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PowerStation 4.0
User Guide
Copyright 2001
Operation Technology, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
This manual has copyrights by Operation Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the
copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of
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Operation Technology, Inc. believes that the information contained herein is accurate as of its
publication date, and such information is subject to change without notice. This information is
provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including but not
limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-
infringement. Operation Technology, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in
this publication or any other documents referenced in this publication.
Panel Systems
Panel Systems are an integral part of ETAP PowerStation used for representing power and lighting panels
in electrical systems. PowerStation provides a comprehensive model for designing and scheduling AC
panel systems including 3-Phase and 1-Phase panels. 3-Phase panels can be either 3-Wire or 4-Wire
panels. 1-Phase panels can be set up as 2-Wire or 3-Wire.
A panel is a collection of branch circuits feeding system loads. PowerStation supports an unlimited
number of circuits within a panel. A branch circuit in a panel is modeled with complete details, which
includes connected load information, protective device ratings, and feeder data. The PowerStation panel
model is supported by a comprehensive breaker, fuse, and cable libraries. Default and typical data are
provided to save you time and money when designing and scheduling panels. PowerStation allows you to
graphically connect sub-panels to upstream panels. There is no limit.
In PowerStation, a panel branch circuit load can be modeled as an internal or external load. If the load is
connected physically to a panel on the one-line diagram, for example the motor BLR-MTR in the diagram
below, it is known as an external load. Loads that are not connected physically to the panel are referred
as Internal Loads.
The total load fed by branches connected to a panel circuit are calculated and displayed on the panel
schedule. Note that the system connected to a panel circuit may itself represent a complete sub-system
with all PowerStation elements. For example, in the diagram below, one of the Main-Panel circuits is
connected to the Panel-67 through a cable and a transformer. In this case, PowerStation calculates the
total load of the Panel-67 and displays it on the corresponding circuit in the Main-Panel schedule.
PowerStation performs the calculation to include all downstream loads. Connections forming loops
between branches emanating from panel circuits are not allowed.
PowerStation maintains the electrical integrity of the system while allowing you to make panel
connections. For example, PowerStation will not allow connection of a 3-Phase 4-Wire panel to a panel
circuit that is 1-Phase.
The figure below shows the panel pin assignment. The pin assignments are not necessarily the same as
the panel circuit numbers. Pin 0 is the top pin of the panel. This pin is used to connect the panel to its
source element. The top pin of a panel can be connected only to a bus or to any pin other than the top pin
of another panel. The connection may include protective devices.
External loads including a sub-panel can be connected to Pins 1 through 24 of a Panel. These pins can be
connected to all PowerStation elements excluding dc elements, three-winding transformer, power grid,
synchronous generator, and composite motor.
Following are the rules of connecting the top pin of a panel to a bus or another panel circuit. Connecting
a panel refers to connecting the top pin of the panel.
3-Phase Panels
• A 3-Phase 3-Wire or 3-Phase 4-Wire panel can be connected to a 3-Phase bus. It cannot be connected
to a 1-Phase bus.
• A 3-Phase 3-Wire or 3-Phase 4-Wire panel can be connected to a panel circuit with 3 poles. It cannot
be connected to Panel circuits with 1 or 2 poles.
External loads are graphically connected to a panel through external pin on the one-line diagram.
PowerStation’s graphical representation of a panel allows for up to 24 connections externally. For
example, in the diagram below, AC, Mtr9 and Panel-15 are the external loads connected to Panel-21.
Internal loads are embedded in the panel editor and are not graphically connected to the panel on the one-
line diagram. For example, in the diagram below, Load1, Load2, Main-Pump, Load5, and Load6 are
internal loads in the panel.
The properties associated with a panel can be entered in the panel editor. The Panel Editor contains six
pages.
• Info Page – for entering Panel ID, Phase Connection, Status of Main Disconnect
• Rating Page -- for entering Panel Rating, Main Disconnect Rating, # of Circuits
• Schedule Page -- for entering Rating / Loading / PD / Feeder of individual circuits
• Summary Page -- for entering Loading Summary, total connected, continuous, non-continuous and
code demand load
• Remarks Page -- for entering remarks and other user information
• Comment Page -- for entering text comment
The Header on each page of a panel editor displays the rated kV and rated Amps of the panel.
Info
ID
Enter a unique ID with up to 25 alphanumeric characters.
PowerStation automatically assigns a unique ID to each panel. The assigned IDs consist of default panel
ID plus an integer, starting with the number one and increasing as the number of panels increase. The
default panel ID (Pnl) can be changed from the Defaults Menu in the menu bar or from the Project View.
Bus / Element
This is the ID of the connecting bus or upstream element for the panel. If the terminal is not connected to
any bus, a blank entry will be shown for the bus ID. To connect or reconnect a panel to a bus, select a bus
from the list box. The one-line diagram will be updated to show the new connection after you click on
OK. Note that you can only connect to buses that reside in the same view where the panel resides. For
example, you cannot connect to a bus that resides in the Dumpster or in another composite network.
