Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
If these doctors knew from the start that they were not in the position to Facts:
attend to Roy Jr., a vehicular accident victim, with the degree of diligence Respondents’ 11-year old daughter, Angelica Soliman, underwent a
and commitment expected of every doctor in a case like this, they should biopsy of the mass located in her lower extremity at the St. Luke’s Medical
have not made a baseless assurance that everything was all right. By doing Center (SLMC) on July 7, 1993 and results showed that Angelica was
so, they deprived Roy Jr. of adequate medical attention that placed him in a suffering from osteosarcoma, osteoblastic type, (highly malignant) cancer of
more dangerous situation than he was already in. What petitioners should the bone because of that a necessity of amputation was conducted by Dr,
have done, and could have done, was to refer Roy Jr. to another doctor Tamayo on Angelica’s right leg in order to remove the tumor and to prevent
who could competently and thoroughly examine his injuries. the metastasis that chemotherapy was suggested by Dr. Tamayo, which he
referred to petitioner Dr. Rubi Li, a medical oncologist. The respondent was
However, Dr. Jarcia and Dr. Bastan cannot pass on the liability to the taxi admitted to SLMC on August 18, 1993; however, she died eleven (11) days
driver who hit the victim. If this would be so, doctors would have a ready after the (intravenous) administration of chemotherapy first cycle.
defense should they fail to do their job in attending to victims of hit-and-run, Respondents brought their daughter’s body to the Philippine National Police
Held: 2. The doctrine of res ipsa liquitor means that where the thing which causes
injury is shown to be under the management of the defendant, and the
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 6
accident is such as in ordinary course of things does not happen if those who 6. ROMMEL ATIENZA V. BOARD OF MEDICINE AND
have management use proper care, it affords reasonable evidence, in the EDITHA SIOSON
absence of an explanation by defendant that the accident arose from want of Facts:
care. Due to her lumbar pains, private respondent Editha Sioson went to Rizal
Medical Center (RMC) for check-up on February 4, 1995. Sometime in 1999,
Nevertheless, despite the fact that the scope of res ipsa liquitor has been due to the same problem, she was referred to Dr. Pedro Lantin III of RMC
measurably enlarged, it does not automatically apply to all cases of medical who, accordingly, ordered several diagnostic laboratory tests. The tests
negligence as to mechanically shift the burden of proof to the defendant to revealed that her right kidney is normal. It was ascertained, however, that her
show that he is not guilty of the ascribed negligence. Res ipsa liquitor is not a left kidney is non-functioning and non-visualizing. Thus, she underwent
rigid or ordinary doctrine to be perfunctorily used but a rule to be cautiously kidney operation in September, 1999.
applied, depending upon the circumstances of each case. It is generally
restricted to situations in malpractice cases where a layman is able to say, as On February 18, 2000, private respondents husband, Romeo Sioson (as
a matter of common knowledge and observation, that the consequences of complainant), filed a complaint for gross negligence and/or incompetence
professional care were not as such as would ordinarily have followed if due before the [BOM] against the doctors who allegedly participated in the
care had been exercised. A distinction must be made between the failure to fateful kidney operation, namely: Dr. Judd dela Vega, Dr. Pedro Lantin, III,
secure results, and the occurrence of something more unusual and not Dr. Gerardo Antonio Florendo and petitioner Rico Rommel Atienza.
ordinarily found if the service or treatment rendered followed the usual
procedure of those skilled in that particular practice. It must be conceded that It was alleged in the complaint that the gross negligence and/or incompetence
the doctrine of res ipsa liquitor can have no application in a suit against a committed by the said doctors, including petitioner, consists of the removal
physician or surgeon which involves the merits of a diagnosis or of a of private respondents fully functional right kidney, instead of the left non-
scientific treatment. The physician or surgeon is not required at his peril to functioning and non-visualizing kidney.
explain why any particular diagnosis was not correct, or why any particular Editha Sioson Attached to the formal offer of documentary evidence are her
scientific treatment did not produce the desired results. Exhibits A to D, which she offered for the purpose of proving that her
kidneys were both in their proper anatomical locations at the time she was
Thus, res ipsa liquitor is not available in a malpractice suit if the only operated.
showing is that the desired result of an operation or treatment was not
accomplished. The real question, therefore, is whether or not in the process The following are the pieces of evidence presented by Sioson:
of the operation any extraordinary incident or unusual event outside the EXHIBIT A the certified photocopy of the X-ray Request form dated
routine performance occurred which is beyond the regular scope of December 12, 1996 (handwritten entries which are the interpretation of the
customary professional activity in such operations, which if unexplained results of the ultrasound examination)
would themselves reasonably speak to the average man as the negligent case EXHIBIT B the certified photo copy of the X-ray request form dated January
or causes of the untoward consequence. If there was such extraneous 30, 1997 (handwritten entries which are the interpretation of the results of the
intervention, the doctrine of res ipsa liquitor may be utilized and the examination)
dependent is called upon to explain the matter, by evidence of exculpation, if EXHIBIT C the certified photocopy of the X-ray request form dated March
he could. 16, 1996 (EXHIBIT C the certified photocopy of the X-ray request form
dated March 16, 1996)
EXHIBIT D the certified photocopy of the X-ray request form dated May 20,
1999 (handwritten entries which are the interpretation of the results of the
examination)
Petitioner appealed to the CA. CA dismissed the appeal. Admissibility of evidence refers to the question of whether or not the
circumstance (or evidence) is to be considered at all. On the other hand, the
ISSUES: probative value of evidence refers to the question of whether or not it
1. WON Petition for certiorari to the CA a proper remedy proves an issue.
2. WON CA committed grave abuse of discretion when it upheld the
admission of incompetent and inadmissible evidence by respondent Second, petitioners insistence that the admission of Edithas exhibits violated
board his substantive rights leading to the loss of his medical license is misplaced.
HELD: As pointed out by the appellate court, the admission of the exhibits did not
I. YES. Petitioner is correct when he asserts that a petition for certiorari is the prejudice the substantive rights of petitioner because, at any rate, the fact
proper remedy to assail the Orders of the BOM, admitting in evidence the sought to be proved thereby, that the two kidneys of Editha were in their
exhibits of Editha. As the assailed Orders were interlocutory, these cannot be proper anatomical locations at the time she was operated on, is presumed
the subject of an appeal separate from the judgment that completely or finally under Section 3, Rule 131 of the Rules of Court:
disposes of the case. At that stage, where there is no appeal, or any plain, Sec. 3. Disputable presumptions. The following presumptions are
speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law, the only and satisfactory if uncontradicted, but may be contradicted and overcome
remaining remedy left to petitioner is a petition for certiorari under Rule 65 by other evidence:
of the Rules of Court on the ground of grave abuse of discretion amounting xxxx
to lack or excess of jurisdiction. (y) That things have happened according to the ordinary course of
nature and the ordinary habits of life.
