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Received: 4 June 2016    Accepted: 5 January 2017

DOI: 10.1111/anu.12559

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Response of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to unrefined

peanut oil diets: Effect on growth performance, fish health and
fillet fatty acid composition

Ü. Acar1,2  | A. Türker3

1
Department of Fisheries, Graduate School
of Natural and Applied Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Abstract
Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey A 60-­day feeding study with rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was conducted to
2
Department of Forestry, Bayramiç Vocational
determine the effects of replacement of fish oil (FO) by unrefined peanut oil (PO) on
School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University,
Çanakkale, Turkey growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, fatty acid composition and
3
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of serum biochemical and haematological parameters. Rainbow trouts (51.60 ± 0.75 g)
Fisheries, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University,
were fed five experimental diets formulated by replacing dietary FO with PO at levels
Muğla, Turkey
of level 0 (PO0), 1/4 (PO25), 1/2 (PO50), 3/4 (PO75) and 4/4 (PO100), respectively. As a
Correspondence
result, the best growth performance was observed in fish fed with PO0 and PO50 diet.
Ümit Acar, Department of Fisheries, Graduate
School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Muğla No significant differences were detected among the groups in terms of body composi-
Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla,Turkey
tions. Fatty acid profiles of the fish fillets reflected the fatty acid profiles of the feeds
Email: umitacar@mu.edu.tr
that the fishes were fed with. In this study, the haematological parameters detected
that there were no significant differences compared to the control group, whereas the
serum biochemical parameters generally worsened as the ratio of peanut oil in the ra-
tion exceeded half of fish oil. As a conclusion, the results of the study suggested that
the unrefined peanut oil could be used as a replacer of fish oil in diets for rainbow trout.

KEYWORDS
fatty acid, growth performance, peanut oil, Rainbow trout, serum biochemistry, vegetable oil

1 |  INTRODUCTION
In aquaculture sector, fish oil (FO) is important for growth, supply-
ing energy and essential fatty acids in fish nutrition. According to
estimates, aquafeeds industry will be using about 80-­90% of fish oil
production in a few years (Turchini, Torstensen, & Ng, 2009). The in-
creasing demand of the world’s aquaculture production shows that
aquafeeds require more FO, whereas fisheries that provide these feed
stuffs have reached their limit and will not able to meet the increas-
ing need. The main solution for these limitations has been found in
the substitution of FO with vegetable oil sources (VO) in diets. Several
alternative VOs have been explored in the past with availability, low
cost and ability to be fully or partially replaced without negative effect
on growth performance (Bell, Henderson, Tocher, & Sargent, 2004;
Caballero et al., 2002; Francis, Turchini, Jones, & De Silva, 2006; Ng,
Tocher, & Bell, 2007), flesh quality (Nanton et al., 2007) or disease re-
sistance (Bransden, Carter., & Nichols, 2003) in salmonids.
Fish oil contains n-­3 unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) such as do-
cosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA,
20:5ω3) and n-­6 HUFA, whereas VOs devoid of these fatty acids
(Turchini, Francis, Keast, & Sinclair, 2011). On the contrary, VO is rich
in linoleic acid (18:2ω6) and oleic acid (18:1ω9) and α-­linoleic acid
(18:3ω3) and also VO lacks EPA and DHA. However, freshwater fish
like rainbow trout have the ability to desaturate and elongate shorter
chain ω3 fatty acids such as α-­linoleic acid to produce EPA and DHA
(Arts, Ackman, & Holub, 2001; Menoyo, Lopez-­Bote, Diez, Obach, &
Baustista, 2007). Early studies have already determined the effects of
VOs as a feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Bullerwell, Collins, Lall, &
Anderson, 2016; Hixson, Parrish, & Anderson, 2014; Ye, Anderson, &
Lall, 2016). Hixson et al. (2014) were able to completely replace FO
with camelina oil in rainbow trout diets without any adverse effect.
Yıldız, Köse, Issa, and Kahraman (2015) also found that completely re-
placing FO with sesame, linseed or sunflower oil had no impact on
growth performance.