If a panel is connected to a bus through a number of protective devices, reconnection of the panel to a
new bus from this editor will reconnect the last existing protective device to the new bus, as shown below
where Aux-Loads is reconnected from Bus4 to Bus5.
Next to the bus ID, PowerStation displays the nominal kV of the bus for your convenience.
A panel can also be connected to another panel as shown below. In this case, PowerStation displays the
ID of the upstream panel.
In/Out of Service:
The operating condition of a panel can be selected by choosing either the In-Service or Out-of-Service
options. The properties of an Out-of-Service panel can be edited like an In-Service panel; however, an
Out-of-Service panel will not be included in any system studies. When the continuity check is activated,
an Out-of-Service panel automatically becomes dimmed in the one-line diagram.
Configuration
If the Main Disconnect on the Rating Page is set to None (Lugs Only), the status is set to close and
disabled (grayed out).
Note that status is not a part of the panel engineering properties. For this reason, the name of the
configuration status is shown above the Main Disconnect Status of the panel to indicate that this is the
main disconnect status under the specific configuration.
For example, you can have different operating status under different configurations. In the following
example, status of a panel is shown as Close under Normal configuration and Open under Emergency
configuration.
Equipment
FDR Tag
Enter the feeder tag in this field, up to 25 alphanumeric characters.
Name
Enter equipment name, up to 50 alphanumeric characters.
Description
Enter equipment description, up to 100 alphanumeric characters.
Data Type
This field provides a convenient way to track data entry. Select one of the data types (such as estimate,
typical, vendor, final, etc.) from the list box. As the data is updated, this field can be changed to reflect
the source of the latest data. There are a total of 10 load types. Their names can be changed from the
Project Menu under Settings and Data Type.
Priority
Select the load priority of this panel from the list box. This field can be used for load priority, operating
priority, load-shedding priority, etc. Ten different priorities are provided to select from. Priorities may be
chosen from the Project Menu under Settings and Load Priority.
Connection
PowerStation classifies panels into 4 types depending on their connection.
PowerStation has built-in electrical intelligence that allows a panel to be connected to buses or elements
that have compatible phase connections. For example, a 3-Phase 4-Wire panel cannot be connected to a
1-Phase bus. Note that a 1-Phase 3-Wire panel cannot be connected to a 3-Phase bus.
Panel connection can be changed only if there are no external connections from the panel. When panel
connection is changed the data for all circuits on the Schedule Page is reset.
Phase
This is the phase connection of the panel. Select either 1-Phase or 3-Phase connection.
Wire
For a 3-Phase panel select 3 Wires or 4 Wires. For a 1-Phase panel select 2 Wires or 3 Wires.
• L1
• L2
• LL
When a 1-Phase 2-Wire Panel is connected to a 3-Phase bus, the options for panel connection are:
• A • AB
• B • BC
• C • CA
This option is not displayed for any other type of panel connection.
Upstream Connection
For a 1-Phase 3-Wire Panel connected to a 1-Phase 3-Wire bus, or a 1-Phase 2-Wire Panel connected to a
1-Phase 2-Wire bus, the Upstream Connection display box displays the connection phase type of the
upstream element. If the panel is not connected to an upstream element the display box shows
“Unknown”.
For a 3-Phase panel and 1-Phase 2-Wire panel connected to a 3-Phase bus the display box is not shown.
Phase Arrangement
Select from the following phase arrangements for a 3-Phase panel:
• ABC
• CBA
• NEC
If NEC is selected, the phase arrangement shall be on A, B, C from top to bottom or left to right from the
front of the panel. Also, for this option phase B shall be the highest voltage (LG) on a 3-phase, 4-wire
delta connected system (midpoint grounded).
1st Ckt
Select the following phase designation of the first circuit in the panel:
• A
• B
• C
Rating
Rated kV
Enter the rated voltage of the panel in kV. The panel rated voltage can also be selected from the list box.
If this is a three-phase panel, kV is the line-to-line voltage. For single-phase panels, the rated voltage
must be consistent with the way this panel is connected to the system. For example,, if the bus nominal
kV is 4.16 and this load is connected between phase A and neutral, then the rated voltage of the panel
must be in the neighborhood of 2.4 kV (4.16/1.73). If the bus nominal kV is 4.16 and this panel is
connected between phase A and phase B, then the rated voltage of the panel must be in the neighborhood
of 4.16 kV.
If a 3-Phase panel is connected to a 3-Phase bus or another 3-Phase panel, the default rated voltage of the
panel is set to the nominal kV of the upstream bus. For example, if a 3-Phase panel is connected to
another 3-Phase panel that is connected to a 3-Phase bus having a nominal voltage equal to 0.48 kV, the
default rated kV of both the panels is set to 0.48 kV.
The default rated voltage of a 1-Phase panel connected to a 3-Phase bus is set to the line to neutral kV of
the bus. For example, if a 1-Phase panel is connected to a 3-Phase bus having a nominal voltage equal to
0.48 kV, the default rated kV of the panel is set to (0.48/1.732 =) 0.277 kV.
Panel rated voltage is used to determine the current flow in the panel circuits.
