Indonesian Brain Gain Association

Introduction to
geophysics for pore pressure prediction and geomechanic
Oskar Pakpahan
Senior Geophysicist Carigali-PTTEPI Operating Company

University of Pertamina
September 2018
 Short Profile
Name: Oskar Pakpahan

Education:
BSc. of Geophysics from Geophysics & Meteorology dept ITB (2000-2005)
MSc .Double degree Petroleum Geophysics ITB & Geology UKM (2010-2012)

Working Experience:

2015 – Present : Senior Geophysicist (Carigali-PTTEP Operating Company)

2012 – 2014 : Quantitative Interpreter Geophysicist (Ikon Science Ltd)
2008 - 2012 : Technical Sales Geoscientist (Ikon Science Ltd)
2005 - 2008 : Operation Geophysicist (Geokinetics Int’l)
2005 : Jr. Geophysicist (Landmark – Halliburton)
2005 : Internship Geophysicist (Elnusa Geosains)
2005: Purchasing Officer (Sugar Group Companies)
Motivation and Objective
Motivations:

1. To share basic knowledge, experience & skill to Indonesian students (for FREE!)
2. To introduce industry standard updated technology in geoscience domain (for FREE!)
3. To promote equal opportunity in gaining knowledge for Indonesian students (for FREE!)

Objective:

1. To participate in intellectual life creation of the nation (UUD 45)

2. To contribute in equipping the Indonesian students to compete globally
3. To make “Indonesian Young Connection” for future strategic partner
Outline

A. Geophysics for Pore pressure

• Data acquisition
- Seismic velocities
- Well velocity

B. Geophysics for geomechanics

• Fundamental of elastic properties
- Earth elastic properties
- Reflectivity seismic to elastic properties (Seismic
inversion)
Why integrated study important

Lumpur Sidoarjo
Data Acquisition

• Seismic wave: Lets watch movie

• Well logging: Lets watch movie

Seismic Waves

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/quakes.htm
Geologic Controls on Velocity

Source:
Source of Velocity Information

Source:
Velocity Definition

Source:
Velocity Definition
Dix Interval Velocity

Source:
Which Velocity Data to Use

Source:
Velocity in seismic processing

Source:
Example:
Velocity for pore pressure prediction modeling
Selim S. Shaker*, Geopressure Analysis Services
Study Case example
Study Case example
Study Case example
Study Case example
Study Case example
Study Case example
Fundamental of Elastic Properties
• An elastic medium has stress proportional to strain (Hooke’s
Law)

• An anisotropic elastic medium has 21 constants which relate

stress to strain in all directions

• An isotropic elastic medium (all properties are equal in each

direction) has only two elastic constants:

Bulk modulus (K) and shear modulus (µ)

which can also be expressed in terms of

Young’s modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (σ)

Elastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch

return to
initial
d
F
F Linear-
elastic
Elastic means reversible! Non-Linear-
elastic
d
23
Plastic Deformation(Metals)
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
bonds
planes
stretch
still
& planes
sheared
shear

d plastic
d elastic + plastic

F
F
Plastic means permanent! linear linear
elastic elastic
d
dplastic
24
Fundamental of Elastic Properties

S ∆v is the change in
volume, and v the
Bulk Modulus (K) =
∆v/v
original volume

(Resistance to change in volume, or

incompressibility)

Force
Stress (S) =
Area
Absolute strain is a
Lcurrent measure of deformation,
defined as the change in
Strain (e) = L length of a line on the
surface of a body due to
original stress
Fundamental of Elastic Properties

Shear Stress
Shear Modulus (μ) =
Shear Strain
(Resistance to change in shape, or rigidity)

Shear stress is parallel to the face of the

material, while normal stress is Deformation without any
perpendicular to it change in volume
Force
Stress (S) =
Area

Bulk and shear moduli increase with compaction

Fundamental of Elastic Properties

S 9Kλ
Young’s Modulus (E) = =
∆L/L 3K + μ

(Young's Modulus is also known as the ∆L/L {

elastic modulus or tensile modulus, and
is a measure of the stiffness of a material) L

2μ
Lamé’s Coefficient (λ) = K -
3
(Calculated from other moduli)
Fundamental of Elastic Properties

Transverse (Contraction) Strain

Poisson’s Ratio (σ)=
Longitudinal (Extension) Strain

3K-2μ Poisson’s Ratio can give a strong

σ= indication of rate of change of
2(3K+μ)
amplitude with offset

Deformed

Force Force

Undeformed

Poisson's ratio is nearly always positive, as most materials become narrower

in cross section when stretched (i.e. they resist a change in volume
(determined by the bulk modulus, K), more than a change in shape
(determined by the shear modulus, μ)
Fundamental of Elastic Properties
Moduli expressed in terms of velocity and density:
Bulk Modulus (K) = Vp2.ρ – 4 Vs2.ρ
3

Shear Modulus (μ) = ρ.Vs2

Vs2.ρ (3Vp2 - 4Vs2)

Young’s Modulus (E) =
Vp2 - Vs2

Lamé’s Coefficient (λ) = Vp2.ρ - 2 Vs2.ρ

0.5 - (Vs/Vp)2
Poisson’s Ratio σ =
1 - (Vs/Vp)2
 Fundamental of Elastic Properties

• Elastic properties • Reservoir properties

Facies
Fluids
Porosity
Saturation
Vp, Vs, r Permeability
Pressure
Stress
Temperature
etc
Fundamental of Elastic Properties
Seismic Inversion

Seismic velocities
• Low frequency
• Bias
• Vp only
Seismic
• Bandlimited
• Noisy
• Limited angles Rock physics
Vs

Logs
Vp
• High resolution
• Limited coverage
Seismic Inversion
Fundamental of Elastic Properties
Moduli expressed in terms of velocity and density:
Bulk Modulus (K) = Vp2.ρ – 4 Vs2.ρ
3

Shear Modulus (μ) = ρ.Vs2

Vs2.ρ (3Vp2 - 4Vs2)

Young’s Modulus (E) =
Vp2 - Vs2

Lamé’s Coefficient (λ) = Vp2.ρ - 2 Vs2.ρ

0.5 - (Vs/Vp)2
Poisson’s Ratio σ =
1 - (Vs/Vp)2
Seismic Inversion
Seismic Inversion
Seismic Inversion
QnA

•Thanks!
 Data Acquisition

• Vp and Vs are measured using the P wave

arrival
S wave
arrival
Boundary wave
arrival
sonic tool
Mud Delta-t
section

• A compressional wave propagates

spherically through the mud and
into the borehole wall
ceramic receivers
Eight wholeband

• The impulse is then converted

into three distinct waves 0 875 1100 1200 1350 μsec

• In order of velocity:
• Compressional wave
• Shear wave
Broadband

receivers
ceramic

Transit time
• Boundary or Stoneley wave Material Velocity (ft/sec) (μsec/ft)
• Each of these wave types Sandstone 18,000 – 19,500 55.5 - 51.0
propagates down the borehole
wall, creating compressional Limestone 21,000 – 23,000 47.6 – 43.5
transmitters
Broadband

waves in the mud

ceramic

Dolomite 23,000 43.5

• The wave arrival times are Anhydrite 20,000 50.0
measured by the receivers and
Salt 15,000 66.7
processed to give Vs and Vp
Iron casing 17,500 57.0
Array Sonic Tool
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