Aquaculture Nutrition. 2017;1–8. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd |  1

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T A B L E   1   Ingredients (g kg−1) and composition of the Santos, & Oliva-­Teles, 2014). However, limited data on the effect of
experimental diets VOs on rainbow trout health status are available. For this reason, the

Ingredients aim of this study was to evaluate peanut oil as a suitable lipid source
composition for farmed rainbow trout. This was carried out by examining the ef-
g kg−1 PO0 PO25 PO50 PO75 PO100 fects of peanut oil on rainbow trout growth performance, fillet fatty
Fish meal a
402 402 402 402 402 acids composition and main blood parameters.
b
Soybean meal 300 300 300 300 300
Wheat mealb 70 70 70 70 70 2 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
b
Corn starch 68 68 68 68 68
Fish oilc 120 80 60 40 0 2.1 | Feeding trial and experimental diets
d
Peanut oil 0 40 60 80 120
This study was carried out at the Selina Aquaculture Facility (Fethiye,
Vitamin-­Minerale 40 40 40 40 40
Muğla, Turkey). The rainbow trout were obtained from the same ­facility
Total 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
and fed commercial pelleted diet (450 g/kg CP, 180 g/kg CL) with fish oil
Cost of feed ($/kg) 1.31 1.25 1.23 1.19 1.14 being the only lipid source, for 2 weeks until the start the feeding trial.
Gross composition (g/kg DM) Then, fish were weighted (average weight 51.60 ± 0.75 g) and randomly
Protein 435.8 434.0 433.8 434.4 435.2 selected 50 fish per cage distributed to 15 cages (100 × 100 × 100 cm).
Lipid 172.6 171.8 172.2 172.5 173.2 The experimental cages were placed into the concrete pool
Ash 76.1 75.4 74.8 73.8 75.4 (3.5 × 20 × 2 m) in non-­fish. Water inlet for the concrete pool was
NFE 275 275 275 275 275 10 L/s. During the feeding experiment, the average water temperature
a was 13.39 ± 0.49°C, the dissolved oxygen was 8.50 ± 0.18 mg L−1, and
Anchovy fish meal. Koptur Balıkçılık. Trabzon. Turkey
b
Soybean meal. Agromarin Yem San. ve Tic. A.Ş. İzmir. Turkey. the pH was 8.18 ± 0.08. Fish were hand-­fed with experimental diets (in
c
Anchovy fish oil. Agromarin Yem San. ve Tic. A.Ş. İzmir. Turkey. triplicates) to apparent satiation, twice a day for 60 days.
d
Başpınar Fıstıkçılık Toprak Mahsülleri Ltd. Şti. Osmaniye. Turkey. The experimental diets were produced in the laboratory. The for-
e
Vitamin Mixture: Vitamin A. 18,000 IU kg−1 feed; Vitamin D3. 2,500 IU kg−1
mulation and major nutrients composition of five experimental diets
feed; Vitamin E. 250 mg kg−1 feed Vitamin K3. 12 mg kg−1 feed; Vitamin B1.
25 mg kg−1 feed; Vitamin B2. 50 mg kg−1 feed; Vitamin B3. 270 mg kg−1 are presented in Tables 1 and 2. All dry ingredients were carefully
feed; Vitamin B6. 20 mg kg−1 feed; Vitamin B12. 0.06 mg kg−1 feed; Vitamin mixed with a laboratory feed mixer for the diet preparation. The mix-
C. 200 mg kg−1 feed; Folic acid. 10 mg kg−1 feed; Calcium D–pantothenate. tures were primed with tap water to yield a suitable pulp. Wet diets
50 mg kg−1 feed; Biotin. 1 mg kg−1 feed; Inositol. 120 mg kg−1 feed;
were assembled into 3-­mm pellets, dried at 40°C in a drying cabi-
Choline chloride. 2,000 mg kg−1 feed.
net and stored at −20°C until use. Diets were prepared by replacing
Mineral Mixture (mg kg−1): Fe. 75.3 mg; Cu. 12.2 mg; Mn. 206 mg; Zn.
85 mg; I. 3 mg; Se. 0.350 mg; Co. 1 mg. 0 (PO0), 1/4 (PO25), 1/2 (PO50), 3/4 (PO75) and 4/4 (PO100) of the
added fish oil of the control diet with unrefined peanut oil. All diets
contained approximately 435 g/kg crude protein and 170 g/kg crude
The oilseed, Arachis hypogaea, is a member of Fabaceae. The crop lipid (Table 1).
originated in South and Central America, but it has recently been cul-
tivated in more than 60 countries in the world (Liu et al., 2012). Global 2.2 | Calculations, proximate composition analysis in
peanut oil (PO) production of 5.58 million tons was ­recorded in 2013 fish fillets and feeds
(USDA, 2014), and its production is rising thus making it a good candi-
date to replace FO in fish diets. Another point of this feed stuff is that Growth performance and feed utilization were calculated using

