Communication- fundamental concept on the study of behaviour whether by humans, animals ,and

machines. Acts as frame of reference for concepts of language.

Communication process- the speaker sends message to the listener through verbal or non verbal
channels to elicit effect

Sender/Source- the person or group who decides to communicate with other persons.

Message- words uttered carrying meaning conveyed through channels

Kinds of Noise

1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Semantic

Channels of Communication

1.verbal

2.Non-verbal

Types of non-verbal Communication

1. Paralinguistic- meaningful variation in speech corresponding to patters of loudness, pitch, rate

2. Kinesics- facial expressions, eye movements, gestures, postures
3. Haptics- use of touch to communicate
4. Proxemics-use of interpersonal space
5. Chronemics- use of time
6. Iconics-use of objects or designs
7. Dress and appearance

Culture- interwoven system of customs, morals, traits, traditions and values shared by a group of people
or a society.

Kinds of Cultures

1. Low Context- US, Canada, Europe

Very literal, use linear logic, time is very limited
2. High Context-Japan, China, Asia
Contemplative, use spiral logic, use body language, time is endless resource

Multicultural- society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups

Cross Cultural- Comparison of different cultures, one culture is the “norm”

 Intercultural-deep understanding, respect for all cultures, mutual exchange of ideas, deep
relationships.

Six Main Dimensions to Describe society

1.Power Distance Index- gauges cultural relationship with authority, people do not question
authority figures.
2. Uncertainty Avoidance- measures degree to which society is threatened by ambiguity.
Believes in absolute truth
3. Masculinity/Femininity Dimension-Discover the extent to which dominant values in society
are masculine or feminine.
4.Individualism-measure degree to which society values the individual ( I )
5.Indulgence vs. Restraint Dimension- measures degree to which culture allows people to
indulge their basic needs and desires
6.Long term Orientation vs. Short-term orientation- measures the degree to which a culture is
focused on the past, present, and future

Barriers in Multicultural Communication

1.Cultural relativism
2.Lack of Knowledge and understanding of cultures
3.Discriminatory Harassment
4. Language differences

Styles of Handling Conflicts in a Multicultural Environment

1. Discussion
2. Robotic
3. Accomodation
4. Dynamic

Varieties of English

1. English as a Native Language ( ENL )

USA, UK,Australia, Canada, New Zealand

2. English as Second Language (ESL)

Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Nigeria

3. English as a Foreign Language (EFL)

Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Middle East

Phonology- sounds present in speech inventory of one language which are not available in
another.
Syntax- arrangement of words
 Semantics- expressions or words in one language may differ from another language

Characteristics of Standard English

1. Working language in academe, gov’t, business, media
2. Correct
3. Widely used
4. Conventional sentence, paragraph structure
5. Short sentence
6. Short paragraph

Features of Formal Language

1. Appropriate capitalization, punctuation, abbreviation

2. Avoid shortcuts
3. Avoid colloquial expressions
4. Use denotative than connotative expressions
5. Impersonal

Common Uses of Formal language

1. Research papers, theses, dissertations

2. Reports, memoranda
3. Literary criticisms, esays
4. Legal documents, news stories
5. Speeches, public notices
6. Graduation speeches
7. Sermons
8. Conversations with elders or important people

Common Features of Informal language

1. short words
2. loaded with contractions, colloquial expressions
3. marked by popular words

Common uses of Informal Language

1. light, chatty
2. conversation with colleagues, friends
3. novels, short stories
4. e-mail
5. meetings
6. classroom discussion
7. showbiz, comic strips
 Substandard English- variety of English marked “incorrect”, does not follow rules and guidelines

Types of Substandard Usage

1. errors in agreement, case, tense
2. double/multiple negatives
3. double comparatives or superlatives
4. formation of reflexive pronoun
5. clichés, overused expressions
6. redundancy

Legalese- formal, technical language used by lawyers, judges, legislators

Ex. Caucus, ad hoc, prima facie, ex post facto, quasi

Jargon- “gobbledygook”, language used by groups that have similar interests

Ex. BTW,FAQ, ASAP, CEO,WWW,MOA

Slang- an innovative language occurring mostly in casual and playful speech

Slang Styles

1.backslang

2. rap slang

3. coinages

4. existing words with new meanings

5.emoticons

Letter of Inquiry- facilitates business operations, deal with job vacancies, funding, grants, scholarships,
projects, sales, proposals

Incident report- Used to document an incident that has occurred, document what happened

Structure of Incident Report

1. Introduction
2. Discussion
3. Recommendation
4. Conclusion
Things to Include in the Minutes of the Meeting

1. Name of Organization
2. Attendance
3. Present/Absent
4. Short statement
5. Report of officers
6. Discussion, motion in earlier meetings
7. New business

Suggestions in Preparing Minutes of the Meeting

1. Number consecutively
2. Encode name of organization or committee
3. Encode date
4. Single space for individual item
Double space between paragraphs
5. Identify subject captions

Interview- conversation with a goal and a purpose

Kinds of Interview Questions:

1. Structured
2. Unstructured
3. Semi-structured
4. Close-ended
5. Open-ended

Types of Interview:

1. Job- establishes if applicant possess required competencies

2. Orientation-when newly-hired employee joins an organization
3. Counselling-make situation clear, focus on personal problem
4. Informational- for collecting information
5. Appraisal-review employee’s past performance
6. Exit- when employee is leaving an organization

Euphemism- obscure intended meaning

Adult entertainment-pornography correctional facility-prison

Pre-owned automobile-used car visually impaired-blind

Economically deprived- poor put to sleep-euthanize

Revenue enhancers-taxes big-boned- overweight

Chemical dependency-drug addiction domestic engineer- maid

Sanitation engineer-garbage man