Amps
Enter the continuous current rating of the panel in Amperes. The rated amps can also be selected from the
list box.
Standard
Click on either the ANSI or IEC option to select that standard.
If ANSI is selected, all the applicable libraries within the panel are based on ANSI standard. If IEC is
selected, all the applicable libraries within the panel are set to IEC standard.
Layout
Layout Type
Select Standard or Column layout.
Standard layout has its protective devices on both sides (1,3,5,7… and 2,4,6,8…).Column layout has its
protective devices on one-side only (1,2,3,4,5…).The circuits on the Schedule Page are arranged per the
selected layout.
The layout of a panel having externally connected branches or loads cannot be changed. Data on the
Schedule Page is reset, if the panel layout is changed.
Mounting
Enter mounting type of the panel in this field, up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Alternatively, select one
of the following options:
• Flush
• Surface
• Switchboard
Feed
Enter panel incoming feed location in this field, up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Alternatively, select
one of the following options:
• Top
• Bottom
• Left
• Right
Enclosure
Enter panel enclosure in this field, up to 10 alphanumeric characters. Alternatively, select one of the
following options:
• NEMA 1 • NEMA 3R
• NEMA 3S • NEMA 4
• NEMA 4X • NEMA 5
• NEMA 12
Branch Circuits
# of Circuits
Select a panel circuit size from the list or enter the total number of circuits (panel size). Panel size should
be an even integer. If an odd number is entered, panel size is reset to the next largest even number.
The number of circuits in a panel cannot be decreased for panels with external connections. The data on
Schedule Page is deleted if the number of circuits in a panel is reduced.
Main Disconnect
Select the type of main disconnect for the panel from the following options:
None
Select this option if a panel is connected to a bus or an element through lugs only.
Breaker
Select this option if a panel is connected to a bus or an element through a circuit breaker.
Fusible Switch
Select this option if a panel is connected to a bus or an element through a fuse.
The default option is None when the panel is connected to a bus or an element through lugs only.
If the option None is selected, the Main Disconnect Status on the Info page is set to Close and disabled
(grayed out).
Library Button
To access ANSI standard library data, click on the ANSI selection and then click on the Library button.
Use the same procedure for accessing IEC standard library data. As you change the standard from ANSI
to IEC, the data fields change accordingly.
To select a circuit breaker or a fuse from the corresponding Libraries, click on the Library button and the
Library Quick Pick - LV Circuit Breaker (Molded Case, with Thermal Magnetic Trip Device) or the
Library Quick Pick – Fuse will appear depending on the type of Main Disconnected selected. If the type
of Main Disconnect is None, the Library button is disabled (grayed out).
From the Library Quick Pick, select a circuit breaker or a fuse by highlighting the manufacturer name and
model/class ID. Then click on the OK button to retrieve the selected data from the library and transfer it
to the editor. Note that upon selection of library data, the manufacturer's name and model number is
displayed in the fields adjacent to the Library button.
Rated kV
Enter the rated voltage of the low voltage circuit breaker in kV or select the rating from the list box.
Continuous Amp
Enter the continuous current rating of the low voltage circuit breaker in amperes or select the rating from
the list box.
Interrupting
Enter the rated interrupting capability in rms kA, or select the rating from the list box.
Test PF
This is the power factor of test equipment on which the rating of the circuit breaker has been established.
Rated kV
Enter the rated voltage of the low voltage circuit breaker in kV or select the rating from the list box.
Rated Amps
Enter the rated normal current of the low voltage circuit breaker in amperes or select the rating from the
list box.
AC Breaking
Enter the rated breaking capacity of the low voltage circuit breaker in kA or select the rating from the list
box.
Making
Enter the rated making capacity of the low voltage circuit breaker in peak kA or select the rating from the
list box. The rated making capacity for a circuit breaker is determined by evaluation of the maximum
possible peak value of the short-circuit current at the point of application of the circuit breaker.
Min. Delay
Enter the minimum time delay, including the circuit breaker and relays, in seconds, or select the rating
from the list box.
kV
Enter the rated voltage of the fuse in kV or select the rating from the list box.
Rated Amp
Enter the current rating of the fuse in amperes or select the rating from the list box.
Interrupting
Enter the rated interrupting capability of the fuse in symmetrical rms kA or select the rating from the list
box.
Test PF
Enter the power factor of test equipment on which the rating of the fuse has been established.
kV
Enter the rated voltage of the fuse in kV or select the rating from the list box.
Rated Amps
Enter the rated normal current in amperes or select the rating from the list box.
AC Breaking
Enter the rated breaking capacity of the fuse in kA or select the rating from the list box.
TRV
Enter the transient recovery voltage of the fuse in kV.
• Description
• Rating
• Loading
• Protective Device
• Feeder
Some properties of a panel circuit are shown on all the tabs for easy reference.
Ckt #
Indicates the panel circuit number. Circuits (rows) in the Panel Schedule page are analogous to the slots
in a physical panel board. The order of circuit numbers is based on the panel layout type, Standard or
Column. This is not editable. For a panel with Standard Layout, the odd circuit numbers are laid out first
followed by the even circuit numbers. Panel circuit numbers for Standard and Column Layouts are
shown in the below figure.