the actual PO price is 1,000 USD tons −1

against the 2,000 USD tons −1 ­following equations;

of FO (Kesbiç, Acar, Yiğit, Bulut, & Gültepe, 2016). The major fatty FCR (Feed conversion ratio) = feed consumed∕weight gain
acids of peanut oil are palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1ω9) and linoleic
(C18:2ω6); moreover, α-­linolenic acid (C18:3ω9) is present in traces RGR (Relatively growth rate %) = [(f inal wet weight − initial wet weight)∕

(Kim, Lim, & Shin, 2015). On the other hand, from the economic point
of view, PO seems to be a more interesting alternative feedstuff than
FO. Therefore, there is an increasing literature on the use of PO in
fish feeds. Several studies have shown that PO can replace a signif-
icant amount of FO in diets for African catfish (Aderolu & Akinremi,
2009), common carp (Yıldırım, Acar, Türker, Sunar, & Yılmaz, 2013),
­tilapia (Demir, Türker, Acar, & Kesbiç, 2014) and two-­banded seabream
(Kesbiç et al., 2016) without compromise fish growth performance.
As for the terrestrial animal, blood parameters are useful tools
to determine the nutritional values and health status of fish (Peres,
initial wet weight] × 100
SGR (Specif ic growth rate%∕day) = [( ln f inal wet weight−
ln initial wet weight)∕days] × 100
Feed and fish samples (five fish per tank) were analysed for prox-
imate and fatty acids composition according to AOAC (1998) at the
end of trial. Following AOAC’s methods (1998), dry matter (AOAC,
934.01), Ash (AOAC, 942.05) and proteins (N × 6.25; AOAC, 955.04)
were determined.
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Fatty acids in the total lipid were esterified into methyl esters by T A B L E   2   Fatty acid composition of experimental diets (g/kg of
saponification with 0.5 N methanolic NaOH and transesterified with the total fatty acids)
14% boron trifluoride-­methanol (AOAC, 1998, 991.39). Fatty acid Fattyacids (g/kg) PO0 PO25 PO50 PO75 PO100
methyl esters (FAME) were analysed using a flame ionization gas chro-
C12:0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7
matograph (Shimadzu GC-­2014) equipped with an Omegawax 250
C13:0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5
capillary column (30 ml × 0.25 mm internal diameter), a flame ioniza-
C14:0 67.2 64.9 46 43.1 15.8
tion detector (FID) and a split injection system with nitrogen carrier
gas. The injector port and detector temperatures were maintained at C14:1 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3

250 and 260°C, respectively. The column temperature programme C15:0 10.5 8.8 5.9 6 4.5
−1 C16:0 219.8 178.1 175 147.8 133.8
was held at 140°C for 5 min and then increased at a rate of 3°C min
to 200°C. Total run time was 60 min per sample. Fatty acids were iden- C16:1 74.8 63.6 47.6 58.4 20.4
tified by comparing their retention times to authentic standard fatty C17:0 14.6 12.8 9.1 9.5 8.9
acid standards (Sigma-­Aldrich Co., USA). C17:1 7.8 6.3 5.3 7.6 3.4
C18:0 47.8 45 41.5 48.4 35.5

2.3 | Blood collections and analyses C18:1-­9 149.4 289.2 339.6 379.2 402.1
C18:2-­6 124.9 154 163 152.1 259.2
After a growth period of 60 days, five fish were captured from each
C18:3-­6 n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d
cage for blood collection. For blood sampling, fish were anesthetized
C18:3-­3 11.4 11.5 8.9 11.2 9.5
with phenoxyethanol. About 1 ml blood was drawn from the caudal
C20:0 8.4 7.5 7.8 6.5 6.2
vein and immediately transferred to test tubes. The extracted blood
C20:1n-­9 12.3 11 14.1 12.2 10.8
was then centrifuged at 4,000 g for 10 min to separate the serum for
biochemical analyses. Biochemical indices, including glucose (GLU), C20:2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4 0.9