However, the writ of certiorari will not issue absent a showing that the BOM
has acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of To lay the predicate for her case, Editha offered the exhibits in evidence to
discretion. prove that her kidneys were both in their proper anatomical locations at the
time of her operation.
2. NO. To begin with, it is well-settled that the rules of evidence are not
strictly applied in proceedings before administrative bodies such as the The fact sought to be established by the admission of Edithas exhibits, that
BOM. Although trial courts are enjoined to observe strict enforcement of the her kidneys were both in their proper anatomical locations at the time of her
rules of evidence, in connection with evidence which may appear to be of operation, need not be proved as it is covered by mandatory judicial notice.
doubtful relevancy, incompetency, or admissibility, we have held that:
[I]t is the safest policy to be liberal, not rejecting them on doubtful or Unquestionably, the rules of evidence are merely the means for ascertaining
technical grounds, but admitting them unless plainly irrelevant, the truth respecting a matter of fact. Thus, they likewise provide for some
immaterial or incompetent, for the reason that their rejection places facts which are established and need not be proved, such as those covered by
them beyond the consideration of the court, if they are thereafter judicial notice, both mandatory and discretionary. Laws of nature involving
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 8
the physical sciences, specifically biology, include the structural make-up In fact, the introduction of secondary evidence, such as copies of the exhibits,
and composition of living things such as human beings. In this case, we may is allowed. Witness Dr. Nancy Aquino testified that the Records Office of
take judicial notice that Edithas kidneys before, and at the time of, her RMC no longer had the originals of the exhibits because [it] transferred from
operation, as with most human beings, were in their proper anatomical the previous building, x x x to the new building. Ultimately, since the
locations. originals cannot be produced, the BOM properly admitted Edithas formal
offer of evidence and, thereafter, the BOM shall determine the probative
Third, contrary to the assertion of petitioner, the best evidence rule is value thereof when it decides the case.
inapplicable. Section 3 of Rule 130 provides:
1. Best Evidence Rule
Sec. 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions. When the
subject of inquiry is the contents of a document, no evidence shall be 7. CERENO v. CA
admissible other than the original document itself, except in the
following cases: FACTS:
(a) When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be
At about 9:15 in the evening of 16 September 1995, Raymond S.
produced in court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror; (b)
When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party Olavere (Raymond), a victim of a stabbing incident, was rushed to the
against whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce emergency room of the Bicol Regional Medical Center (BRMC).
it after reasonable notice; There, Raymond was attended to by Nurse Balares and Dr. Realuyo
(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other the emergency room resident physician.
documents which cannot be examined in court without great loss of
time and the fact sought to be established from them is only the Subsequently, the parents of Raymond the spouses Deogenes Olavere
general result of the whole; and (Deogenes) and Fe R. Serrano arrived at the BRMC. They were
(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public accompanied by one Andrew Olavere, the uncle of Raymond. After
officer or is recorded in a public office. extending initial medical treatment to Raymond, Dr. Realuyo
recommended that the patient undergo "emergency exploratory
The subject of inquiry in this case is whether respondent doctors before the
laparotomy." Dr. Realuyo then requested the parents of Raymond to
BOM are liable for gross negligence in removing the right functioning
kidney of Editha instead of the left non-functioning kidney, not the proper procure 500 cc of type "O" blood needed for the operation. Complying
anatomical locations of Edithas kidneys. As previously discussed, the proper with the request, Deogenes and Andrew Olavere went to the Philippine
anatomical locations of Edithas kidneys at the time of her operation at the National Red Cross to secure the required blood.
RMC may be established not only through the exhibits offered in evidence.
At 10:30 P.M., Raymond was wheeled inside the operating room.
Finally, these exhibits do not constitute hearsay evidence of the anatomical During that time, the hospital surgeons, Drs. Zafe and Cereno, were
locations of Edithas kidneys. To further drive home the point, the anatomical busy operating on gunshot victim Charles Maluluy-on. Assisting them
positions, whether left or right, of Edithas kidneys, and the removal of one or in the said operation was Dr. Rosalina Tatad (Dr. Tatad), who was the
both, may still be established through a belated ultrasound or x-ray of her only senior anesthesiologist on duty at BRMC that night. Dr. Tatad
abdominal area. also happened to be the head of Anesthesiology Department of the
BRMC. Just before the operation on Maluluy-on was finished, another
emergency case involving Lilia Aguila, a woman who was giving birth
After hacking and stabbing Godofredo Pascua, the accused proceeded to the
It was just unfortunate that the loss of his life was not prevented. In seashore of the barrio, and on finding Mariano Buenaflor leaning at the gate
the case of Dr. Cruz v. CA, it was held that doctors are protected by a of the fence of his house, hacked the latter with the same bolo, first on the
special law. They are not guarantors of care. They do not even warrant head and continued hacking him until he lay on the ground, face up, the
a good result. They are not insurers against mishaps or unusual accused then gave him a final trust of the bolo at the left side of the chest
consequences. Furthermore, they are not liable for honest mistake of above the nipple running and penetrating the right side a little posteriorly and
judgment…" superiorly with an exit at the back. Mariano Buenaflor sustained eight
wounds. The bloody incident was not preceded or precipitated by any
This Court affirms the ruling of the CA that the BRMC is not an altercation between the victims and the accused.
indispensible party. The core issue as agreed upon by the parties and
stated in the pre-trial order is whether petitioners were negligent in the After killing the two victims, he returned to his house, where he subsequently
performance of their duties. It pertains to acts/omissions of petitioners surrendered to Policemen Adolfo Avila, Juan Chavez, Erasmo Valencia,
upon demand by laid peace officers for him to surrender. When brought to
Dr. Bandonill, the NBI medico-legal who conducted an autopsy of the victim
on October 25, 1996, testified that Jennifer Domantay died as a result of the
numerous stab wounds she sustained on her back, the average depth of which
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 12
was six inches. He opined that the wounds were probably caused by a GENITAL EXAMINATION; showed a complete laceration of the right side
pointed sharp-edged instrument. He also noted contusions on the forehead, of the hymen. The surrounding genital area shows signs of inflamation.
neck, and breast bone of the victim. As for the results of the genital
examination of the victim, Dr. Bandonill said he found that the laceration on REMARKS: 1) Findings at the genital area indicate the probability of
the right side of the hymen was caused within 24 hours of her death. He penetration of that area by a hard, rigid instrument.
added that the genital area showed signs of inflammation.
