Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
The following text introduces one kind of air-conditioning system. As you read, try to find
the answers to the following questions. Remember, you do not have to understand all the
words to answer the questions.
Page 1 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
Outdoor-air control
4 The introduction of outdoor ventilation air is necessary when the conditioning space is
occupied by people. In many comfort air-conditioning installations the minimum percentage of
outdoor ventilation air is between 10 and 20 per cent of the total flow rate of supply air. In some
special applications, e.g. hospital operating rooms, the supply air may come exclusively from
outdoors and be conditioned to maintain the specified space conditions. No return air is circulated in
these installations.
5 The outdoor-air control mechanism that interfaces with the air system of Figure 1 and other
air systems is shown in Figure 2. The stream of return air at B flowing back from the zones divides,
some exhausting and some recirculating. The outdoor ventilation air mixes with the recirculated air
and flows to the conditioning unit at A. Dampers in the outdoor-, exhaust-air lines open and close in
unison and in the direction opposite the motion of the recirculated-air dampers.
6 A standard outdoor-air control plan attempts to maintain the mixed-air temperature at point A
at approximately 13° to 14°C since the basic function of the air-conditioning system is to provide
cooling. Another requirement of the outdoor-air control is to assure that the minimum percentage of
outdoor air is maintained. At a high outdoor temperature the dampers provide the minimum flow rate
of outdoor air. At an outdoor temperature lower than about 24°C, it is more economical in cooling
energy to use 100 per cent outdoor air. For outdoor-air temperatures below 13°C the dampers
proportion themselves to maintain a mixed temperature of 13°C. To hold a mixed-air temperature of
13°C at extremely low outdoor temperatures, the fraction of outdoor air could drop below the
minimum. The controls are therefore designed to hold to that minimum and allow the mixed-air
temperature to drop below 13°C.
7 The traditional practice has been to try to achieve a mixed-air temperature year round of
approximately 13°C, but current practice is influenced by the desire to conserve energy; so the mixed-
air temperature may be reset to a higher value if and when cooling loads can be met by higher-
temperature air.
Now study the text carefully. As you do, look for the answers to these questions.
Page 2 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
Now see if you can complete the graph below. Use the information given in paragraph 6.
1. Find the words or phrases used in the text which express these ideas of size and
accuracy:
2. The following verbs all describe movement. The underlined words are used in the text.
Choose the correct word to complete each of the sentences below:
• Pipes __________ hot water from the boiler to every part of the building.
• Goods are ________ by truck from the port to their destination.
• In a closed refrigeration system, the fluid (e.g. water) ________ and ________.
• In some countries, the students can ________ from one university to another.
• In an air-conditioning system, the cool air ________ from the supply-air line to the
conditioned space.
• regulate • maintain
• (re-)set • conserve
Page 3 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
• To alter the temperature of a heating or cooling system, we must ________ the thermostat.
• In an efficient air-conditioning system, the temperature indoors is ________ at a fixed level.
• Since natural sources of energy are in short supply, it is important to ________ energy as
much as possible.
Can you find any other words or phrases in the text which also express control?
• comfort
• in unison
• assure
• traditional
• current
1. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Because the function is to provide cooling, the temperature must be maintained at13°to14°C.
or
As the function is to provide cooling…
Fact Reason
On a hot day, a minimum of outdoor air is warm outdoor air would raise the
used in the supply-air mixture temperature of the supply air.
On cold days, a minimum of outdoor air is cold outdoor air would lower the
used in the supply-air mixture temperature of the supply air below 13°C.
When the temperature of the outdoor air is economy.
13°C 100% outdoor air can be used in the
supply
Laboratory equipment must be used the cost of replacing it.
carefully
Refrigeration is an important field of study it has many uses and applications.
It is very useful to be able to read easily in many textbooks and scientific papers are
English written in English.
Page 4 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
2. EXPRESSING PURPOSE
Or:
E. Understanding a lecture
You will hear the first part of a lecture. As you listen, make notes and then try to answer the
questions below. The extract has been divided into sections to enable you to understand it more
easily.
2. Why is the study of air-conditioning systems different from that of industrial refrigeration?
What is the name given to the study of processes which occur at very low temperatures?
Air conditioning is important for maintaining comfortable temperatures for people in hot
climates. What are its other uses?
What two industries are mentioned where the control of the temperature-humidity and
quality of air is important?
What can happen to electronic equipment if it is not kept in controlled conditions?
What happens to many kinds of food if it is not refrigerated?
What sort of temperatures are needed for storing frozen fruit and vegetables?
Page 5 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
3. Now listen to the lecture again, and complete the next two exercises.
(a) As you listen, write down the words used by the lecturer to:
begin the lecture
begin the section on air conditioning systems
begin the section on refrigeration in industrial processes
(b) Complete the following sentences according to the information given in the lecture:
The industrial gas industry deals with _______________
Heat which is generated by large numbers of people, lights and electrical equipment can be
_______________
In the printing industry, the ink may fail to dry if _______________
In areas where electronic equipment is kept, clean air is very important to _______________
If food such as meat and fish is refrigerated, _______________
F. Further Reading 1
Divider circuits
Read lines 1-11 quickly and note the names of the units (elements) which make up the
electronics of a watch.
Page 6 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
Page 7 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
Unit Function
1.- oscillator a.- divides the frequency 15 times
2.- divider b.- produces signals to operate the LCD
3.- counter c.- displays the time
4.- decoder d.- produces fixed frequency pulses
5.- LCD e.- makes a binary count of the pulses
1.- a flip-flop
2.- connected in cascade
3.- a bistable circuit
4.- logic states
G. Further Reading 2
Road breaker
Page 8 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
Page 9 of 10
Technical English for Engineers Unit 7
Put the following steps in the operation of the pneumatic drill in the correct sequence
with the help of the diagram. The first one has been done for you as an example.
A _________________________________________________________________________
B__________________________________________________________________________
C _________________________________________________________________________
D _________________________________________________________________________
E _________________________________________________________________________
F _________________________________________________________________________
G _________________________________________________________________________
Page 10 of 10