total protein (TPROT), albumin (ALB) triglyceride (TRI), cholesterol C20:3n-­6 11.8 1.2 1.7 1.9 2
(COL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transami- C20:3n-­3 2.4 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.9
nase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehy- C20:4n-­6 3.1 2.8 2.4 1.9 2
drogenase (LDH), in serum were analysed using bioanalytical test kits C20:5n-­3 22.4 11.8 11.5 10.2 9.8
(Bioanalytic Diagnostic Industry, Co) and measured by a Shimadzu C22:1n-­9 9.5 9.8 9.4 9.6 9.8
spectrophotometer (PG Instruments, UK). A few blood samples were C22:2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5
allocated for the haematological assays, and the rest were added to
C22:6n-­3 89.3 85.6 79.5 59.4 42.4
heparin containing tubes for the other haematological analyses.
C23:0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4
Red blood cells (RBC, 106 mm3), haematocrit (Hct, %) and hae-
C24:0 6.7 6.8 5.9 5.5 5.2
moglobin (Hb, g dl−1) was determined using the method of Blaxhall
C24:1n-­9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
and Daisley (1973). RBC was counted with a Thoma hemocytometer
ΣMUFA 355 380.5 416.5 467.4 446.9
with the usage of Dacie’s diluting fluid. Hct was determined using
a capillary haematocrit tube. Hb concentration was determined ΣPUFA 246.9 270 270.7 240.4 328.2

with spectrophotometry (540 nm) using the cyanmethaemoglobin ω3 115.5 110.3 101.7 82.5 63.6

method. Mean ­corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hae- ω6 129.8 158 167.1 155.9 263.2
moglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration ω3/ω6 8.90 7.00 6.10 5.30 2.40
(MCHC) were ­calculated using the following formula (Bain, Lewis, &
Bates, 2006):

3 | RESULTS
MCV (μm3 ) = [(Hct,%) × 10]∕(RBC, × 106 per mm3 ),

MCH (pg) = [(Hb,g dl−1 ) × 10]∕(RBC, × 106 per mm3 ) and
−1
MCHC (%) = [(Hb, g dl ) × 100]∕(Hct,%).
2.4 | Statistical analyses
Values of all measured variables are expressed as least square means
and standard deviation. Statistical significance was ­determined by
one-­way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s multicomparison
test. Statistical significance was established at p < .05.
3.1 | Growth performance
No mortality was recorded during the experiment (Table 3). Dietary
PO treatment significantly affected the weight gain and the best
growth performance obtained in PO0, PO25 and PO50 groups and
found significantly different compared to PO75 and PO100 (p < .05).
The second-­order polynomial regression between dietary PO levels
and each weight gain (Figure 1) indicated that the most suitable PO
level for maximum growth was 354.3 g/kg. A reduction in specific
growth rate with an increase in the PO level in the diets was observed
(p < .05). The feed conversion rate was between PO75 and PO100
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4       Acar and Türker

T A B L E   3   Growth performance of rainbow trout fed with experimental diets for 60 days

PO0 PO25 PO50 PO75 PO100

Initial weight (g) 51.49 ± 063 51.75 ± 0.96 52.31 ± 0.42 51.68 ± 0.74 51.76 ± 0.04

Final weight (g) 100.53 ± 1.56 101.70 ± 0.50 100.73 ± 1.49 89.24 ± 0.13 89.07 ± 0.78
Weight gain (%) 95.27 ± 5.08a 96.56 ± 4.54a 92.56 ± 4.15a 72.69 ± 2.43b 75.46 ± 1.61b
Specific growth rate 1.11 ± 0.04a 1.13 ± 0.04a 1.09 ± 0.03a 0.91 ± 0.02b 0.94 ± 0.02b
a b a c
Feed conversion rate 1.12 ± 0.02 0.99 ± 0.06 1.12 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.03 1.41 ± 0.03c
Hepatosomatic index 1.60 ± 0.08a 1.53 ± 0.17a 1.52 ± 0.09a 1.56 ± 0.16a 1.37 ± 0.18b
a ab bc ab
Viscerosomatic index 18.53 ± 2.22 17.49 ± 2.59 15.95 ± 1.75 16.43 ± 2.05 14.13 ± 2.34c

Within a row, mean values with different letters are significantly different at Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05).

dehydrogenase (LDH) were lower in PO75 and PO100 than in the other
groups (p < .05). Opposite at the end of 60 days feeding period, serum
total protein (TPROT), globulin (GLO), glutamic oxaloacetic transam-
inase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) values showed no
significant differences between experimental groups (p > .05).