Hymenal laceration is not necessary to prove rape;neither does its presence
The defense then presented accused-appellant as its lone witness. Accused- prove its commission. As held in People v. Ulili, a medical certificate or the
appellant denied the allegations against him. testimony of the physician is presented not to prove that the victim was raped
but to show that the latter had lost her virginity. Consequently, standing
The accused was found guilty of the crime charged. Hence, this appeal. alone, a physicians finding that the hymen of the alleged victim was lacerated
does not prove rape. It is only when this is corroborated by other evidence
ISSUE: Whether or not the court a quo erred in convicting the accused of the proving carnal knowledge that rape may be deemed to have been established.
crime of rape with homicide.
This conclusion is based on the medically accepted fact that a hymenal tear
HELD: may be caused by objects other than the male sex organ or may arise from
YES. There is, no sufficient evidence to hold accused-appellant guilty of other causes. Dr. Bandonill himself admitted this. He testified that the right
raping Jennifer Domantay. Art. 335 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, side of the victims hymen had been completely lacerated while the
in part provides: surrounding genital area showed signs of inflammation. He opined that the
laceration had been inflicted within 24 hours of the victims death and that the
ART. 335. When and how rape is committed. Rape is committed by having inflammation was due to a trauma in that area. When asked by the private
carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances. prosecutor whether the lacerations of the hymen could have been caused by
the insertion of a male organ he said this was possible. But he also said when
1. By using force or intimidation; questioned by the defense that the lacerations could have been caused by
something blunt other than the male organ.
2. When the woman is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious; and
To be sure, this Court has sustained a number of convictions for rape with
3. When the woman is under twelve years of age or is demented. homicide based on purely circumstantial evidence. In those instances,
however, the prosecution was able to present other tell-tale signs of rape such
As the victim here was six years old, only carnal knowledge had to be proved as the location and description of the victims clothings, especially her
to establish rape. Carnal knowledge is defined as the act of a man having undergarments, the position of the body when found and the like.
sexual intercourse or sexual bodily connections with a woman. For this
purpose, it is enough if there was even the slightest contact of the male sex In contrast, in the case at bar, there is no circumstantial evidence from which
organ with the labia of the victims genitalia. However, there must be proof, to infer that accused-appellant sexually abused the victim. The only
by direct or indirect evidence, of such contact. circumstance from which such inference might be made is that accused-
appellant was seen with the victim walking toward the place where the girls
Dr. Ronald Bandonills report on the genital examination he had performed on body was found. Maybe he raped the girl. Maybe he did not. Maybe he
the deceased reads: simply inserted a blunt object into her organ, thus causing the lacerations in
the hymen. Otherwise, there is no circumstance from which it might
Considering the relative physical positions of the accused and the victim in
crimes of rape, the usual location of the external bodily injuries of the victim 11. UNION MOTOR CORP. v. NLRC and ALEJANDRO ETIS
is on the face, neck, and anterior portion of her body. Although it is not
unnatural to find contusions on the posterior side, these are usually caused by FACTS:
the downward pressure on the victims body during the sexual assault. It is Respondent (Alejandro) was hired by the petitioner as an automotive
unquestionably different when, as in this case, all the stab wounds (except for mechanic. During his employment he was given several awards such as the
a minor cut in the lower left leg) had their entry points at the back running Top Technician of the Month of May in 1996 and Technician of the Year
from the upper left shoulder to the lower right buttocks. also in 1996
It is noteworthy that the deceased was fully clothed in blue shorts and white In 1997 Alejandro made a phone call to the company nurse and informed her
shirt when her body was brought to her parents house immediately after it that he had to take a sick leave because of a painful and unbearable
was found. Furthermore, there is a huge bloodstain in the back portion of her toothache. The next day, he again phoned the company nurse and told her
shorts. This must be because she was wearing this piece of clothing when the that he could not report for work because he still had to consult a doctor.
stab wounds were inflicted or immediately thereafter, thus allowing the blood Finding that the respondent’s ailment was due to a tooth inflammation, the
to seep into her shorts to such an extent. As accused-appellant would doctor referred him to a dentist for further management
naturally have to pull down the girls lower garments in order to consummate
the rape, then, he must have, regardless of when the stab wounds were Alejandro went to Dr. Pamor, a dentist, and scheduled Alejandro's tooth
inflicted, pulled up the victims shorts and undergarments after the alleged extraction. However, it was rescheduled causing Alejandro to miss more days
rape, otherwise, the victims shorts would not have been stained so of work.
extensively. Again, this is contrary to ordinary human experience.
Upon instructions from the management, a company security guard, visited
Even assuming that Jennifer had been raped, there is no sufficient proof that the respondent in his house on and confirmed that the latter was ill.
it was accused-appellant who had raped her. He did not confess to having
raped the victim. Union Motor, through its HR department, a memorandum terminating the
services of Alejandro for having incurred more than 5 consecutive absences
From the foregoing, we cannot find that accused-appellant also committed without proper notification.
rape. In the special complex crime of rape with homicide, both the rape and
the homicide must be established beyond reasonable doubt. Two days after the memorandum was issued, Dr. Pamor extracted
Alejandro's tooth. When Alejandro tried to return to work he was informed
Union Motor contends that the un-notarized medical certificates submitted FACTS:
should be inadmissible in evidence. Union Motor also contends that Accused Jimmy Silverio was charged with the crime of Rape for
Alejandro's dismissal was justified under Article 282(b) of the Labor Code, wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously having carnal knowledge with AAA
which provides that an employer may dismiss an employee due to gross and (Identity concealed). He was convicted by the lower court which was later
habitual neglect of his duties. affirmed by the Court of Appeals.
