Mobile Backhaul Trends

and Impact on Carrier Networks

Ivan Zaklanovic, SP BDM

izaklano@cisco.com
Agenda
  Converged IP NGN Architecture
  Evolution of Mobile Networks
  Comparison of Backhaul Technologies
  Unified MPLS Architecture
  Overview and Models
  LTE Architectural and Functional Considerations
  Evolution to FMC Architecture
  Small Cell Backhaul
  Summary

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Simplicity is the key, but is it easy?
  Simple is a pre-requisite for reliability

Simple comes from Simplex, meaning single

thread. The opposite is Complex, meaning multi-
threaded

  Easy comes from adjacent, what is already known

Opposite is what is difficult or unknown

  Each step by itself is simple in the figure, but the end

result is complexity

  To create simplicity is initially hard, takes planning

and understanding of all aspects of business and
technology

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 Converged IP NGN Architecture
Control Plane

4
Traditional Mobile Architecture
Linear transport for linear Subscriber Growth

SP Basic WAP Single-Service

Content Content
Mobile Voice

Core Single-Path
Circuit Transmission

Single-Access
RAN
Radio Access

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 Future Mobile Internet architecture
Distributed to Scale with Non-Linear Demands

SP Third-Party Multi-Service
Content Content
Video, Voice, Internet
B2B2C

Data Center/
Cloud/VHO IP Core
Data Center/
Cloud/VHO
Multi-Path
Cell to Cell
Cell to Cloud
Distributed Distributed
Data EPC/Edge Data Center/
Center/VSO VSO
Multi-Access
Radio Access
Unified
RAN WiFi Access
Ethernet Access

Business Home
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 Converged IP NGN Architecture
End-to-End Network Intelligence for Enhanced Service Offering
Portal Monitoring Billing Subscriber
Policy
Intelligent L3 Edge Call Control
Database
Network Convergence Services Offering
•  Distributed GW functions
•  Converged Wireless & •  L2 VPN & L3 VPN, Residential &
•  Bandwidth saving
Wireline offering with Business
Policy including
and Service ControlIP, Multicast
Plane (per subscriber)
i.e. offload traffic
common Distributed L3 Edge
Subscriber & Wholesale services
Access Aggregation & Wireline/Mobile Edge •  Minimal Latency Core
Mobile
Ethernet

DSLAM
Residential

OLT

Business
Corporate
Resiliency/Availability Flexible UNI Architecture Advanced Feature Set
•  Common convergence & •  Traffic Flows identification •  Video/Video Monitoring
Resiliency technique with •  VLAN manipulation Security/IPSec
same Control plane to the •  Services application SDH
i.e. QoS,
/ Optical •  IPv6 capability
Network edge security, E-OAM •  SyncE, 1588v2

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Technology Scorecard
Service Centric Approach
Service Service Categories SONET Optical OTN Electrical PBB-TE MPLS-TP IP/MPLS
Types SDH (ROADM) OTN
E-Line (10GE)
E-Line (GE)
Ethernet E-Line (any sub-rate)
E-Tree
E-LAN
F/R
ATM
Traditional
TDM high BW (>1G)
TDM low BW (<1G)
L3VPN
L3 Unicast
IP L3 Multicast
L4-L7 Services
Content

  MPLS flexibility - supports all NGN and legacy services at scale

-  Supporting both connection-oriented and connection-less transport applications
-  MPLS IP service awareness yields an advantage for optimal delivery of L3 and L4-L7 high-touch services
-  With well defined and proven dynamic control plane, and static control plane options (MPLS-TP)

  MPLS extensibility to cover new applications demonstrated by MPLS-TP developments

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Technologies Scorecard
Required Technology Properties
Technology Properties SONET SDH Optical OTN Electrical OTN PBB-TE MPLS-TP IP/MPLS
(ROADM)

Traffic Engineering
50ms Local Protection
50ms Path Protection
Container Fixed Lambda Fixed Containers Packet Packet Packet
Containers
Multiplexing Technology Time Division Wave Division Time Division Statistical Statistical Statistical

Ethernet UNI processing Limited None Limited Typically rich Typically rich Typically rich
BW Granularity VC-xx Lambda ODU (1G) Variable Variable Variable
Packet OAM
Transport OAM
Dynamic Control Plane
Static Control Plane
Technology Maturity

  MPLS (IP/MPLS and MPLS-TP) provides the most complete functional and operational coverage
Addressing all key NGN engineering and operational areas
Gives Operator the choice of the optimal deployment option for specific