4 | DISCUSSION

Earlier studies have already evaluated the effects of dietary vegeta-

F I G U R E   1   The relationship between weight gain (%) of O. mykiss
and dietary fish oil replacement by unrefined peanut oil.
groups, and others have been found significantly different (p < .05).
Hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index observed in the PO
diets were significantly lower than PO0 diet (p < .05).
3.2 | Fish fillet proximate composition
Fish fillet proximate composition such as moisture, crude protein,
crude lipid and crude ash were not affected by dietary PO treatments
in the diets (p > .05). Replacing FO with PO significantly decreased the
PUFA content and increased the MUFA content in fish fillets (Table 4).
The total ω3 content of fillet decreased significantly compared with FO
and PO groups. 22:5n-­3 and 22:6n-­3 in the fish fillets decreased signifi-
cantly with the increase in PO, from 25% to 100% (p < .05). In general,
the fillet fatty acid composition was similar in PO50 with PO0 and PO25.
3.3 | Haematology and serum biochemical profiles
Table 5 shows the obtained fish haematology values. Dietary PO
treatment had no effect on erythrocytes count (RBC), haematocrit
(Hct), haemoglobin (Hb) and mean cell volume (MCV) in the all ex-
perimental groups (p > .05). On the other hand, mean cellular haemo-
globin (MCH) and mean cellular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
were lowest in PO100 group (p < .05).
Although the haematological parameters of fish were not affected
by the replacement of FO with PO, the biochemical parameters were
found significantly different (Table 6). Serum glucose (GLU), triglycer-
ide (TRIG), cholesterol (CHOL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate
ble oil source on growth performance, fatty acid profiles and some
haematological and biochemical variables of rainbow trout (Betiku,
Barrows, Ross, & Sealey, 2016; Bullerwell et al., 2016). But the cur-
rent work is the first study addressing the effect of dietary peanut
oil on growth performance, fatty acid profile, haematological and
serum biochemical variables as a lipid source in the diets of rainbow
trout. This study indicated that PO addition to rainbow trout diets up
to half as a lipid source produced cost-­effective diets and sufficient
for growth and survival of fish. This findings are also in agreement
with the results reported on other vegetable oil sources for rainbow
trout when they are used as partial or total replacer (Caballero et al.,
2002; Rinchard et al., 2003; Şener & Yıldız, 2003; Yıldız et al., 2015).
In rainbow trout aquaculture, FCR value is ≤1 indicating successful
feed evaluation (Bailey & Alanara, 2006). Accordingly, in our results,
PO0, PO25 and PO50 groups are comparable to this standard for rain-
bow trout.
In general, fatty acid composition of fish fillets was significantly
affected by the PO addition in the diets. In the current study, replace-
ment of FO with PO has resulted in a lower level of n-­3 HUFA, EPA
and DHA and higher amounts of 18:1n-­9 and 18:2n-­6 and fatty acids
in fish fillets. Similar finding was observed in rainbow trout when veg-
etable oil is used in the diets (Caballero et al., 2002; Şener & Yıldız,
2003). The rainbow trout fillets contain high level of n-­3 HUFA,
EPA and DHA, and these are important elements for human health
(Steffens, 1997). In the present study, rainbow trout fillets fed with
PO50 diet were found richest in terms of higher MUFA and equiva-
lent PUFA compared with fish fed with PO0 diet. Similar results were
obtained in rainbow trout when camelina oil is used as a replacer of
FO in the diets (Hixson et al., 2014). High levels of ALA in fish fillets
are known to have beneficial effects on human health (Brenna, Salem,
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T A B L E   4   Fish fillet proximate composition (g/kg) of rainbow trout fed with experimental diets for 60 days