ISSUE: Whether or not Alverio is guilty for the crime charged FACTS:
At around seven o'clock in the evening of July 25, 1995, Rogelio Abunda and
HELD: his three-year old daughter Julie were shot while they were sleeping on the
YES. The Court sustained the conviction of the accused floor of their house at Barangay Bagombong, Municipality of Minalabac,
Camarines Sur. Brought to the hospital, Rogelio Abunda was dead on arrival
Citing the case of People v. Malate, the Court reiterated the principles in from hemorrhagic shock, secondary to two gunshot wounds. Julie died the
determining the guilt of the accused in rape cases, to wit: (1) an accusation of following day at the Bicol Regional Hospital due to the gunshot wound that
rape can be made with facility and while the accusation is difficult to prove, she sustained which caused a raptured spleen and lacerated lung parenchyma.
it is even more difficult for the person accused, though innocent, to disprove Cresenciano "Sonny" Enolva y Alegre was charged in Criminal Case No. 95-
the charge; (2) considering that, in the nature of things, only two persons are 6021 and Criminal Case No 95-6047, filed respectively on November 15,
usually involved in the crime of rape, the testimony of the complainant 1995 and December 12, 1995
should be scrutinized with great caution; and (3) the evidence of the
prosecution must stand or fall on its own merit, and cannot be allowed to Dr. Antonio Borja Estanislao was the Municipal Health Officer who issued
draw strength from the weakness of the evidence for the defense. the post mortem certificate for the autopsy conducted by him on the cadaver
of Rogelio Abunda on July 26, 1995. He testified that the cadaver at the time
Furthermore, in cases involving the prosecution for forcible rape, of the examination, was already in the state of rigor mortis. There were two
corroboration of the victim’s testimony is not a necessary condition to a gunshot wounds found on the body. The first, was found on the armpit, 2 cm.
conviction for rape where the victim’s testimony is credible, or clear and In diameter, with its edges inverted, (edges were directed inwards) with
convincing or sufficient to prove the elements of the offense beyond a contusion collar (there was a contusion right around the wound) and with
reasonable doubt. The exceptions to this rule are when the trial court’s gunpowder tattoing (blackened area around the wound). This was allegedly
findings of facts and conclusions are not supported by the evidence on the entry wound.
record, or when certain facts of substance and value likely to change the
outcome of the case have been overlooked by the lower court, or when the The second wound, also 2 cm. In diameter, its edges everted anterolateral
assailed decision is based on a misapprehension of facts. aspect, was found on the front left shoulder. This is allegedly the exit wound
because the edges are directed outwards. When asked on the possible
As to the issue regarding the admission of the medical certificate, the position of the victim at the time he was shot, Dr. Estanislao said that either
Court ruled that medical evidence is dispensable and merely corroborative in the victim's position was higher than the assailant or the victim was lying
proving the crime of rape. Besides, a medical certificate is not even necessary down with the assailant in equal level as the victim so that the direction of
to prove the crime of rape. The gravamen of rape is carnal knowledge of a the slug was horizontal. The cause of death was hemorrhagic shock due to
woman through force and intimidation. Moreover, Furthermore, Alverio’s assault by firearms and explosives.
defense of alibi cannot stand versus the positive identification of AAA.
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 16
gunpowder, however, are embedded in the pores of the skin, so ordinary
Major Lorlie Arroyo is a PNP member assigned as Forensic Chemist of the washing would not remove them. If they are examined, nitrates from that
Crime Laboratory at Region V, Camp Simeon Ola, Legaspi City. She was the embedded portion of the skin would appear very neatly as dark blue specks.
one who prepared Chemistry Report No. C-27-95 on the suspect Cresenciano She was very positive that the nitrates she found in her examination of the
Enolva. She testified that she received the paraffin cast of Cresenciano paraffin cast were gunpowder residue.
Enolva on July 28, 1995 upon request of the Chief of Police of Minalabac,
Camarines Sur. The specimen submitted to her was a pair of paraffin cast The accused Cresenciano denied that he shot Rogelio Abunda and Julie
taken from both hands of Cresenciano Enolva. The purpose of the laboratory Abunda. He claimed that he was sleeping in his house and was drank at the
examination was to determine the presence of gunpowder residue (nitrates) in time of the incident. The trial court upheld the version of the prosecution,
the specimen submitted her laboratory examination consisted of adding relying on the testimonies of the two persons who claim to be eyewitnesses
diphenylamine reagent to the dorsal portion of the paraffin cast and to the shooting, and the fact that gunpowder residue (nitrates) was found on
thereafter, dark blue specks appeared on the cast which is an indication of the the paraffin cast taken from the hands of the accused. Finding that there was
presence of nitrates or gunpowder residue. These findings were stated in her treachery in the attack as the victims were asleep when they were shot, the
report in this manner: "Qualitative examination conducted on the specimen court found the accused guilty of murder.
mentioned above gave POSITIVE result to the tests for the presence of
gunpowder residue (nitrates)". She further testified that the presence of ISSUE: WON THE COURT A QUO ERRED IN HOLDING THAT THE
gunpowder residue would still be very clear on the hands of the suspect GUNPOWDER (NITRATES) FOUND ON THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT
because the crime laboratory personnel at the Provincial Command of CONFIRM THE SUSPICION THAT IT WAS THE LATTER WHO
Camarines Sur had taken the paraffin cast a day after the incident. Then it PERPETRATED THE CRIMES CHARGED.
was turned over to Camp Ola for examination on the 28th of July, 1995.
HELD:
On cross-examination, she testified that plain washing of the hands with No. Accused-appellant's insistence that although he was found positive for
water before the paraffin cast is done will not remove the nitrates or gunpowder residue (nitrates), there was no conclusive evidence as to the
gunpowder from the hand. As a matter of fact, the technician, prior to the exact source of the same. Thus, although Major Lorlie Arroyo testified on
examination even washes the hands of the suspect with plain water cross-examination that the same "blue reaction" can "possibly" be caused by
to eliminate contaminants adhering to the hands of the suspect. She further exploding firecrackers and handling fertilizers, the same witness
explained that if someone handled fertilizer, like complete fertilizer which categorically testified that both hands of the accused-appellant were found
contains nitrates, it is possible to have a blue speck of nitrates but its positive of nitratesEsmmis
appearance would be different from the nitrates residue coming from Major Arroyo on cross-examination explained that if someone handled
gunpowder. Even if firecrackers have been exploded by the suspect, again fertilizer, like complete fertilizer which contains nitrates, or exploded
there would be a difference from the nitrates of gunpowder residue which is a firecrackers, the distinct blue speck of gunpowder residue would be different
distinct blue speck. "Q:......Is it possible also that nitrates can be found not only in
gunpowder but also in other elements?
Upon examination by the Court, Major Lorlie Arroyo said that a paraffin test A:......It can also be found, sir.
is conducted on the dorsal side of the hand because it is the portion which is Q:......Like fertilizers use by farmers?
directly exposed to the firearm. In exploding firecrackers, the most A:......Yes, sir.
contaminated is the palm side of the hand not the dorsal side. Q:......So, it is correct to say that the fertilizer like urea and this
On redirect examination by the prosecutor, Major Lorlie Arroyo also similar fertilizer used by farmers contain nitrates?
explained that contaminants from fertilizers or firecrackers can just be taken A:......Urea has no nitrates except for those what we call complete. It
off by washing the hands because they are soluble in water. Nitrates from has nitrates.