  MPLS already widely supported by network devices specific to transport / network domain / application

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 Unified MPLS Architecture
Control Plane

10
Problem Statement
How to simplify MPLS operations in increasingly larger networks
with more complex application requirements
  Modern Network Requirements:
‒  Increase bandwidth demand (Video)
‒  Increase application complexity (Cloud and virtualization)
‒  Increase need for convergence (Mobility)
  Traditional MPLS Challenges with differing Access technologies
‒  Complexity of achieving 50 millisecond convergence with TE-FRR
‒  Need for sophisticated routing protocols & interaction with Layer 2 Protocols
‒  Splitting large networks into domains while still delivering services end-to-end
‒  Common end-to-end convergence and resiliency mechanisms
‒  End-to-end Provisioning and troubleshooting across multiple domains
Unified MPLS addresses these challenges
with elegant simplicity
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Unified MPLS Mobile Transport Concept

Operational Points

LER LSR LER

Access AGG AGG AGG AGG Access
MPLS MPLS
MPLS MPLS
  In general transport platforms, a service has to be configured on every network element via
operational points. The management system has to know the topology.

  Goal is to minimize the number of operational points

  With the introduction of MPLS within the aggregation, some static configuration is avoided.

  Only with the integration of all MPLS islands, the minimum number of operational points is
possible.
Unified MPLS requires only end point
configuration for end to end service connectivity
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What is Unified MPLS?
Classical MPLS network with few additions

Classical
MPLS

IGP/LDP RFC BGP LFA BGP E2E

Domain Flex
isolation
3107 filtering R-LFA PIC OAM
Access
L2/BGP/IGP/MPLS-TP/
LDP DoD

Unified
MPLS
Architecture

Scalability Security Simplicity Manageability

Multiservice
Hierarchy Availability
Any to Any

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 Unified MPLS Architecture
Routing Architecture Overview
E2EAccess
MPLS Transport (Single Technology)
Pre-Aggregation
for Ethernet, IP or
Aggregation PGW SGW
Cell Core
Site Legacy
Layer
Ethe
support & extensible
Layer to wire
Layer line services Layer
rn e t u W Aggregation Distribution Core
node node node
Cell site
Router Simplified
Ring
e
operating model with E2E OAM, performance
F ib r
management, provisioning with seamless resiliency
Enables Flexible L2 & L3 transport virtualisation to support
Sample Routing Architecture
iBGP/eBGP
Access Node
GSM, 3G
Pre-Aggregation & LTE, wholesale
Aggregation Node & retailCore
options
ABR EPC Gateway
Node
Access Aggregation Network Core Network
New levels of scale for
Network MPLS transport and optimal routing
Access Node
through RFC 3107 Aggregation
IGP/LDP
with BGP Node hierarchical LSPs
Core ABR
Centralised RR
IGP/LDP IGP/LDP
L2
Simplistic architecture eliminating complexity of control &
management Plane translations in traditional designs
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Decoupling of Service and Transport Layer
Simplified, Scalable and Optimized – Tested and Documented Architecture

AToM Pseudowire BSC

ATM
TDM BTS, ATM NodeB ATM or TDM RNC

S1-U
SAE Gateway
IP eNB Mobile Transport Gateway MME

V4 or v6 MPLS VPN
S1-C
X2-C, X2-U
Mobile Transport Gateway
SAE Gateway

Access Network Aggregation Network Core Network

Mobile Transport Gateway

IP/MPLS Transport
Cell Site Gateway
ASR-901, 2941
Fiber or uWave Link, Ring
ASR9000
IP/MPLS Transport IP/MPLS Transport
Aggregation
Aggregation Node Node Core Node Core Node
ME-3800X, 3600X, ASR-903 ASR-9000 CRS-3, ASR-9000 CRS-3, ASR-9000
DWDM, Fiber Rings, H&S, Hierarchical Topology DWDM, Fiber Rings, Mesh Topology

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 UMMT Architecture Models
  Architecture Structuring based on
  Access Type
  Network Size

  Five architecture models fitting various customer deployments and operator

preferences

Small Network Large Network

Ethernet/TDM Model 1.1 (Covered in UMMT 2.0) Model 2.1 (Covered in UMMT 2.0)
Flat LDP Core and Aggregation Network Hierarchical Labeled BGP Core and Aggregation
Access Network

Model 1.2 (Covered in UMMT 3.0) Model 2.2 (Covered in UMMT 3.0)
Hierarchical Labeled BGP Access Hierarchical Labeled BGP Access
Network with 1.1 Network with 2.1
MPLS
Access Model 2.3 (covered in UMMT 1.0/2.0)
Labeled BGP Redistribution into Access Network IGP/
LDP

