Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Size: 34
/ to 10 in. (19 to 250 mm) in-line and angle pattern
Cv = 13 d
2
Capacity:
Speed: 25 to 100 ms
Characteristics: Unlimited
Leakage: ANSI V
Cost: Typical prices for ANSI Class 600 carbon steel body, 12-bit valves are $5000 for
3
/4 in. (20 mm), $5000 to $10,000 for 1, 11/2 , and 2 in. (25, 32, 40, and 50 mm),
$12,500 for 3 in. (75 mm), $15,000 for 4 in. (100 mm), $20,000 for 6 in. (150
mm), and $30,000 for 8 in. (200 mm). For 316 SST bodies, add $1000 for 3/4 in.,
$2000 for 1, 11/2, and 2 in., $3000 for 3 in., $5000 for 4 in., $7000 for 6 in., and
$14,000 for 8 in.
INTRODUCTION The digital control valves discussed in this section (while they
can also be operated by digital networks) are multiported
These days, when one refers to digital control valves, people valves, with the number of ports ranging from 8 to 16.
think of intelligent control valves that are provided with field- A digital valve contains a group of valve elements assem-
bus interaction capability (Figure 6.18a). Fieldbus interaction bled into a common manifold. The elements have a binary
is not the topic of this section; it is covered in Section 6.11. relationship to each other; i.e., starting with the smallest, each
1284
Firewall
• LIMS
HSE fieldbus • Execution
• Business
I. S. barrier
H1 fieldbus Conventional
devices devices
& HART
FIG. 6.18a
Networked system architecture.
increasing size element is twice as large as its next smallest top-entry design, includes an air reservoir to ensure the fail-safe
neighbor (Figure 6.18b). Each element is controlled by an operation of the cylinder actuators. The design includes ade-
individual electric or electronic signal. Thus, an 8-bit digital quate manifold area to ensure consistent performance of the
valve requires 8 parallel, on/off electric (or electronic) sig- individual elements. The manifolds are large enough to mini-
nals, a 12-bit digital valve will require 12 parallel signals, mize the possibility of cavitation and resulting erosion.
and a 16-bit digital valve will require 16 parallel signals. Each element in the array is on/off. Flow throttling is
The main advantages of digital control valves are their accomplished by opening enough ports to provide the exact
speed, high precision, and practically unlimited rangeability. flow area required by the controller output signal. There is a
Their main disadvantages are their high cost and their suit- 1:1 relationship between the binary weighted signal and the
ability for only clean services, because the smaller ports plug binary weighted flow area. Figure 6.18b illustrates schemat-
very easily. ically the size relationship between binary elements in a
digital valve.
HISTORY
Applications The main applications of digital valves are
ones where speed, rangeability, and precision are critical.
In the early digital control valves, the ports were distributed
Such applications include the accurate blending and batching
circumferentially, as shown in Figure 6.18c. These designs were
of both gases and liquids. The high-speed operation of com-
difficult to manufacture. In the later designs the circumferential
pressor surge controls and all flow control applications,
distribution of ports was replaced by top-entry, vertical ports.
where the process fluid is clean and the rangeability of the
Balanced Piston Digital Control
Actuator Solenoid
assembly
Three-way
valve assembly
Control
orifices
Cage Inlet
manifold
plug
Inlet torpedo Outlet manifold
Center line for six parallel Center line for six parallel
binary controlled elements Actuation binary controlled elements
at 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 degrees gas at 30, 90, 150, 210, 270,
manifold and 330 degrees
FIG. 6.18c
1
Early digital control valve design with circumferentially distributed ports.
flow exceeds the capabilities of conventional valves. Such instead of one 50% element for the largest bit. Thus, an 8-
applications include but are not limited to environmental bit digital valve would have nine elements—three 25%, one
chamber controls, aircraft pressure cycling, and the operation 12.5%, one 6.25%, one 3.125%, one 1.56%, one 0.78%, and
of both liquid and gas provers. one 0.39% element, as was shown in Figure 6.18b.
Orifice or
sonic nozzle
In–line base
30.00 A
A A
Electric
Air in (Electronic)
signals
Carrier
Nozzle or orifice
Inlet Outlet
Cast body
in-line base
FIG. 6.18g
A 6 inch, 8-bit, explosion-proof cast steel (900 ANSI) digital valve with 12 elements. (Courtesy of Emco-Digital Valve.)
CONCLUSIONS
appropriate any place where speed, accuracy, and high reso- Clark, H. L., “Turbine Meter Testing,” AGA Transmission Measurement
lution are needed and the process fluid is clean. Conference, May 1979.
Fernbaugh, A., “Control Valves: A Decade of Change,” Instrument and
Control Systems, January 1980.
Grumstrup, B., “Digital Valve Mounted Instrumentation—Opening a Window
Reference to the Process,” ISA/94 Technical Conference, Anaheim, CA, 1994.
Harrold, D., “Calibrating Control Valves,” Control Engineering Europe,
1. Langill, A. W., “New Control Valve Accepts Digital Signals,” Control Vol. 3, Issue 3, p. 43, June–July 2002.
Engineering, August 1969. Jones, D. R. A., “Digital Valves,” AGA Transmission Measurement Confer-
ence, May 1977.
Langford, C. G., “A Method to Determine Control Valve Dynamic Require-
ments,” Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2002.
Bibliography Miller, C. E. and Alspach, W. J., “Digital Valves and Digital Flow Technol-
ogy,” Proceedings of the Instrumentation Symposium for the Process
Alspach, W. J. and Maurer, G., “Consider Digital Valves,” Hydrocarbon Industry, Texas A&M University, 1991.
Processing, December 1991. Miller, L., “Valve Diagnostic Past, Present, and Future,” Fluid Handling
ANSI/ISA-75.25.01-2000, “Test Procedure for Control Valve Response Systems, November 2002.
Measurement from Step Inputs,” Research Triangle Park, NC: Instru- Morris, W., “Digital Valve as a Transfer Standard,” Gas Magazine, September
mentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2000. 1980.
Ball, K. E., “Final Elements: Final Frontier,” InTech, November 1986. Page, G W., “Predict Control Valve Noise,” Chem Eng-New York 107 (9):
Beeson, J. and Alspach, W. J., “How Sonic Nozzle Proving Works,” Gas 23–26, August 2000 (Reprinted, July 1997).
Industries, February 1990. Pyotsia, J., “A Mathematical Model of a Control Valve,” 1992 ISA Confer-
Britton, C. L., “Sonic Nozzles,” Appalachian Gas Measurement Short ence, Houston, TX, October 1992.
Course, August 1978. Rahmeyer, W., “The Critical Flow Limit and Pressure Recovery Factor for
“Calibrating Control Valve Accuracy,” Mech Eng, 122 (6): 33-33, June 2000. Flow Control,” InTech, November 1986.
Corey, J. A., “Control Valve Update,” Instrument and Control Systems, “‘Smart’ Actuator Incorporates all the Controls in One Package,” Chemical
January 1981. Engineering Magazine, January 1, 2003.