TEMPORARY

STRUCTURE
 WARNING

This document is a compilation of related

reference books, journals, technical papers,
etc, and is intended for illustration purposes
only thus, the speaker does not claim any
originality in content and form.

2
Session Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants would
be able to:
1. Identify the hazards associated in the use of
scaffolds and other temporary structures.
2. State the different types of temporary
structures.
3. Enumerate the safety requirements for the
safe use of scaffolds.
Definition

SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated

platform (made of timber, metal or
bamboo) and its supporting structure
(including points of anchorage) used for
supporting employees or materials or both
in the course of any construction works,
including maintenance and demolition
works.
 Functions
 As a working platform
• So that the worker can stand on the platform to
perform their work easily and safely
• So that the workers can place their materials and
logistics to carry out their job
 As a platform and walking passage
• Scaffolding support the platform used by the worker
as their walking path to transport the materials and
logistics
 Scaffold Accidents
An estimated 2.3 Million construction workers or 65%
of the construction industry work on scaffolds
frequently
OSHA statistics report that about 28% of the scaffold
accidents that occur are the result of construction
deficiencies
These deficiencies include:
 Substandard components
 Omitting essential components
 Failing to complete the assembly
 Scaffold Accidents
 Of the fatalities that occurred, 23% occurred as a result of
construction deficiencies
 18% happened as a result of electrocutions
 14% occurred while climbing
 10% due to structural failure of scaffolds
 10% were from falling objects
 10% happened because of falls while working on the
platform
 8% occurred while assemblingdisassembling the
scaffolding
Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

 Falls from elevation

 Struck by falling tools
/ debris
 Scaffold collapse
 Electrocution
Recommended Measures
Falls from elevation
• Use guardrails
• Use fall arrest systems
Struck by falling tools or debris
• Barricade the area below the scaffold and forbid
entry
• Use panels or screens
• Build a canopy or net
 Measures (Cont…)

 Scaffold collapse
• Proper scaffold construction
• Do not overload with people or equipment
• Use personal fall arrest systems
• Have a competent person check scaffold
 Electrocution
• Honor clearance distances required between power
lines and scaffolding
• De-energize the lines
• Install protective covering
Clearance from Power Lines

Line Voltage: Minimum Distance:

Less than 300 volts

3 feet (0.9 m)
300 volts to 50 KV
more than 50 KV 10 feet (3 m)

10 feet (3 m) plus 0.4 inches

for each 1 KV over 50 KV
Clearance Calculation Example

 Line Voltage = 60 KV
 50 KV = 10 feet
 10 KV = 10 x 0.4 = 4 in
 4 in x 1 ft / 12 in = 0.33 ft

Answer: 10 feet and 4 inches

10.33 feet
Selection of a Scaffolding System
 Basic considerations
 Weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment
(according to ANSI A10.8: 200 lbs / worker and 50
lbs for weight of tools)
 Site conditions
 Height of scaffold
 Type of work that will be done
 Duration of work
Selection (Cont…)
 Weather conditions
 Requirements for pedestrian traffic
 Means of access to the scaffold
 Configuration of the building or structure being worked
on
 Special erection or dismantling circumstances
Classification of Scaffolds

Supported Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds
 Supported
Supported Scaffolds
scaffolds consist of one or more platforms
supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights,
posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
Types of supported scaffolds:

 Frame Scaffold or  Ladder Jack

Fabricated frame  Tube and Coupler
 Manually Propelled /  Pole
Mobile  Specialty
 Pump jack
 Scaffolding Parts

Main Frame

Ladder Cross Brace Joint Pin

Scaffolding Parts

Cat-walk Panel
Cantilever Support

Adjustable
Base Plate Base Plate Caster Wheels
20
Supported Scaffolds
 Frame or Fabricated
• Fabricated frame scaffolds
are the most common type of
scaffold because they are
versatile, economical, and
easy to use.
• Frequently used in one or
two tiers by residential
contractors, painters, etc.,
but their modular frames
can also be stacked several
stories high for use on large-
scale construction jobs.
Supported Scaffolds
 Mobile
• Mobile scaffolds are a type
of supported scaffold set
on wheels or casters. They
are designed to be easily
moved and are commonly
used for things like
painting and plastering,
where workers must
frequently change
position.
 Supported Scaffolds
 Pump jack
• Pump jacks are a uniquely
designed scaffold consisting of
a platform supported by
moveable brackets on vertical
poles. The brackets are
designed to be raised and
lowered in a manner similar
to an automobile jack.
• Pump jacks are appealing for
certain applications because
they are easily adjusted to
variable heights, and are
relatively inexpensive.
Supported Scaffolds
 Ladder Jack
• A ladder jack scaffold is a
simple device consisting of
a platform resting on
brackets attached to a
ladder.
• Ladder jacks are primarily
used in light applications
because of their
portability and cost
effectiveness.
 Supported Scaffolds