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 Unified MPLS Architecture
Legacy ATM and TDM Transport / Native Ethernet
Cell Access Pre-Aggregation Aggregation BSC RNC

Site Layer Layer Layer

Ethern Aggregation Distribution Core
et uW
node node node
Cell site
Router Ring
Fibre

TDM (CESoPTN,SAToP) & ATM (VC,VP) PWE3 / MPLS L3 VPN for native Ethernet

P
CPE
Access & Pre-Aggregation ABR Core & Aggregation
Level 1 Level 2
CPE ABR P
IGP/LDP IGP/LDP

iBGP/eBGP

  IGP/LDP confined to organisational domain/ routing area

  BGP 3107 Layer above IGP for scale and reachability. BGP communities used to selectively distribute /
32 address from head-end gateway to CSG

  BRKSPG-2603
No need for MS-PW as visibility of /32 E2E via BGP & hence resiliency is simple
Cisco Public
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LTE/SAE Architectural Requirements
LTE/SAE factors Network Requirement
Direct X2 interface & handover between eNodeBs Distributed network intelligence

Distributed architecture, increased Bandwidth, traffic Distributed Data-plane Gateway intelligence

offload/Insertion/Caching
IPSec gateways (IKEv2) requirement in the
IPSec requirement in the backhaul Aggregation
Authentication and Security framework Intuitive and secure networking
IPv6 framework fully defined IPv6 and IPv4 support mandated

Multicast requirements (eMBMS) Multicast and Multicast VPN support

Synchronisation (Freq. & Phase) requirements Packet and Physical Layer options

Strict Latency requirement (LTE/SAE standard) Optimal platform and network design required

Intelligent H-QoS requirements Extensive UNI QoS capabilities required

Wholesale offering with Multi-Operator Core Network Intelligent network identification and forwarding

Simplified Fast Convergence options Optimised and simplified IP/MPLS fast convergence

OAM mechanisms & Performance monitoring Troubleshooting and fault isolation/SLA metrics
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LTE x2 interface…and requirements!
  Requires direct, low latency x2
communication! CoMP
  X2 “transport" latency requirement: R8:
20-80ms SON & R11 CoMP: 1-10ms
  Although some delay is acceptable in R8/9, it always
adds to the total delay during handover between
eNBs
  CoMP requirement of 1-10ms cannot be done with
sub-optimal routing or a centralized SeGW approach
  CoMP efficiency decreases already with “any” delay,
i.e. 5ms delay =20% efficiency loss – Goal: “No
Delay”

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LTE Evolved Packet System Security
Overall SAE Security:
  Integrity and ciphering on Radio and NAS TS 33.401: 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
  No integrity/ciphering on S1! Security architecture
TS 33.402: 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
  IPsec can be used to secure the backhaul Security aspects of non-3GPP accesses
‒  Network Domain Security (NDS)
Network Domain Security:
TS 33.210: 3G Security Network Domain Security
IP network layer security
TS 33.310: Network Domain Security (NDS)
Authentication Framework (AF)
NAS Integrity &
ciphering MME
UE

Unprotected!
RRC Integrity & SGW
ciphering eNB

U-Plane Ciphering
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UMMT Synchronization Distribution
TDM
SyncE
(SDH)
1588 PTP
SyncE, ESMC TDM(SDH)
PRC/
Microwave PRS
BSC, ATM
RNC

IP/MPLS Transport Network

External Synchronization
1588 BC 1588 Phase Interface (Frequency)
1588 PMC
Packet Master Clock
Phase
External Synchronization
Interface (ToD and Phase)
Ethernet Fiber
Global Navigation Satellite System (e.g. GPS, GLONASS,
GALILEO)-Network
Mobile Aggregation PRTC, Primary Reference Time Clock
Mobile Packet Core Network

Mobile Access Network Aggregation Network Core Network

Mobile Transport
Gateway (MTG)
ASR-9000
IP/MPLS Transport IP/MPLS Transport IP/MPLS Transport

Cell Site Gateway (CSG) Pre-Aggregation Node Aggregation Node Core Node Core Node
ASR-901, 2941 ME-3800X, 3600X, ASR-903 ASR-9000 CRS-3, ASR-9000 CRS-3, ASR-9000
Fiber or uWave Link, Ring DWDM, Fiber Rings, H&S, Hierarchical Topology DWDM, Fiber Rings, Mesh Topology

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Node Consolidation for Further Optimization