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 17
Q:......If a farmer has just handled fertilizer known as complete since It was petitioner Yadao's birthday, he had a few guests over at his
he has fertilized his farm if his hands are examined for nitrate house to help him celebrate it. At around 9:00 a.m., petitioner Yadao noticed
contents, is it possible that nitrate compound can be found on his the victim, Gundran, albeit not invited, to be milling around with the guests
hands? and was already drinking gin. The afternoon of the said day, while Yadao
A:......It is possible to have a blue speck also for nitrates but the was sitting on one end of a bench, the victim, who happened to be lying
appearance of the nitrates is different from that nitrate residue down on the other end of the same bench, suddenly stood up. Said bench
coming from gunpowder. tilted due to the weight of Yadao, thus, causing him to fall to the ground.
Q:......And firecrackers contain also nitrates? Upon seeing him fall to the ground, the victim went over to Yadao and began
A:......Yes, sir, potassium nitrate. boxing him on the stomach. Yadao's wife tried to pacify her nephew but this
Q:......If a person has just been recently exploding firecrackers merely enraged the Gundran who then got a can opener and tried to stab
because there is a barangay fiesta and a paraffin test is conducted on Yadao with it. Yadao deflected said attempt and delivered a slap on the face
his hands, is it also possible to find nitrates on the paraffin cast on his of the victim in order to "knock some sense" into him. But because he was
hands? already intoxicated, as he had been drinking since early that morning, the
A:......It is also possible, sir, but it is also different since the nitrates victim lost his balance, hit his head on the edge of a table and fell to the
would be very abundant unlike that of the nitrates from gunpowder ground landing on his behind. The other guest helped the victim to stand up
residue, distinct blue speck there is an "abundance of blue color" on and proceeded to show him to the door.
the hands resulting from the firing of a gun. The crime committed is
murder qualified by treachery. When the victims were shot, they The victim, Gundran, left the house of petitioner Yadao, and
were lying down completely unaware and had no way of defending proceeded to the house of Carmelita Limon who was the sister of one of his
themselves. Thus, appellant employed means or methods to insure friends. The victim told her that Yadao "mauled" him. While she treated the
the execution of the crime, without risk to himself. Evident wound, the victim complained of pain on his breast/stomach area, the area
premeditation as alleged in the informations was not proven. There is where he claimed to have been hit by petitioner Yadao.
no evidence presented to show that the accused-appellant meditated
and reflected upon his decision to kill the victims and the intervening Two days later, Teofilo Gundran, the father of the victim was
time that elapsed before his plan was carried out. Settled in the rule informed by his granddaughter that his son, the victim, was having difficulty
that when it is not shown as to how and when the plan to kill was breathing. Teofilo Gundran saw the victim sitting on an "arinola" gasping for
hatched or what time had elapsed before it was carried out, evident breath. He then held the victim's two hands until the latter expired.
premeditation cannot be considered.
On the same day that he died, the body of the victim was autopsied
Murder is punishable by reclusion perpetua to death which are two by Dr. Magdalena Alambra, Medical Specialist. An Autopsy Report was
indivisible penalties. In the absence of mitigating or aggravating made.
circumstances in the commission of the offense, the lower penalty shall be
applied. Hence, the imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua in both cases. During the trial of the case, Dr. Alambra testified for the defense that
immediately after the death of the victim, she conducted the autopsy of the
body of said victim; that during the procedure, she made an internal, as well
15. ARTEMIO YADAO v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES as external, examination of the body of the victim; that half of the victim's
right lung was already gone; that although a hematoma was present on the
FACTS: victim's forehead, she did not consider it as the cause of death as hematoma
alone will not cause the death of a person especially seven to eight days later;
and, that when she opened the skull of the victim to study the latter's brain,
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 18
she did not see anything unusual. Dr. Alambra then confirmed that the cause
of death of the victim was cardio-respiratory arrest due to pulmonary RULING:
tuberculosis that was already so far advanced with massive pleural adhesions. NO. The guilt of petitioner Yadao has not been proved beyond
On cross, however, she stated that a person with only one lung left, with reasonable doubt.
proper medication, would still be able to live normally.
Though it was established that petitioner Yadao slapped the victim, and
Disbelieving the autopsy report, Teofilo Gundran had the victim's as a result of which the latter fell down and struck his head on the edge of a
body re-autopsied, this time by the NBI. Dr. Llavore's autopsy report stated table, the prosecution nonetheless failed to show the nexus between the
that the cause of death was CEREBRAL EDEMA, SEVERE, SECONDARY injury sustained by the victim and his death. It failed to discharge the burden
TO TRAUMATIC INJURIES; HEAD/ to show beyond a reasonable doubt that the death of the victim resulted from
the use of violent and criminal means by Yadao.
During the trial, prosecution witness Dr. Llavore testified that the
cause of death of the victim was the collective effect of all the injuries In convicting Petitioner Yadao, the RTC and the CA principally
sustained by the latter on the head. He explained that the forces that could relied upon the testimony of Dr. Llavore in addition to the latter's autopsy
have caused the injuries to the victim's head were also the same forces that report, both essentially stating that the injury sustained by the victim in the
could have caused the edema or swelling of the victim's brain. He illustrated head caused massive hematoma and/or cerebral edema. However, we find
further that a human fist applied with "sufficient" force on the fronto- said testimonial and documentary evidence utterly insufficient on which to
temporo-parietalregion of the head could cause an injury the same as that anchor a judgment of conviction for homicide. To our mind, the conduct of
sustained by the victim on his forehead. On cross examination, Dr. Llavore two autopsies done on said cadaver, do not engender a moral certainty, much
admitted that he did the re-autopsy seven (7) days after the victim died but less a belief, that the injury sustained was the cause of his death.
that his Autopsy Report failed to indicate that the cadaver had previously
been autopsied by another physician. This Court's doubt is brought about by Dr. Llavore's failure to
account the effects of the following facts: 1) that the cadaver had previously
RTC rendered judgment finding petitioner Yadao guilty of the crime been autopsied; 2) that during the first autopsy, Dr. Alambra opened up the
of homicide. Aggrieved, petitioner Yadao appealed the aforequoted decision skull of the victim to physically examine his brain and did not see anything
to the Court of Appeals. The appellate court affirmed in toto the judgment of out of the ordinary, neither blood clot and/or pooling nor any swelling; 3)
conviction rendered by the RTC. that the cadaver of the victim had already been embalmed; 4) that the re-
Yadao maintains that the existence of two autopsy reports entirely autopsy was conducted eight 8 days after the death of the victim and 5) that
differing as to the cause of death of the victim is tantamount to reasonable the only hematoma noted inside of the cadaver's head was that on the scalp,
doubt respecting his legal culpability thereto. just below the skin, of the frontal right side of the head – nowhere near the
brain as the area was still outside of the skull.