Phase
This represents the phase of the circuit. This column is not shown for 1-Phase, 2-Wire connection. For 1-
Phase, 3-Wire connection this column may have one of the following values, depending on the number of
poles:
Poles Phase
1 L1 or L2
2 LL
L1 or L2 phase connection implies that the circuit is connected between the center tap and one of the
lines. LL phase connection implies that the circuit is connected between the two lines.
For 3-Phase, 3-Wire and 3-Phase, 4-Wire panels, the value for this column is determined using the Phase
Arrangement and 1st Circuit information from the Info Page. For example, if the Phase Arrangement is
CBA and the 1st Ckt is C, the phase for the first circuit will be C, followed by B and A for the consecutive
circuits. This phase order will be repeated for other circuits.
Pole
Specify number of poles for the circuit. PowerStation uses the built in electrical intelligence to determine
the number of poles for a circuit. For example, the last row of a panel circuit is not allowed to have a
number of poles greater than 1.
The number of poles for a circuit depends on the phase of the load connected to the circuit. If a 3-Phase
load is connected to a panel circuit, the number of poles for this circuit will be 3. For a load connected
between two phases of a 3-Phase system, the number of poles will be 2. For a load connected between
one of the phases of a 3 Phase system and the neutral wire, the pole is set to 1
Name
Enter load name (ID), up to 25 alphanumeric characters.
Link
Select from the following options:
• Internal
• Ext-#
• Spare
• Unusable (row is blocked)
• Space (row is blank and blocked)
Internal
These are loads specified internally and not connected externally to the panel on the one-line diagram.
Loads for which Link is set to Internal are referred as Internal Loads.
External
External loads are those connected to the panel externally via the one-line. Sub panels are considered
external loads to the upstream panel. In calculations, PowerStation will include loads connected
externally.
Once the link option is set to External (for example Ext. 1), placing the mouse cursor over the external pin
displays the pin number and phase connection.
• Data is automatically updated on the Rating Tab and Loading Tab of the Schedule page, from the
external load editor.
• A protective device can be specified on the Protective Device Tab of the Schedule page
• On the Description Tab a Load Description can be entered. The Load Type and Status fields are
blocked.
• The fields on Feeder Tab are blocked.
When an external load is deleted from a pin, the load type assignment is changed to Space and the
external connection is removed.
Spare
A panel circuit with link option set to Spare is intended to be used as a spare circuit. Protective device
data can be entered on the Protective Device Tab of the Schedule Page. Other than this, data cannot be
entered for fields on other tabs of the Schedule page.
Unusable
A circuit may become unusable depending upon phase connection and number of poles. In this case, data
cannot be entered on any tab of the Schedule page. For example, in case of 3-Phase 3-Wire connection, if
Pole = 1, the Link is set to “Unusable” and cannot be changed. This is because in case of 3-Phase 3-Wire
panel a single-phase load cannot be connected.
Space
A blank circuit in a panel, that is a circuit to which a load has not yet been assigned and has Link option
set to Space. This is the default value for Link option. In this case, data cannot be entered on any tab of
the Schedule page.
Changing Links
If link is changed to Spare, data is blanked on Description, Rating, Loading, and Feeder pages.
If link is changed to Unusable or Space, data is blanked on Description, Rating, Loading, Protective
Device, and Feeder pages.
If link is changed to Ext.#, data is blanked on Description (except Load Description field), Rating,
Loading, and Feeder pages.
When link is set to Ext.# and an external connection exists, the link cannot be changed to any other type
before deleting the external connection.
State
Specify the state (status) of the circuit. This also applies to the state of the protective device for the given
circuit. Click on the button to change the state. Note that the state of the protective device is not related
to the Status Configuration. The default state of a circuit is ON.
Load Type
Select load type from the list. The first 15 load items in the list are based on NEC 1999. The next 10
items in the list are user definable.
You can specify the last 10 load types in the Panel Code Factor Table. The Panel Code Factor table can
be edited from the Project Menu under Settings and Panel Code Factors. Load Type is used to determine
the Code Factors used in calculating the total panel load.
Load Type options are available for internal links only. External loads are classified as motor load or
static load according to the element types.
Load Status
This field is enabled only for internal loads, that is, for circuits whose Link field is Internal. There are
two options available:
• Continuous
• Non-Continuous
For the purpose of panel code demand calculations, all circuits in a panel maintain the same Load Status
for a particular Load Type. For example, consider a panel having three circuits (say 1, 7 and 9) with Load
Type being Hospital and Load Status being Continuous. If the Load Status for circuit 1 is changed to
Non-Continuous, the Load Status for circuits 7 and 9 will also be changed to Non-Continuous.
The load status is used for the panel load calculations. For external links the load status is determined
from the connected load’s demand factor status.
Load Description
Enter the load description, up to 50 alphanumeric characters.