 Tube and Coupler

• Tube and coupler
scaffolds are so-named
because they are built
from tubing connected by
coupling devices.
• Due to their strength,
they are frequently used
where heavy loads need
to be carried, or where
multiple platforms must • Their versatility, which enables them
reach several stories high. to be assembled in multiple directions
in a variety of settings, also makes
them hard to build correctly.
  Pole or Wood Pole
Supported Scaffolds • Pole scaffolds are a type of
supported scaffold in which every
structural component, from
uprights to braces to platforms, is
made of wood.
• Two kinds: single-pole, which are
supported on their interior side by
a structure or wall, and double-
pole, which are supported by
double uprights independent of
any structure.
• Because they have to be built from
scratch and cannot easily be
reused, pole scaffolds are
considered old-fashioned and are
rarely used today.
Supported Scaffolds
 Specialty and Other Scaffolds
• Many scaffold types regulated
by OSHA standards are rarely
used, and designed for a very
narrow and specific range of
applications.
• Examples:
 Outrigger scaffolds
 Step, Platforms, and Trestle
ladder scaffolds
 Bricklayer’s Square Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds

Outrigger Scaffold

28
Elements of Supported Scaffold Safety
 Base section
 Support structure
 Access
 Fall protection
 Platform
 Keeping Upright (Guys, Ties, Etc.)
 Electrical Hazards
 Personnel training and supervision
Improper Base Support
Improper Base Support
This support is not
adequate!
Good Support

Base plate

Mud sills
Frame Scaffolds
 Assure Stability  Capacity
• four (4) times the
• Base Plates nailed to
maximum intended load
mud sill
 Braces
• Mud Sills
• Frames and panels must be
• Firm Foundation connected by cross,
 Plumbed and braced horizontal or diagonal
to prevent swaying braces
and displacement • Plumbed and leveled
• Secured to prevent
dislodging
Mobile Scaffold
Mobile Scaffolds
 Mobile or Rolling Scaffolds
Scaffolds which need to be moved
frequently and should be equipped
with casters or wheels.
 Scaffold Platform Construction

Platforms must:
• be fully planked or
decked with no more
than 1 inch gaps
• be able to support its
weight & 4 times
maximum load
• be at least 18 inches
wide This is not a properly
constructed scaffold
Platform (Cont…)
 No large gaps in front
edge of platforms
 Each abutted end of
plank must rest on a
separate support surface Planks not properly
 Overlap platforms at overlapped
least 12 inches over
supports, unless
restrained to prevent
movement
 Deflection < 1/60 of
span, L
Platform (Cont…)

• No paint on wood platforms

• Fully planked between front
upright and guardrail support
• Component pieces used must
match and be of the same
type
• Erect on stable and level
ground
• Lock wheels and braces
Platform Ends

Each end of a platform,

unless cleated or
otherwise restrained by
hooks, must extend
over its support by at
least 6 inches

No Cleats
Scaffold Height

The height of the

scaffold should not
be more than four
20’ times its minimum
base dimension
unless guys, ties, or
braces are used
5’
Supported Scaffolds

 Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be restrained from

tipping by ties and braces.
 4:1 height from bottom and top most
 Vertically:
 every 20 feet for scaffolds 3 feet wide
 every 26 feet for scaffolds more than 3 feet
wide
 Horizontally every 30 feet from one end
Tube and Coupler Scaffold
 Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet / 38.5
meters must be:
 Designed by a Structural Engineer
 Constructed and loaded in accordance with the design

 Couplers must be made of structural metal such as;

 Malleable iron
 Structural Grade Aluminum
 Gray cast iron is prohibited

44
Tube and Coupler scaffolds

 Transverse bracing forming an “X” must be installed

at scaffold ends
 Every 3rd set of post
 Every 4th runner

 Longitudinal bracing must be installed diagonally at

 45 degree angle
 Every 5th post repeatedly
 Building ties must be installed
 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds Parts
Transverse bracing