The Office of the Solicitor General, for its part, asserts that it is clear
from the record that Dr. Alambra failed to notice the brain injury sustained Consequently, the post mortem report and testimony of Dr. Alambra
by the victim because she merely relied on "gross findings" of said organ should not be easily discounted. The same is significant in that the testimony
during her autopsy. and the report on the autopsy, which was done immediately after the death,
establishes the nature and extent of the "injury," sustained as a result of the
ISSUE: Whether or not the prosecution was able to prove the guilt of assault, as well as the state of the brain and the surrounding area at the time
petitioner Yadao beyond reasonable doubt on the basis of the testimonies of of death. The significance of said evidence will lead to the precise nature of
the prosecution witnesses, especially Dr. Llavore's, and documentary the injury sustained by the victim. From a legal perspective, therefore, the
evidence presented, i.e., the Dr. Llavore's Autopsy Report. examination of a wound should lead to the determination as to the degree of
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 19
danger of the wound and the danger it poses to the life or bodily function of 16. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. EMETERIO ORZAME, ET
the victim when the wound was inflicted AL., EMETERIO ORZAME
.
Additionally, to delay the onset of decomposition, cadavers are
embalmed. The embalming fluid may render the tissue and blood unfit for FACTS:
toxicological analyses. The embalming may alter the gross appearance of the In the evening of February 17, 1958, Dominador Magno, a barriomate of the
tissues or may result to a wide variety of artifacts that tend to destroy or accused Emeterio Orzame, was called by Arturo Gallarde, his nephew, and
obscure evidence. Thus, the fact that such had already been embalmed, any son-in-law of Orzame, to the house of the latter, where together they hatched
examination will likely lead to findings or conclusion not at all accurate as to up the plan of killing the deceased Juan Dulay who was then insured for
the true status of the tissues of the body of the victim. P3,000.00, with Orzame as the sole beneficiary, with the purpose of sharing
the proceeds thereof among themselves. After setting all the wicked plan,
From the above, absent further clarifications, Dr. Llavore's conclusion that they agreed to meet again on February 23, 1958, on the occasion of the town
the victim's cause of death is cerebral edema is nothing but conjecture, being fiesta. On their way, Orzame picked up a bag from the nearby field and when
tenuous and flawed. asked what the content was, he deliberately lied by saying that it contained
bread. After walking for some time, they hit upon a railroad track at barrio
Indeed, the evidence of the defense might not, by itself, suffice to Balingog, Guimba, Nueva Ecija, where they sat supposedly to get some rest.
emphatically negate the causal relationship between the actions of petitioner Thereupon, Orzame, taking advantage of the situation, pulled out a
Yadao causing injury to the victim and the cause of his death, but the same Thompson sub-machine gun from the bag and with its handle he immediately
must be considered in conjunction with the weakness of the evidence given began hitting Juan Dulay several times on the right ear, face and back of the
by the prosecution's witness discussed above. Conviction must rest on the head while the said Juan Dulay was still sitting down, causing his instant
strength of the prosecution's evidence, not merely on conjectures or death.
suppositions, and certainly not on the weakness of the accused's defense;
otherwise, the phrase "constitutional presumption of innocence" will be Upon instruction of Orzame, the body of the deceased was carried to barrio
reduced to nothing but an innocuous grouping of words; worse, to a Calibungan Victoria, Tarlac, where, although already dead, it was still
conspicuous exercise in futulity. subjected to further beatings with the Thompson sub-machine gun causing
the brain to scatter, and was also stabbed on the face with a knife several
If the evidence is susceptible of two interpretations, one consistent times by Orzame. Then the deceased was lain across the railroad track to
with the innocence of the accused and the other consistent with his guilt, the simulate a train accident as the cause of death.
accused must be acquitted. The overriding consideration is not whether the
court doubts the innocence of the accused but whether it entertains a The following day, February 24, 1958, the body of the deceased Juan Dulay
reasonable doubt as to his guilt. If there exist even one iota of doubt, this was found lying near the railroad tracks and among those who saw it was
Court is "under a long standing legal injunction to resolve the doubt in favor Jeremias Damo who identified the deceased as Juan Dulay.
of herein accused-petitioner.”
The important defense of the accused is alibi. According to him he fell sick
From the foregoing, the inevitable conclusion is that the guilt of and was kept in a bed a week before February 23, 1958. On the said date, his
petitioner Yadao has not been proved beyond reasonable doubt. The facts of son Lorenzo went to the poblacion of Guimba to call for a physician, Dr.
the case, the autopsy reports, as well as the testimony of Dr. Llavore do not Felipe Batangan, the municipal health officer. But due to the town fiesta, Dr.
definitely establish that the assault was the proximate cause of the death of Batangan was unable to go so Lorenzo went to Dr. Benjamin Castañeda who
the victim. consented to treat Orzame.
The lower court, in doubting this defense, said that it is easy for anybody to xxxxxxxxx
pretend to be sick and that headache cannot be seen or felt except by one who 4. Plenty of clotted blood in front, neck and back of his polo shirt and
claims to have it. (2) It was proven that Orzame was the one who paid the few spotted blood in front of his trousers corresponding to the thighs.
premiums of the life insurance of Juan Dulay up to May 15, 1958. And there
is no doubt that the motive of the accused in killing Juan Dulay was to collect 5. The skull of his head at the vertex was badly battered and opened
the P3,000.00 value of the victim's insurance policy. (3) The alleged quarrel crosswise and most of the brain substance was missing and the
between Orzame and Magno was not sufficient or strong enough for Magno remaining brain substance appeared like mash potatoes with small
to impute falsely a very grave crime against Orzame. Besides, nothing amount of blood mixed with it.
happened in the alleged quarrel between them. (4) The lower court
considered the fact that the Thompson sub-machine gun, Exhibit 1, used by 6. Punctured wound of the middle of his chin in front, punctured
Emeterio Orzame in killing Juan Dulay on the night of February 23, 1958 wound just below the left nostril, punctured wound 1 cm. lateral to
was confiscated from him, for which reason he was charged and convicted the left bridge of his nose, punctured wound between the eyebrows
with illegal possession of firearm. and clotted blood at the surface of each wound.
Issue: 7. The face was greatly deformed and swollen with clotted blood all
1. WON the testimony of Dominador Magno is uncorroborated and around, with depression of the lower forehead the bridge of his nose
comes from a polluted source, the witness being a former co-accused and the upper jaw at the front including the skull sockets of the eyes.
who was discharged from the complaint to become a state witness?
