Center (LC)

State Islamic Institute of Tulungagung x Language Center (LC)

A. COMMUNICATION: GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTIONS

Rina : Excuse me. I am late for my next class

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 1 Language Center (LC)

Emma : Hello. My name is Emma Amalia

Susan : Hi. I am Susan. I am a waitress.

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 2 Language Center (LC)

5. Put these words in the blanks. Then practice the conversation!

Nice Hello Hi thanks How

Sandi : a)______________, Marta

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 3 Language Center (LC)

A. Full name : __________________

B. KEY STRUCTURE: SENTENCE PATTERNS IN ENGLISH

Subject Verb Complement Modifier

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 4 Language Center (LC)

c. Complement: A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 5 Language Center (LC)

Exercise 1: Subject - Verb - Complement - Modifier

Subject verb phrase complement modifier of place

1. George is cooking dinner tonight

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 6 Language Center (LC)

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 7 Language Center (LC)

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 8 Language Center (LC)

Not everyone accepted God's message transmitted through Muhammad.

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 9 Language Center (LC)

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 10 Language Center (LC)

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 11 Language Center (LC)

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 12 Language Center (LC)

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 13 Language Center (LC)

3. Telephone numbers and Addresses

Area Code 0313 o, three, one, three

b. Addresses can be read in group of two or more numbers. The number 0

46 Major Sujadi Street forty-six.

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 14 Language Center (LC)

c. Read the following sentences!

1) My telephone number is Area Code 0355-791669

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 15 Language Center (LC)

b. Work each problem and write it as a sentence!

State Islamic College of Tulungagung 16 Language Center (LC)

Study the following sentences!

b. Helmi is walking to school tomorrow

The simple present:

d. We want to leave now

Subject + am/is/are + verb ing…….