VA, W, A
Enter the connected load for an internal load in VA, Watts, or Amperes. PowerStation calculates the
fields accordingly based on the %PF and Panel voltage. For external load, these fields only display the
total connected load. For internal loads, the values can be entered in Watts, VA, or Amperes.
A 3-phase load that has Pole = 3, is represented by three panel circuits. Enter per phase VA, W, or
Amperes for this load. For example, if total Watts for a 3-phase load are 1200, enter W as 400 (=1200/3).
The next two rows after a row with Pole = 3 on the Rating Tab of the Schedule page in a panel are
disabled (grayed out) and have VA, W, A and %PF values same as the Row with Pole = 3.
The row next to a row with Pole = 2, on the Rating Tab of the Schedule page in a panel is blocked.
The Amp value for a panel circuit depends on the panel connection and number of poles. The relations
used to calculate the amp value for a panel circuit are summarized below.
For external loads, the Amp values are also calculated based on panel rated voltage.
%PF
For internal loads, enter the percent power factor for the selected circuit. This power factor applies to all
three phases of the circuit. The default value of %PF is 100. For external loads, this is the calculated
power factor of the connected external loads and is disabled (grayed out).
QTY
Enter the quantity of internal load. This is used to calculate the total connected load. For external loads
this is blocked.
Loading Category
Select the desired loading category (up to 10 loading categories) from the drop down box on the top of
the Schedule Page. These are the same loading categories used by other loads in PowerStation. To edit
the loading category names, select Loading Category from the Project menu.
% Loading
For external load this field is blank and cannot be edited. For internal loads, enter the % loading for the
selected loading category.
VA, W, A, %PF
These display columns show the total calculated loading in VA, W, and A, including the % loading and
QTY (on Rating Tab) for both external and internal loads. For external load, the PF column displays the
rated % PF (at 100% load for motors). For internal loads, the %PF displayed is the same as entered in the
Rating Tab of the Schedule page.
For both internal and external loads, Amp values are calculated based on terminal bus nominal kV.
Lock
If this box is checked, then breaker / fuse sizing will not be allowed for this circuit. This feature is not
currently available . It will be available in future releases of PowerStation.
Type
Select the type of PD for the selected circuit from a drop down menu from the following options:
• Fuse
• Breaker
Lib Button
To select a circuit breaker or a fuse from the corresponding Libraries, click on the Library button and the
Library Quick Pick - LV Circuit Breaker (Molded Case, with Thermal Magnetic Trip Device) or the
Library Quick Pick – Fuse will appear depending on the Type of protective device selected.
From the Library Quick Pick, select a circuit breaker or a fuse by highlighting the manufacturer name and
model/class ID. Then click on the OK button to retrieve the selected data from the library and transfer it
to the editor. Note that upon selection of library data, the manufacturer's name and model number are
displayed in the fields MFR and Model, respectively.
MFR
Displays the protective device manufacturer. This field is filled out based on the selected library
manufacturer.
Model
Displays the protective device model. This field is filled out based on the selected library model.
Ratting (A)
Select from a list of ratings or enter a value. Default is set per the selected library continuous amp rating.
Interrupting kA
Select from a list of values or enter a value. Default is set per the selected interrupting rating of the
device based on the library selection.
Lib Button
To select cables from the Cable Library, click on the Lib button at the top of the Schedule page and the
Cable Library Quick Pick will appear. From the Library Quick Pick select the Cable Library type and
size at the same time. Note that the selected Cable Library type, size, and parameters are transferred to
the Feeder Tab.
Length Unit
Select the unit for cable length from the following options:
• feet
• meter
FDR Tag
Enter or change Cable ID – Up to 25 Characters.
Size
Displays the cable size selected from the library.
Insulation
Displays the cable insulation type selected from the library.
Length
Enter the cable length.
#/Phase
Enter the number of conductors per phase.
Vd
Display the % voltage drop for internal loads based on the cable data.
Cable Z Button
Click on this button on the top of the Schedule Page to launch an editor for viewing and editing the cable
impedance data. The default values impedance values displayed are based on the cable selected from the
library.
Note:
Base temperature for the cable resistance is displayed next to the impedance (static). Default is 75
degrees Celsius. The impedances are adjusted based on the system frequency.
Cable Header
This information is displayed on top of the Cable Impedance Data Editor to reflect the cable type and size
selected from the Cable Library. This is a partial list of the library header which includes the library
source name (ICEA, NEC), rated voltage (0.6, 5, 15 kV), voltage class (100%, 133%), # of conductors
per cable (1/C, 3/C), conductor type (CU, AL), insulation type (Rubber, XLPE), installation type
(Magnetic/Non-Mag.), and cable size (350 kcmil, 180 mm2). The unit for cable sizes will be in
AWG/kcmil for English unit cables and mm2 for Metric unit cables.
Base Temperature
Enter the conductor base temperature (in degrees Celsius) at which the cable resistances are entered.
Units
Select impedance units as ohms per unit length or ohms. With the selection of ohms per unit length, a
length should also be designated, including a unit from the list box. Units available are: feet, miles,
meters, and kilometers.