8. No findings of external violence at the other parts of his body.
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 21
often visited Michelle at the Mariano.residence. Jenny said that they are
9. The cadaver was already at the state of rigor mortis so that he being constantly watched by the Mariano sisters and denied their privacy.
might have been killed 10 hours before autopsy and probably the Ruth and Ruby brought Michelle to her sister Jenny to complain to her that
assailants only dumped him in one of the rails of the railroad to their rice cooker no longer functioned and heaped the blame on Michelle. On
disguise that he had been run over by the train. that occasion Jenny noticed that Michelle's hair was unevenly cut to the
scalp. Michelle told her that it was Ruby who gave her the ugly haircut.
AUTOPSY FINDINGS: 1. Head and Neck Jenny then told Ruby that she was going to take her sister back from them
(a) The skull of his head at the vertex was badly battered and opened but the furious Ruby hurriedly left with Ruth, taking Michelle with them.
crosswise as a result of the bumper of the train striking it, part of the skull That was the last time Jenny saw her younger sister alive.
missing so that most of the brain substance appeared like mash potatoes with
small amount of blood mixed with it. On 17 August 1997 at around 6:00 o'clock in the evening, SPO2
Edgardo Hernandez of the Pasig Police Station received an anonymous call
(b) The skull of the lower portion of the forehead was fractured crosswise reporting that a woman was seen in Bambang, Pasig City, carrying a
including the skull sockets of both eyes injuring both optic nerves including rectangular box with a human leg protruding. They conducted a "stake-out
the upper jaw in front was fractured causing the removal of the first two and surveillance operation". After a couple of minutes, the police officers
incisors teeth. spotted two (2) women boarding a car with the reported plate number UPR-
561. They turned out to be accused-appellants Ruth Mariano y Lara and
xxxxxxxxx Ruby Mariano y Lara. Upon opening the compartment, SPO2 Hernandez was
greeted by a putrid odor emanating from a decomposing body inside the box.
Impression of the case is that the cause of death was due to severe traumatic Ruth and Ruby identified the body as that of their maid Michelle Priol.
shock as a result of the blows inflicted upon him causing the fracture of the
skull of the lower portion of the forehead at the middle including the skull The result of autopsy stated that the body was found to be poorly
sockets of both eyes injuring both optic nerves, fracture of the bridge of his nourished and already in a state of decomposition. The skin and underlying
nose, crosswise, fracture of the upper jaw in front resulting in the removal of soft tissues on the chest appeared to have been gnawed by rats apparently
the first two incisors teeth. confirm Magno's testimony that the victim was attracted to the exposed scalded flesh resulting from the repeated splashing of
struck with the handle of the sub-machine gun and stabbed with a knife by boiling water, and that the victim had died two (2) to three (3) days prior to
the accused several times. Premises considered, the decision appealed from the autopsy.
being in conformity with the law and the evidence, the same is hereby
affirmed in all respects. Ruth claimed that they caught Michelle stealing money and jewelry
from their bedroom several times. Because of that, fights between Ruth and
Michelle often occur. On 22 June 1998 Ruth arid Ruby were convicted of
17. PEOPLE V. MARIANO murder by the trial court. Accordingly, Ruth was sentenced to death while
Ruby was found guilty as an accomplice and sentenced to reclusion temporal.
Facts: Issue:
Michelle Priol, then only sixteen (16), left home for Manila in (1)Whether or not Ruth Mariano is guilty of crime of murder?
January 1996 to work as a domestic helper. Soon enough Michelle found (2) Whether or not Ruby Mariano should be acquitted?
herself hired at the household of the sisters Ruth Mariano and Ruby Mariano
in Bambang, Pasig City. Jenny Priol, Michelle's older sister, testified that she Held:
(1)Yes.
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 22
Accused-appellant's brutality was confirmed by Dr. Emmanuel L. judgment of acquittal, and ordered a re-trial of the cases. A re-trial ensued
Aranas who concluded in his autopsy report that the cause of death of the before the Sandiganbayan. the Sandiganbayan, while acquitting the other
victim was "multiple traumatic wounds, and first and second degree scalding accused, found the petitioners guilty as principals of the crime of murder.
burns covering 72% of the body surface," which were the very same injuries The judgment became final after the Supreme Court denied petitioners’
accused-appellant admitted she had inflicted on the victim. Dr. Aranas petition for review of the Sandiganbayan decision for failure to show
testified – reversible error in the questioned decision, as well as their subsequent motion
for reconsideration. In August 2004, petitioners sought legal assistance from
Q: And after conducting the examination, what was the cause of death that the Chief Public Attorney who, in turn, requested the Independent Forensic
you found? Group of the University of the Philippines to make a thorough review of the
A: Well, the cause of death Ma'am, is the multiple traumatic injuries, as well forensic evidence in the double murder case. The petitioners, assisted by the
as the scalding burns, first to second degree recovering 72% of the surface Public Attorney’s Office, now want to present the findings of the forensic
area. group to this Court and ask the Court to allow the re-opening of the cases and
Q: Combined together? the holding of a third trial to determine the circumstances surrounding the
A: Yes, your honor. All these are contributory to the death of the deceased. death of Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Rolando Galman. Petitioners
invoke the following grounds for the re-opening of the case: (1) Existence of
These medical findings when combined with accused-appellant's newly discovered pieces of evidence that were not available during the
judicial admission, certainly wove a tight web of evidence as to accused- second trial of the above-entitled cases which could have altered the
appellant's culpability. They clearly established her guilt to a moral judgment of the Sandiganbayan, specifically the abovementioned
certainty, for which she could not escape punishment. independent forensic evidence uncovering the false forensic claims that led to
the unjust conviction of the petitioners-movants and a key defense
(2) Yes. eyewitness to the actual killing of Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr; (2) There was
As to the liability of accused-appellant Ruby Mariano, there is no a grave violation of due process by reason of insufficient legal assistance of
solid evidence on record effectively linking her to the gruesome killing of counsel, deprivation of right to counsel of choice and that testimonies of
Michelle Priol. Accused-appellant Ruby Mariano is the sister of accused- defense witnesses were under duress.
appellant Ruth Mariano. As such, their relationship exempts appellant Ruby
Mariano from criminal liability under Art. 20 of RPC. It is based on ties of This is a Motion To Re-Open Case With Leave Of Court filed by petitioners
blood and the preservation of the cleanliness of one's name, which compels who were convicted and sentenced to reclusion perpetua by the
one to conceal crimes committed by relatives so near as those mentioned in Sandiganbayan in Criminal Cases Nos. 10010 and 10011 for the double
the above-quoted article. This Court is thus mandated by law to acquit murder of Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Rolando Galman on August 21,
accused-appellant Ruby Mariano. 1983.