PO0 PO25 PO50 PO75 PO100

Moisture 725.8 ± 8.7 730.2 ± 9.1 728.6 ± 7.5 730.1 ± 9.0 724.6 ± 6.9

Crude protein 187.3 ± 3.1 186.5 ± 3.7 185.2 ± 4.6 184.7 ± 3.9 179.3 ± 5.2
Crude lipid 56.8 ± 0.6 57.5 ± 0.9 57.2 ± 1.2 57.8 ± 1.4 58.6 ± 1.6
Crudea ash 29.6 ± 1.4 28.5 ± 0.20 30.2 ± 1.1 31.0 ± 2.3 29.5 ± 1.3
g/kg of the total fatty acids
 12:0 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1
 13:0 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1
a b ab a
 14:0 22.6 ± 0.4 15.3 ± 1.8 20.5 ± 4.3 21.5 ± 3.9 15.6 ± 2.6b
 14:1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1
a bc ab abc
 15:0 2.7 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.3c
a b b b
 16:0 142.6 ± 2.1 113.8 ± 14.9 116.8 ± 20.8 114.6 ± 12.2 124.3 ± 12.4b
 16:1 37.6 ± 1.1a 26.9 ± 3.4c 34.3 ± 7.8abc 35.3 ± 3.2ab 29.0 ± 4.1bc
 17:0 2.1 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 0.3 2.7 ± 0.7 2.7 ± 0.4 2.3 ± 0.6
 17:1 2.0 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.8 2.1 ± 0.8 1.6 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.6
 18:0 99.0 ± 18.6b 171.4 ± 8.2a 155.8 ± 48.6a 146.0 ± 45.0ab 135.2 ± 3.0ab
 18:1n-­9 196.8 ± 7.0c 230.9 ± 11.1b 253.9 ± 26.1b 303.6 ± 17.0a 325.3 ± 20.3a
ab a ab b
 18:2n-­6 182.8 ± 4.7 222.8 ± 7.3 181.5 ± 35.8 163.6 ± 18.4 160.1 ± 38.0b
 18:3n-­6 22.4 ± 0.7 18.8 ± 3.0 22.7 ± 4.2 20.0 ± 2.1 23.5 ± 6.4
 18:3n-­3 6.8 ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.9 6.1 ± 1.1 6.1 ± 1.0 5.8 ± 0.9
a ab ab b
 20:0 2.1 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2ab
 20:1n-­9 20.9 ± 0.5 17.7 ± 2.7 18.6 ± 3.5 17.5 ± 1.7 22.7 ± 4.9
c b ab ab
 20:2 1.3 ± 0.5 6.2 ± 4.1 9.8 ± 2.2 9.4 ± 0.8 11.7 ± 1.4a
ab b ab ab
 20:3n-­6 4.4 ± 5.0 2.6 ± 0.2 4.4 ± 0.6 5.0 ± 0.4 7.3 ± 0.5a
 20:3n-­3 4.7 ± 0.5b 5.7 ± 0.7ab 5.7 ± 0.9ab 6.0 ± 0.4a 6.7 ± 0.1a
a d b cd
 20:4n-­6 6.7 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.1 2.0 ± .0.4 1.5 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.3bc
 20:5n-­3 32.1 ± 0.7a 23.1 ± 3.1b 28.5 ± 6.1b 24.8 ± 3.0b 21.9 ± 3.6b
ab b b b
 22:1n-­9 8.3 ± 0.1 7.1 ± 1.2 7.1 ± 0.7 6.7 ± 0.6 9.6 ± 1.8a
 22:2 0.4 ± 0.4b 0.5 ± 0.3b 1.1 ± 1.0ab 0.7 ± 0.3a 1.7 ± 1.3ab
a b b bc
 22:6n-­3 156.9 ± 26.2 115.9 ± 14.3 108.8 ± 13.0 94.1 ± 12.4 79.5 ± 1.4c
 23:0 0.7 ± 0.3ab 0.3 ± 0.3b 1.0 ± 0.00a 1.0 ± 0.3a 0.4 ± 0.3b
ab bc a abc
24:0 10.6 ± 0.1 8.5 ± 0.7 10.7 ± 2.0 9.4 ± 1.2 8.1 ± 0.8c
 24:1n-­9 1.1 ± 0.8ab 0.6 ± 0.1b 1.7 ± 0.7ab 2.2 ± 1.1a 1.8 ± 0.5ab
 ΣSFA 282.9 ± 18.9 315.4 ± 15.5 311.5 ± 41.2 298.7 ± 36.1 289.4 ± 13.2
c c b a
 ΣMUFA 267.0 ± 8.3 285.2 ± 9.8 317.8 ± 24.5 367.0 ± 15.5 390.0 ± 20.5a
a b bc cd
 ΣPUFA 447.2 ± 20.8 399.7 ± 17.6 370.7 ± 16.8 334.0 ± 35.2 320.0 ± 29.4d
 ω3 200.4 ± 26.5a 150.1 ± 9.9b 149.2 ± 21.1ab 131.0 ± 15.7bc 113.9 ± 4.6c
ab a ab b
 ω6 215.2 ± 6.9 242.9 ± 4.8 210.6 ± 32.5 191.0 ± 18.9 192.9 ± 34.5b
 ω3/ω6 9.3 ± 1.5a 6.2 ± 0.3b 7.3 ± 2.0b 6.8 ± 0.2b 6.0 ± 1.2b
Within a row mean values with different letters are significantly different at Tukey post hoc test (P < .05).