Action Buttons
PowerStation provides action buttons to facilitate data entry on the Schedule page. These options can be
used to copy, paste and erase rows on the Schedule page of the Panel Editor.
Copy
Copy the content of the selected row to clipboard. Circuit number, Phase, Pole, Load Name, Link and
State are not copied.
Paste
Paste the entire content (of the copied row) in the selected row. This will work when the Link Type is
other than space or unusable, and only for fields which are not blocked.
Erase
Blank out the contents of the entire selected row
The second section on the right side of the Summary page shows the operating load of the panel for all the
10 loading categories.
Connected Load
Connected load for a panel circuit is the rated load specified on the Rating Tab of the Schedule Page.
Total Continuous
Displays the total connected VA, W, A and %PF for continuous loads connected to all the phases. Loads
in OFF state are not included. This field is displayed for 1-Phase and 3-Phase panels.
Total Non-Continuous
Displays the total connected VA, W, A and %PF for non-continuous loads connected to all the phases.
Loads in OFF state are not included. This field is displayed for 1-Phase and 3-Phase panels.
Total Connected
Displays the total connected VA, W, A and %PF for loads connected to all the phases. Loads in OFF
state are not included.
Operating Load
For 3-Phase and 1-Phase 2-Wire panels this section displays the VA, W, A and %PF for all the ten
loading categories. For 1-Phase 3-Wire panels the operating load for phases L1, L2, and LL is displayed,
corresponding to each loading category.
Load Calculation
Load values displayed in the Summary page include both internal and external loads. The calculations
are performed based on the equations given below.
Connected Load
Total Continuous Load = ∑(Internal ckt continuous VA load 3 QTY) + External ckt continuous VA load
Total Non-Continuous Load = ∑(Internal ckt Non-continuous VA load 3 QTY) + External ckt Non-
continuous VA load
Code Demand Loading = (Total Continuous Code Demand Load) + (Total Non-Continuous Code
Demand Loading)
Operating Load
Operating Load (per loading category) = Connected VA 3 %Loading (per loading category)
User-Defined Info
These fields allow you to keep track of extra data associated with this component. The names of the
User-Defined (UD) fields can be changed from the Settings option in the Project menu in the Menu bar.
UD Field A5
This is an alphanumeric field with the default name UD Field A5. You can change the name of this field
and enter any extra data for this element here, up to 12 alphanumeric characters.
UD Field A6
This is an alphanumeric field with the default name UD Field A6. You can change the name of this field
and enter any extra data for this element here, up to 12 alphanumeric characters.
UD Field A7
This is an alphanumeric field with the default name UD Field A7. You can change the name of this field
and enter any extra data for this element here, up to 18 alphanumeric characters.
Drawing/Diagram
One-Line
Enter the name or ID of a one-line drawing or diagram associated with this element, up to 50
alphanumeric characters. An example is the manufacturer diagram or specifications for this element.
Reference
Enter the name or ID of a reference drawing or document for this element, up to 50 alphanumeric
characters.
Manufacturer
Name
Enter the manufacturer’s name for this element here, up to 25 alphanumeric characters.
Purchase Date
Enter the date of purchase for this element here, up to 8 alphanumeric characters.
When entering information in the page, use Ctrl+Enter to start a new paragraph. Standard keys such as
Ctrl+X, Ctrl+C, and Ctrl+V can be used to cut, copy, and paste information.
29.8.1 Assumptions
Following are the assumptions made in panel calculation methods:
• The rated voltage of an internal load connected to the panel is equal to the rated panel voltage. Note
that if a 1-Phase load is connected to a 3-Phase panel circuit, the rated voltage of the panel circuit is
(1/√3) times the rated panel voltage.
• The voltage of L1 or L2 phase in a 1-Phase 3-Wire panel is (1/2) times the rated voltage of the panel.
• There are no losses in the feeders connecting a load to the panel.
• Static loads are calculated based on their rated voltage.
3-Phase Load
In case of a 3-phase load connected to a panel circuit, the load per phase is calculated based on load
rating, rated voltage, and rated power factor, loading percent. The rated VA, Watts, Amps, and power
factor for each phase of a 3-Phase load are displayed on the Rating Tab of the Schedule page.
Consider a case when a panel circuit feeds a 2-Phase load (that is a load connected between two phases of
a 3-Phase system). Assume that the load is connected between phases B and C as shown in the below
figure.
A
B
C
IBC
Load
However, in the Summary page, this load needs to be spilt into phases B and C in order to be added to
individual phase loads. PowerStation splits the load in such a way that under the rated current phase load
current and the total load power are the same as the original load. Considering the following circuit, let
A
B
C
IB = IBC IC = -IBC
LoadB LoadC
Phase A voltage = VA
Phase B voltage = VB
Phase C voltage = VC
Load current = IBC
Note that the current flowing into the load connected to phase B = IB = IBC
And the current flowing into the load connected to phase C = IC = -IBC
SBC = VBC.IBC
PBC = VBC.IBC.cos θ
QBC = VBC.IBC.sin θ
We can represent this case by the phasor diagram shown in the below figure. The phasor diagram shows
that the load current IB leads the phase B voltage VB by an angle of (θ - 30)°. Also the phase current IC
lags the phase C voltage VC by an angle of (θ + 30)°.