Longitudinal
Bracing
Wall Ties
Runner

Bearer Post

46
Safety Considerations
 Fittings and Accessories
 To install all the parts, fittings and accessories
 Base Plates and Screw Jacks
• Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1 ratio, the outside (visible)
length of exposed screw to inside screw length.
 Erection and Dismantling
 By trained personnel only

47
Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended scaffolds are platforms suspended by ropes, or
other non-rigid means, from an overhead structure.
Types of suspended scaffolds:

 Two-point (swing stage)  Interior Hung

 Single-point adjustable  Needle beam
 Catenary  Multi-level
 Multi-point adjustable  Float (ship)
 Suspended Scaffolds
 Two point (Swing stage)
• Two-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds, also
known as swing-stage
scaffolds.
• Most common type of
suspended scaffold.
• Hung by ropes or cables
connected to stirrups at each
end of the platform,
• Used by window washers on
skyscrapers.
Suspended Scaffolds
 Single Point Adjustable
• A single-point adjustable
scaffold consists of a
platform suspended by one
rope from an overhead
support and equipped with
means to permit the
movement of the platform
to desired work levels.
• Used by window washers to
clean the outside of a
skyscraper (also known as a
boatswain's chair).
Suspended Scaffolds
 Catenary
• A catenary scaffold is a
scaffold consisting of a
platform supported by
two essentially
horizontal and parallel
ropes attached to
structural members of a
building or other
structure.
Suspended Scaffolds
 Multi-point Adjustable
• A multi-point adjustable
scaffold consists of a
platform (or platforms)
suspended by more than
two ropes from overhead
supports and equipped
with means to raise and
lower the platform(s) to
desired work levels.
• An example of this type of
scaffold is a chimney hoist,
used in chimney-cleaning
operations.
Suspended Scaffolds
 Interior Hung
• An interior hung
suspension scaffold
consists of a platform
suspended from the
ceiling or roof
structure by fixed-
length supports.
Suspended Scaffolds

 Needle beam
• This simple type of
scaffold consists of a
platform suspended
from needle beams,
usually attached on
one end to a
permanent structural
member.
 Suspended
 Multi-level
Scaffolds
• A multi-level scaffold is
a two-point or multi-
point adjustable
suspension scaffold
with a series of
platforms at various
levels resting on
common stirrups.
Suspended Scaffolds
 Float (ship)
• A float, or ship,
scaffold is a
suspension scaffold
consisting of a braced
platform resting on
two parallel bearers
and hung from
overhead supports by
ropes of fixed length.
Elements of Suspended Scaffold Safety

 Anchorage
 Support
 Access
 Fall protection
 Platform
 Stability
 Electrical Hazards
 Personnel training and supervision
Anchorage
Tiebacks
 Must be secured to a
structurally sound
anchorage on the building
or structure
 Tiebacks must be equivalent
A parapet hook tieback
in strength to the suspension
ropes and hoisting rope.  Must be installed
perpendicular to the face of
the building or structure , or
opposing angle tiebacks must
be installed. Single tiebacks
installed at an angle are
prohibited.
Counterweights
Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must be stabilized
by: Counterweights, or Bolts or other direct connections
to the floor or deck.
Counterweights used to balance adjustable suspension scaffolds
must be capable of resisting:
 At least 4 times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold
when it is operating at the rated load of the hoist, or
 A minimum of 1½ times the tipping moment imposed by the
scaffold when it is operating at the stall load of the hoist,
whichever is greater.
  Fall protection must be
Counterweights independent of the scaffold.
If the counterweights had
come completely loose, what
would have secured the
lifelines when the scaffold
came down?

 These counterweights are

supposed to be secured to
the outrigger system by a
steel plate clamped with
bolts...
Counterweights

 Only items specifically designed as counterweights may be used

to counterweight scaffold systems.
 Masonry units, rolls of roofing felt, and other similar
construction materials shall not be used as counterweights.
 Counterweights must not be made of flowable materials such as
sand, gravel, and similar materials that can be easily dislocated.
 Counterweights must be secured by mechanical means to the
outrigger beams to prevent accidental displacement.
 Counterweights must not be removed from an outrigger beam
until the scaffold is disassembled.
Suspended (Cont…)

 Suspension Ropes:
 Support at least 6 times maximum load
 Drum hoists must contain at least 4 wraps of rope at the
lowest point
 Wire rope must be replaced under the following
conditions:
 6 randomly broken wires in one rope lay or three broken
wires in one strand in one lay
 One third of the original diameter of the outside wires is lost
 Heat damage
 Physical damage such as kinks, flattening
Wire Rope
 This wire rope has "bird-
caged" and become
unsuitable for use.