Sinclair, & Cunnane, 2009; Simopoulus, 2002). In our study, ALA levels
were not different among the treatments.
In recent days, blood parameters of fish based on fish nutrition have
been studied. Previous studies have reported that feeding treatment,
stress and disease changes the blood parameters in fish (Mourente,
Dick, Bell, & ve Tocher, 2005). Haematological parameters in most of
animal including fish are used for the determination of anaemia (Coles,
1986). In the present study, PO substitution in rainbow trout diets
did not induce anaemia after 60 days feeding trial. Our results are in
accordance with Grant et al. (2008) who fed juvenile chinook salmon
with canola oil up to 54 g/kg of the total dietary lipid content. Likewise,
Parpoura and Alexis (2001) reported similar results for sea bass fed with
different vegetable oil sources. In fish, serum glucose is an useful tool
for the evaluation of nutrition ­status and stress conditions (McDonald &
 |
6       Acar and Türker

T A B L E   5   Haematological parameters of rainbow trout fed with experimental diets for 60 days

Variables PO0 PO25 PO50 PO75 PO100

6  3
Erythrocytes count (×10 mm ) 3.51 ± 0.23 3.67 ± 0.27 3.65 ± 0.29 3.55 ± 0.23 3.47 ± 0.28
Haematocrit (%) 34.2 ± 1.32 34.33 ± 1.54 34.53 ± 1.46 34.33 ± 1.45 34.4 ± 1.06
Haemoglobin (g × dl−1) 6.58 ± 0.33a 6.33 ± 0.32a 6.28 ± 0.31a 6.47 ± 0.31a 5.85 ± 0.27a
Mean cell volume (mm3) 97.91 ± 7.92 94.18 ± 9.38 95.16 ± 8.01 97.16 ± 8.20 99.66 ± 7.62
Mean cellular haemoglobin (pg) 18.82 ± 1.35a 17.33 ± 1.36ab 17.33 ± 1.62ab 18.33 ± 1.63b 16.95 ± 1.31b
Mean cellular haemoglobin 19.26 ± 1.07a 18.45 ± 0.87a 18.24 ± 1.36a 18.89 ± 1.29a 17.03 ± 0.88b
concentration (g × dl−1)

Within a row, mean values with different letters are significantly different at Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05).

T A B L E   6   Serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout fed with experimental diets for 60 days

PO0 PO25 PO50 PO75 PO100

−1 ab ab b a
GLU (mg dl ) 70.34 ± 8.00 69.76 ± 9.07 84.54 ± 10.84 63.32 ± 8.54 62.60 ± 8.71a
−1
TPROT (g dl ) 7.24 ± 0.90 8.16 ± 1.20 8.27 ± 0.76 7.19 ± 1.73 7.48 ± 0.83a
ALB (g dl−1) 0.33 ± 0.05ab 0.31 ± 0.06ab 0.35 ± 0.04b 0.32 ± 0.03ab 0.26 ± 0.06a
−1 a a a a
GLO (g dl ) 6.92 ± 0.87 7.85 ± 1.20 7.92 ± 0.77 6.87 ± 1.72 7.22 ± 0.83a
TRIG (mg dl−1) 89.33 ± 7.16b 80.55 ± 8.00ab 86.24 ± 8.87b 66.04 ± 7.78a 77.34 ± 11.09ab
−1 b a a a
CHOL (mg dl ) 272.83 ± 17.11 192.34 ± 9.07 203.00 ± 11.70 207.65 ± 14.85 198.03 ± 15.18a
GOT (U L−1) 81.36 ± 4.59a 85.12 ± 5.77a 86.41 ± 2.36a 87.05 ± 1.98a 84.77 ± 3.32a
−1 a a a a
GPT (U L ) 11.74 ± 2.10 11.95 ± 1.50 10.58 ± 0.57 10.37 ± 0.93 9.14 ± 1.84a
LDH (U L−1) 102.25 ± 10.51bc 112.74 ± 6.34ab 122.11 ± 9.52a 118.09 ± 7.92ab 93.50 ± 3.84c
−1 a ab abc c
ALP (U L ) 259.08 ± 30.93 219.81 ± 19.09 189.94 ± 45.33 140.91 ± 29.12 162.46 ± 35.14bc