Fajardo states that complainant Ma. Charity Lazaro was his girlfriend
and that he never raped her. He alleged that Lazaro was walking towards
home at about 5:00 in the afternoon. She was met by the accused who was
LEGAL MEDICINE 3C 2016-2017 Page 25
then a boyfriend of said private complainant. The accused accompanied her The testimony of complainant's foster father that Dr. Cruz is related
to the house of the private complainant. They were talking about their to the accused cannot just be dismissed casually and it becomes credible
relationship while walking along the street and before they parted they kissed when it remained unrebutted. He is therefore not a disinterested witness.
each other at a place near the gate.
The court affirmed the findings of the trial court to give greater
Later in the evening Marcelino Agustin, uncle of the private weight to the medical findings of the NBI physician. Not only is he a
complainant went to the house of the accused and told the accused's father medico-legal expert whose duty is to look into medico-legal cases but he is a
that Fajardo embraced the private complainant. He, however, advised the completely disinterested witness.
father of the accused not to see the barangay captain as he might meet there
the father of the complainant. Appellant's testimony that complainant's uncle, Marcelino Agustin,
followed him home after having seen appellant embrace complainant near the
ISSUES: gate of the house, and reported the matter to appellant's father who suggested
A. Whether or not the inconsistencies by the private doctor and the NBI was that they see the barangay captain about the incident but later decided not to,
sufficient to disprove the crime of rape. is utterly incredible. If complainant and appellant were really sweethearts and
B. Whether or not the complainant sufficiently established the crime of rape. were getting along very well, she would not accuse him of such a serious and
heinous crime. All these cast doubts on appellant's version. There was
RULING: absolutely no reason for her to falsely accuse appellant. Moreover, her
1. The court is thus confronted with two sets of conflicting medical alleged inconsistency, that she was raped at 7:00 p.m., and her statement on
certificates, one issued by Dr. Cruz and the other issued by Dr. Salvador, cross-examination that she reached the place of incident about 7:00 p.m., are
medico-legal of the NBI. The medical certificate issued by the former dated trivial and minor so that they do not impair the complainant's credibility.
August 15, 1982 found old healed lacerations (more than 30 days old) while
the latter's medical certificate dated August 12, 1982 concluded that the 3 Complainant's torn and bloody pants, soiled shirt, abrasion in her
lacerations two of them deep were fresh and healing (around two or three breast and three fresh lacerations on her hymen are mute but eloquent proof
days old) exactly coincided with the alleged rape of August 9, 1982. of her dishonor.
Despite his findings however, Dr. Cruz did not discount the
possibility of rape and suggested a vaginal smear. On the other hand NBI
medico-legal was emphatic that complainant had sexual intercourse and the
lacerations were the result of such intercourse. 25. ROÑO SEGURITAN y JARA vs. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES
The court ruled that greater weight should be given to the medical
examination conducted by the NBI which is a police agency under the
Department of Justice tasked by the government to conduct or perform FACTS: Afternoon of Nov 25, 1995, Seguritan was in a drinking session
medico-legal work should be afforded full faith and credit because not only with his uncles Lucrecio Seguritan, Melchor Panis, Baltazar Panis in the
could Dr. Salvador be categorized as a disinterested witness, he also enjoys house of Manuel Dela Cruz in Bgy Paradise, Gonzaga, Cagayan. Rono
the presumption of regularity in the performance of official duty. On the claimed that Lucrecio’s carabao entered his farm and destroyed his crops,
other hand, Dr. Cruz being a private medical practitioner in Angat, Bulacan, and this was followed by a heated discussion and then Rono punched
can not avail of this presumption. His private clinic is well known there and Lucrecio twice (right and left temple) which caused Lucrecio to fall as he
serves the general public, his relatives, friends, and acquaintances. was standing up, and his head hit a hollow block which was an improvised
stove. Lucrecio lost consciousness but later revived, and he was able to go
Rono denied hitting Lucrecio and alleged that the latter died of heart attack. However, Rono failed to adduce evidence that the one month delay in
He said that since Lucrecio was sitting on the opposite end of the bench, that autopsy modified the findings. He failed to substantiate the claim that
when Rono stood up Lucrecio fell before he could be hit, and Lucrecio’s embalming fluid rendered the tissue and blood sample unfit for toxilogical
head hit the hollow block. analysis.
Rono presented Joel Cabebe, Asst. Registration Officer of Gonzaga, and Dr. Further, it is settled that courts will only consider as evidence that which has
Corazon Flor to prove that Lucrecio died of heart attack. The witnesses been formally offered. The allegation that the results of the autopsy are
identified the Certificate of Death and the entry there that says that cause of unworthy of credence was based on a book that was neither marked for
death was cardiovascular disease. identification nor formally offered in evidence during the hearing of the case.
Thus, the trial court as well as the appellate court correctly disregarded them.
ISSUES: WON accused should be convicted, and whether it should be The prosecution was not even given the opportunity to object as the book or a
homicide or reckless imprudence resulting to homicide. portion thereof was never offered in evidence
RULING: Accused is guilty of homicide A formal offer is necessary since judges are required to base their findings of
fact and judgment only – and strictly – upon the evidence offered by the
Melchor categorically testified that Rono punched Lucrecio twice, who fell parties at the trial. To rule otherwise would deprive the opposing party of his
to the ground and hit his head on the hollow block. He even hesitated to chance to examine the document and object to its admissibility. The appellate
testify, as shown by the fact that he executed the sworn statement only after court will have difficulty reviewing documents not previously scrutinized by
the autopsy report. Melchor’s testimony was consistent with the autopsy the court below. Any evidence which a party desires to submit to the courts
findings. The court also declared that the punches could really cause the must be offered formally because a judge must base his findings strictly on
fracture on deceased’s head. The testimony of Dr. Vertido also says that the the evidence offered by the parties at the trial.
cause of death is not heart attack but internal hemorrhage. His testimony said
that the gross examination of the heart showed no signs of heart attack which Hence, the Decision of the Court of Appeals finding petitioner Roño
caused him not to further examine. The notation in the Death Certificate has Seguritan y Jara guilty of homicide and sentencing him to suffer the penalty
no weight since Dr. Flor said she did not examine the cadaver of Lucrecio of six years and one day of prision mayor as minimum, to 12 years and one
since Renato Sidantes, brother-in-law of the deceased had no knowledge of day of reclusion temporal as maximum, and to pay the heirs of Lucrecio
the real cause of death. Seguritan the amounts of P50,000.00 as moral damages and P135,331.00 as