 The constant rotation of

this rope as it ran through
the hoist has caused the
free end to twist and split.
Proper Scaffold Access

Provide access when

scaffold platforms are
more than 2 feet
above or below a point
of access
Permitted types of Access

Portable,
Scaffold
hook- on
with
and
direct
attachable
access
ladders

Frame
Stair
scaffold
tower
with
with
portable
stair rail
ladder
Access (Cont…)
 Noaccess by
cross braces
 When using
ladders, bottom
rung no more
than 24 inches
high
Do not access
 Canuse some End Frame by crossbraces
end frames
 Ladder Safety
“No matter how quickly a job can be done,
there is always time to fall”
Training
 Training must inform the employees performing the
work of:
 Electrical hazards
 Proper scaffold use
 Load capacities

 Training inform the employees involved in assembly,

disassembly and inspection of:
• Hazards
• Correct procedures
• Load capacities
Training

You must retrain employees because of:

 Changes in the worksite
 Changes in the equipment
 Lack of proficiency
Scafftag Procedure
 Scafftag is an internationally used scaffold safety system
and through its simplicity, encourage and controls the
safety of scaffolding and of those who erect or dismantle
and use it.
 A visual warning system to display the status (i.e. safe vs.
unsafe) of scaffolding.
Scaffold Inspection

Competent person
inspects scaffolds for
visible defects before
each shift and after any
alterations

Defective parts must be

immediately repaired
Deformed bearer
 Removing / Dismantling of Scaffolds

 Must be done by trained personnel

 Proceed in reverse order to its
erection
 Workers should wear a safety
harness and lanyard tied off to a
secured anchor before attempting to
loosen stuck or jammed parts.
 Do not hammer or pry apart the
scaffold components.

 Scaffold components should be

maintained
 Scaffolding Do’s and Don’ts
 Don’t stand length of tubes or frames against wall nor
leave them unattended.
 Don’t straighten deformed tubes or frames by heating.
Excessively bent tubes should be discarded.
 Don’t use excessively corroded tubes or frames
Scaffolding Do’s and Don’ts
 Don’t mix different systems in the same scaffolds.
 Use sufficient quantity of components for scaffolds.
Scaffolding Do’s and Don’ts
LOADING:
 Don’t overload any scaffold or platform
 Spread out the load on a platform. If necessary, place
concentrated load as near the standard as possible.
Scaffolding Do’s and Don’ts

CONSTRUCTION:
 Scaffold should be plumbed as well as leveled
 Place scaffold standards or frames systematically on
sole boards.
 Don’t use bending stresses to scaffold members.
 Arrange tubes so that they converge at the same
nodal points.
Scaffolding Do’s and Don’ts
 Don’t cover a scaffold with a sheeting unless it is
designed to be used for such purpose.
 Insert a temporary tie or brace before removing
any tie or brace from the scaffold.
 Replace tie or brace after you have finished your
job.
 Remove all materials and loose objects from a
mobile scaffold before moving the scaffold.
 Don’t ride on a mobile scaffold. Push only from
the ground level.
Scaffolding Do’s and Don’ts
DISMANTLING
 Don’t throw scaffold members from height.

 Don’t dismantle the scaffold unless you know the

sequence. Instability and collapse may result
from the removal of the wrong tie or the
premature removal of certain members.
RULE 1410: OSHS
 Scaffoldings
 Good construction, sound materials and
strength.
 Timber – not painted
 Timber/bamboo – max. 20m height, over
10 meters shall be designed by structural
engineer and approved by appropriate
authority.
Rules (Cont…)
 Bamboo Scaffolds – used for painting and light
construction works.
 To carry 4 x the imposed load
 Only one worker per span
 Maximum span = 8 feet
Rules (Cont…)
 Maintenance
 Properly maintained
 Supervision and Inspection
 Scaffolds shall be erected, altered or dismantled only
under the supervision of competent person.
 Inspection before use
 Lumber with 2 nail-holes along its width and 4 nail-
holes along its length shall be discarded.
Rules (Cont…)
 Platforms, Runways and Ramps with a fall of more
than 2m shall be:
• Provided with guardrails
• Free from obstructions, rubbish, projecting nails
• Securely fastened and braced
• At least 2” thick planks
 Slope of runway or ramp shall not exceed the slope
of 2 in 3.
SCAFFOLD ERECTION VIDEO
 “Ang TAONG hindi MARUNONG
lumingon sa PINANGGALINGAN…..
ay siguradong NAWAWALA”