Values are least squares mean (n = 15 with common superscripts in the same line are not significantly different (p > .05).
GLU, glucose; TRIG, triglyceride; CHOL, cholesterol; TPROT, total protein; ALB, albumin; Hct, haematocrit; Hb, haemoglobin; MCV, mean cell volume;
MCH, mean cell haemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell haemoglobin concentration; GOT, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase;
LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.

Milligan, 1992). Other serum parameters such as total protein, albumin
and globulin are used as an indicator for evaluation immune system
(Wiegertjes, Stet, Parmentier, & Van Muiswinkel, 1996). Therefore,
researchers aimed to decrease serum glucose levels and increase
the total protein levels. The results of the present study suggest that
dietary PO treatment in diets not negatively affect the serum glucose
level in rainbow trout. Similar results were obtained for carp (Yıldırım
et al., 2013), tilapia (Demir et al., 2014) and Caspian brown trout
(Kenari, Mozanzadeh, & Pourgholam, 2011) fed with vegetable oils as
a lipid source in diets. Total protein, albumin and globulin levels were
not influenced by the diets. These results are similar to Lin and Shiau
(2007) for grouper, Subhadra, Lochmann, Rawles, and Chen (2006) for
largemouth sea bass and Kenari et al. (2011) for Caspian brown trout.
This may be explained with the fact that various vegetable lipid source
did not lead to osmoregulatory dysfunction, hemodilution and damage of
tissues and blood vessels in fish (Kenari et al., 2011). In a previous study,
using rainbow trout fed with rapeseed oil supplemented diets, Rinchard
et al. (2003) reported that the presence of phytosterols could be the
causes for the decrease of serum cholesterol levels. Similar tendency
was observed in serum cholesterol level for the present study. Also,
Peng et al. (2008) reported that increased substitution level of FO in
diet with vegetable oil source led to decrease in serum cholesterol level
of black sea bream. This result highlighted that vegetable oils stimulate
triglyceride production and secretion, whereas fish oil reduces them in
fish (Vegusdal, Gjoen, Berge, Thomassen, & Ruyter, 2005). Values of
the hepatic enzymes have been associated with liver damage in fish
(Babalola, Adebayo, Apata, & Omosoto, 2009; Lemaire et al., 1991). In
fish, increased hepatic enzyme activity can be established with lack of
PUFA in diets, liver damage or adiposity (Lanari et al., 1999), but it is also
used to determine the oxidative stress dependent on hypothyroidism
(Chattopadhyay, Sahoo, Subudhi, & Chainy, 2007). In the present study,
GOT and GPT were not significantly different among the experimental
groups and LDH and ALP enzymes activity have decreased depending
on PO ratios in diets. Decrease in enzyme activity may be due to the
protective effect of peanut oil on tissues and organs. Accordingly,
Babalola et al. (2009) found that vegetable oils (sunflower and cacao)
increase hepatic enzyme activity in channel catfish. In general, different
studies about fish nutrition on different species reported similar results
on haematological and biochemical parameters when FO replaced with
VO in diets.
In conclusion, these results indicated that the replacement of di-
etary FO with PO up to 500 g/kg had no adverse effect on the growth
performance, fillet fatty acid composition, haematological and serum
biochemical parameters and survival of rainbow trout. These results
represent important findings to develop more sustainable and eco-
nomic diets.
Acar and Türker
ACKNOWLE DG E MEN TS
This article was a part of PhD thesis of Ü. Acar and authors wish to
thank Hüseyin Urçuk and Selina Aquaculture Facility (Fethiye, Muğla,
Turkey) for their support.
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How to cite this article: Acar Ü, Türker A. Response of
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to unrefined peanut oil
diets: Effect on growth performance, fish health and fillet
fatty acid composition. Aquacult Nutr. 2017;00:1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12559