SB = VB.IB
PB = VB.IB.cos (θ - 30)
QB = VB.IB.sin (θ - 30)
SC = VC.IC
PC = VC.IC.cos (θ + 30)
QC = VC.IC.sin (θ + 30)
VC IC = -IBC
(θ + 30)°
(θ - 30)°
VA
30°
θ°
IB = IBC VB
VBC
Similar calculations are made for loads connected between phase A and phase B, phase C and phase A or
any two phases.
The rated VA, Watts, Amps and power factor for a 1-Phase are displayed on the Rating Tab of the
Schedule page.
Line-to-Center Load
An example of a line-to-neutral load, in a 1-Phase 3-Wire panel is Load1 shown in the above figure. For
a load connected between line L1 or line L2 and the neutral wire, the voltage applied on the load is equal
to half of the Line-to-Line voltage.
The rated VA, Watts, Amps, and power factor for a load connected to L1 phase are displayed on the
Rating Tab of the Schedule page.
Line-to-Line Load
An example of a line-to-line load, in a 1-Phase 3-Wire panel is Load1-2 shown in the above figure. The
rated VA, Watts, Amps, and power factor for a load connected to LL phase are displayed on the Rating
Tab of the Schedule page.
The connected load is calculated as the sum of all connected loads, both internal and external ones, which
have the ON State. The load rating values are used in calculating Connected Load, such as VA, W, and
PF for internal loads and rated KVA and PF for external loads. The Amp values are calculated based on
the nominal kV of panel terminal bus.
When calculating connected continuous load, either individual phases or the total load, it excludes:
The connected load is sum of the connected continuous load and connected non-continuous load.
The operating load is calculated similar to that for the connected load. In additional to the factors used in
calculating the connected load, load percent for each individual load is considered, and for external loads
the demand factor is also considered. The Amp value is calculated based on the panel terminal bus
nominal kV. For a three-phase panel, this current is an average value.
Load Type
Each panel circuit load has a load type. The load types are based on NEC 1999. The first 14 load types
are defined per NEC 1999 and cannot be changed. The remaining 10 load type fields are by default User
Defined 1 through User Defined 10. These load types can be changed. The Load Types are displayed
under the Description Tab of the Schedule Page under Load Type column for each panel circuit.
Notes:
NDU = Non Dwelling Unit
DU = Dwelling Unit
Ltg = Lighting
HCF = Health Care Facility
Units
Select from following options.
• Volt-Amps
• Largest Unit
• # of Units
VA
Enter typical VA for the load type. This value appears as default value on the VA column of the Rating
Tab in the Schedule Page of the Panel editor whenever that particular load type is selected.
%PF
Enter typical power factor for the specified load type. This value appears as default value on the %PF
column of the Rating Tab in the Schedule Page of the Panel editor.
Calculation Procedure
This section lists the steps used to calculate the code demand load for a panel. In the following discussion
a panel load is a panel circuit with Link Type set to Internal or Ext.# and in ON state.
In calculating code demand load for internal loads, code factors as well as multiplication factors are
applied. However, for external loads, only multiplication factors are applied, which means that the code
factor for all external loads is assumed equal to 1.
Because PowerStation allows you to define different code factors for various types of internal loads.
Code demand load calculation for internal loads are done for each types of load separately and then
summed up. A given load type can be associated with one of three different code factor units: Volt-amps,
Largest Unit, and # of Unit. Each of the three code factor units has a special way of applying the code
factors, as described below.
Load VA = 120,000
Limit 1 = 30000 CF1 = 1.0
Limit 2 = 50000 CF2 = 0.5
Limit 3 =0 CF3 = 0.3
Limit 4 =0 CF4 =0
Limit 5 =0 CF5 =0
CF6 =0
Therefore
Code Demand Load = (Limit 1 3 CF1 + Limit 2 3 CF2 + (Load VA – Limit 1 – Limit 2) 3 CF3) 3 CLM
= (30000 3 1 + 50000 3 0.5 + (120,000 – 50000 – 30000) 3 0.3) 3 1.25
= 83750
Limit 1 = N1
Limit 2 = N2
Limit 3 = N3
Limit 4 = N4
Limit 5 = N5
• Starting from the first panel load, if N1 > 0 then up to N1 panel loads multiply each panel load VA by
CF1; otherwise multiply each panel load by CF1 and stop.
• Starting from the (N1 + 1) panel load, if N2 > 0 then up to N2 panel loads multiply each panel load
VA by CF2; otherwise multiply each remaining panel load by CF2 and stop.
• Starting from the (N2 + 1) panel load, if N3 > 0 then up to N3 panel loads multiply each panel load
VA by CF3; otherwise multiply each remaining panel load by CF3 and stop.