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 Evolution to Fix Mobile Convergence
(FMC) Architecture
Control Plane

23
Cisco IT - Any Device Landscape

Pre-Approved

Full Support
94,20 7,327 16,700 2,051 3,606
5 IT Managed
Traditional Corporate Laptops Corporate VXI Endpoints

User Selected

IT-Assisted
9,500 21,90 5,973 10,76 Other 1,531
5 6 User Managed
Mobile BYO Devices

BRKSPG-2603
Cisco’s mobile device growth rate (CAGR) is 42%
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FMC System Overview
With support from the MPC system

Mobile MAG
Enterprise Residential
FMC FMC WiIFI Device

Corporat IP Fixed MAG LMA MPC

e

Unified Subscriber Experience Mobile Device

Seamless Subscriber Mobility

Converged PCRF

Converged DPI Converged CGN

Fixed Edge Mobile Edge

Unified MPLS Transport

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Transport Convergence

  Enabled by Unified MPLS technology

  Evolving the UMMT system by adding wireline services
  Optimizing the scalability control with new automation models
  Introducing multicast support for IPTV fixed and mobile applications
  Simplifying the operations by enabling SON MPLS VPNs for LTE and Autonomic Access
Networks
  Concluding the carrier class capability by completing the HA , OAM, and PM support.

Unified MPLS Transport

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Business Services
Optimal Edge and Access Independence

Centralised Service Edge

MPLS/Multicast VPN

EoMPLS Pseudowire
EoMPLS PW EVPN or VPLS

Ethernet, TDM, ATM UNI

FR, HDLC, PPP, ATM IP interworking AToM

Distributed Service Edge MPLS/Multicast VPN

MPLS PWE3 EVPN or VPLS

Ethernet, TDM, ATM UNI

FR, HDLC, PPP, ATM IP interworking AToM

Efficient Large Scale Multiservice

Access Network Aggregation Network Core Network
Service Edge Node*
TR101 MLS
Access Node
VPWS, VPLS, VPLS LSM
MPLS/IP Service Edge Node
Core Node
Access Node Aggregation Node

xDSL, xPON, Ethernet MPLS/IP over DWDM PPP, IP, MPLS MPLS

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 Small Cell Backhaul
Control Plane

28
Small cell backhaul requirements

source: NGMN Alliance presentation to femto forum

  Provisioning method – max (peak, N x mean), where N is the no of cells/sectors per site
  It is recommended we use these parameters for backhaul requirements per cell.

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Small Cell Routers Backhaul Options

Fiber Copper Wireless

Options: Options: Options:
  Active Ethernet
  ADSL/VDSL   Traditional Microwave
  GPON
  Ethernet over Copper   Line of Site
  EPON
  Coax/HFC   Non/Near Line of Site
 Mature Technology  Mature Technology   Evolving
 Greatest Performance Technology
 Varying Performance
 Highest Reliability   Varying
 Good Reliability Performance
 Highest Cost  Lowest Cost   Varying Reliability
 Limited Availability  Moderate Availability   Moderate Cost

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  HighestAvailability
Outdoor Small Cell Deployment Models
Leveraging Wireless
Cisco ASR901S
NLoS / LOS
Fiber
connected
Macro Site Router
Drop &
Continue

NLoS / LOS IP/MPLS

IP/MPLS IP/MPLS Transport
P2MP NLoS Transport Transport
Pre-aggregation Aggregation
Mobile Core Node
Macro Site Router

Small Cell Backhaul Requirements

NLoS / LOS
mmW
•  Typical bandwidth: 20Mbps ~ 150Mbps
•  Lower cost solutions needed
Macro Site Router •  Alternative solutions to deploy, monitor and troubleshoot
mmW PTP connected is needed
Drop & Continue •  Both wireline and wireless solutions are needed
•  Integrated solution is the nature trend in the future

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 Summary
Control Plane

32
The Key Takeaways from this presentation
  The Mobile Evolution with traffic growth and increased User expectation is
driving massive changes in the “traditional” transport architecture
  The LTE/SAE evolution is about evolving towards an “all-IP” vision and
makes demands on the underlying network with advanced intelligence
needed
  Convergence is key on an architectural and technology level and IP/MPLS
is the key technology that offers true scalability and flexibility for all service
needs in the future
  Cisco Unified MPLS approach offers optimized routing, convergence,
resiliency, reach with end-to-end provisioning, OAM and troubleshooting
  Cisco products provide the scale, performance and rich intelligent feature
set to provide intelligent architecture for Mobile and FMC environments

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