• Starting from the (N3 + 1) panel load, if N4 > 0 then up to N4 panel loads multiply each panel load
VA by CF4; otherwise multiply each remaining panel load by CF4 and stop
• Starting from the (N4 + 1) panel load, if N5 > 0 then up to N5 panel loads multiply each panel load
VA by CF5; otherwise multiply each remaining panel load by CF5 and stop
• Starting from (N5 + 1) panel load, multiply each panel load by CF6 and stop.
• If for the given load type the status is “Continuous”, multiply the resulting total load VA by
Continuous Load Multiplier; otherwise multiply the resulting total load VA by Non-Continuous Load
Multiplier.
Load Name VA
Load 5 6200
Load 2 5000
Load 10 4300
Load 3 3400
Load 9 3300
Load 1 - 1 3000
Load 1 - 2 3000
Load 4 2500
Load 8 2200
Load 6 2000
Load 7 1900
For simplicity, assume that the power factor is 100% for all the loads, PowerStation will perform complex
addition while adding up the load VA, that is it will take into account the power factor of individual loads
while adding the VA of loads.
Limit 1 = N1
Limit 2 = N2
Limit 3 = N3
Limit 4 = N4
Limit 5 = N5
and
N = Number of panel loads for the load type
Total_VA = Sum of all panel loads for the load type
• If N1 > zero and N <= N1 then multiply Total_VA by CF1 and stop.
• If N2 > 0 and N > N1 and N <= N2 then multiply Total_VA by CF2 and stop.
• If N3 > 0 and N > N2 and N <= N3 then multiply Total_VA by CF3 and stop.
• If N4 > 0 and N > N3 and N <= N4 then multiply Total_VA by CF4 and stop.
• If N5 > 0 and N > N4 and N <= N5 then multiply Total_VA by CF5 and stop.
• If N5 > 0 and N > N5 then multiply Total_VA by CF6 and stop.
If for the given load type the status is “Continuous”, multiply the resulting total load VA by Continuous
Load Multiplier or else multiply the resulting total load VA by Non-Continuous Load Multiplier.
One special case for “# of Units” load is that if the load type is “Kitchen NDU”, the code factor load
calculated as described above is compared to the sum of first two largest loads. If the sum of the first two
largest loads is larger than the calculated code factor load, then this load sum will be used in place of the
code factor load to be multiplied by the applicable Load Multiplier.
For simplicity, assume that the power factor is 100% for all the loads, PowerStation will perform complex
addition while adding up the load VA, that is it will take into account the power factor of individual loads
while adding the VA of loads.
Motor Load
As N = 7, we will use CF3 = 0.75
Load with Code Factors = 0.75 (2 3 3000 + 5000 + 3400 + 2500 + 6200 + 2000)
= 18825
Code Demand Load = Load with Code Factors 3 CLM
= 18825 3 1.25
= 23531.25
Generic Load
As N = 5, we will use CF2
Load with Code Factors = 1.25 (1900 3 3 + 2200 3 2)
= 12625
Code Demand Load = Load with Code Factors X NCLM
= 18825 3 0.75
Radial System
In order to sum up load for a top panel, in the current version of PowerStation, It is required that the
system powered by a top panel must be a radial system. It is not allowed for downstream elements from a
top panel to form any loops. Furthermore, the top panel must be the only source for all the downstream
elements. Before carrying out a system study, PowerStation checks if loops are involved in any top
panels. If a loop is detected, an error message will be displayed and the calculation is stopped.
The aggregated load values are displayed in the Summary Page of the Panel Editor. Depending on the
study case options, appropriate load diversity factors can also be applied.
The Crystal Reports format provides a summary of the panel information. The Panel Schedule Report
Manager helps you to view the output report.
The header of the Report Manager displays the type of panel connection for which the report is being
generated.
Type of connection
There are several fields and buttons available on this page, as described below.
Panel Schedule
This page allows you to select different formats for viewing load data. They include Loading Schedule
and Loading Summary
Help
Click on this button to access Help.
OK / Cancel
Click on the OK button to dismiss the editor and bring up the Crystal Reports view to show the selected
portion of the output report. If no selection is made, it will simply dismiss the editor. Click on the Cancel
button to dismiss the editor without viewing the report.
Report Header
The report header contains information about PowerStation Version, Project Name, Location of
Company, Contract Number, Engineer Name, File Name, Page Number, Date, Revision, and
Configuration. This information can be changed by going to the Project Menu and clicking on
Information.
Panel Rating
This section contains the rating information for the panel including the Main Disconnect used for the
panel. This information can be changed by opening the panel editor and navigating to the rating page.
Total Watts / phase = Total Continuous Watts / phase + Total Non-Continuous Watts / phase
Sample reports for 3 Phase 3 Wire and 1 Phase 3 Wire panel systems are shown below:
For 1 Phase 3 Wire systems the Line-Neutral and Line-Line Ratings are displayed in the output report as
shown below.
Loading Category
The loading category page is included in the Loading Summary page and displays Volt-Amps, Watts,
Amps (avg), and %PF for the ten user-defined loading categories.
Loading Category
The loading category page is included in the Loading Summary page and displays Volt-Amps, Watts,
Amps (avg) and %PF for the ten user-defined loading categories based on Line-Neutral or Line-Line load
connections.