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Thermodynamics set – 1(IES)Solutions

(Basic Concepts, Work & Heat, First Law of Thermodynamics)
01. A closed system undergoes a cyclic process. For the net work done by the system to the
surroundings, which of the following statements is FALSE:
(a) Net work is always zero
(b) Net work is  PdV if the process is reversible
(c) Net work can be negative
(d) Net work can be positive
Ans: (a)
02. A steadily flowing ideal gas undergoes adiabatic throttling, where
T1: temperature before throttling
T2: temperature after throttling
Assuming no change in kinetic and potential energy due to throttling, which of the following is
correct?
(a) T1 = T2 (b) T1>T2
(c) T1 < T2 (d) T1 =  T2, : specific heat ratio
Ans: (a)
Sol: h1 = h2 (Throttling process)
h1 − h2 = 0
Cp(T1−T2) = 0, for an ideal gas
 T1 − T2 = 0  T1 = T2
03. A hot ideal gas (Cp = 1.2 kJ/kg.K) steadily flows through a turbine with inlet and exit temperatures
of 1500 K and 500 K respectively. The minimum mass flow rate (in kg/s) of the hot gas to achieve
a power output of 12 MW is __________.
Ans: 10 (Range: 9.5 to 10.5)
 kg   kJ 
Sol: 
Power (kW) = m CP  (T )
 sec   kg K 
 1.2  (1500 − 500)
12×103 = m
12
 =
m = 10 kg / sec
1.2
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:2: Thermal Engineering
04. An ideal gas expands in an adiabatic frictionless nozzle from the inlet conditions of 31 bar, 800K
to the ambient pressure of 1 bar at the outlet. The specific heat Cp for the gas is 1 kJ/kg K and the
specific heat ratio  = 1.4. Neglecting inlet kinetic energy, the velocity of the gas (in m/s) at the
nozzle exit is
(a) 32 (b) 500 (c) 707 (d) 1000
Ans: (d)
Sol: P1 = 3100 kPa; T1 = 800 K
P2 = 100 kPa; T2 = ?
Adiabatic expansion
−1
P  
T2 = T1  2 
 P1 
1.4−1
 100  1.4
= 800  = 299.9 K
 3100 
Cp = 1000 J/kg k, V1 = 0
V2 = 0 + 2  1000(800 − 299.9)
= 1000 m/sec
05. A rigid vessel of volume 10 m3 is filled with hydrogen at 25C and 500 kPa. Due to leakage, some
gas has escaped from the vessel until the pressure in the vessel drops down to 200 kPa, and the
corresponding temperature of the gas inside the vessel is found to be 15C. The amount of gas
leaked (in kg) from the vessel is ________.
05. Ans: 2.36 (Range: 2.2 to 2.5)
Sol: P1 = 500 kPa
V1 = 10 m3
T1 = 273 + 25 = 298 K
R 8.314
R H2 = = = 4.157
MH2 2
P1V1 500  10
m1 = = = 4.0362 kg
RT1 4.157  298
P2 = 200 kPa (final state)
V2 = 10 m3 (rigid vessel)
T2 = 273 + 15 = 288K
P2 V2 200  10
m2 = = = 1.6705 kg
RT2 4.157  288
Amount or gas leaked = m1 − m2
= 4.0362 − 1.6705 = 2.3657 kg
06. Compressed air, at 1 MPa pressure, 400 K temperature flows through a large pipe. An evacuated,
insulated rigid tank of 0.5 m3 volume is connected to the pipe through a valve. The valve is opened
to fill the tank and the valve closes automatically when the tank pressure reaches 1 MPa. Assuming
ideal gas be behaviour, the final air temperature in the tank (in K) is ________.
06. Ans: 560 K (Range: 558 to 561)

Sol: Air,  = 1.4 1 MPa 400K AIR
Charging process
Insulated Q = 0
Empty vessel (m = 0)
Tf = T = 1.4×400 = 560 K
07. If ln V is taken on y–axis lnT on x-axis then the slope of adiabatic curve is
(a) ( –1) (b) 1/–1 (c) 1– (d) 1/1–
07. Ans: (d)

Sol: TV –1 = c
lnT+(–1)lnV = lnc
(–1) lnV = lnc –lnT
lnc lnT
lnV = −
 −1  −1
y=mx+c
1
m=
1− 
08. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is not valid for the following
(a) 50 ml of water at 25C is mixed with 150 ml of water at 25C
(b) 500 ml of milk at 15C is mixed with 100 ml of water at 15C
(c) 5 kg of wet steam at 100C is mixed with 50 kg of dry saturated steam at 100C
(d) 10 ml of water at 20C is mixed with 10 ml of sulphuric acid at 20C
Ans: (d)
09. Argon is contained in a cylinder device fitted with a piston. Initially the argon is at 100kPa and
27oC and occupies a volume of 0.4m3. The argon is first compressed while temperature is held
constant until the volume is 0.2m3. Then the argon gas expands while pressure is held constant until
the volume is 0.6m3. The total amount of heat transfer to argon in kJ, during the combined process
is __________ (Take R = 0.2081 kJ/kg.K,  = 5/3)

Ans: 172.27, Range: (171 to 174)

Sol:
2 3
0.2m3 0.4m3 0.6m3

V
T=C
P1= 100 kPa
V1 = 0.4 m3
T1 = 273+27 = 300 K
T1 = T2 = 300 K
P1V1 100  0.4
m= = = 0.6407 kg
RT1 0.2081  300
R 5 / 3  0.2081
Cp = = = 0.52025 kJ / kg.K
 −1 5/ 3 −1
1-2 : Isothermal Process

V2
1 Q 2 = P1V1 ln
V1
0.2
= 100  0.4 ln
0.4
= −27.73 kJ
2-3: Constant Pressure Process

V2 V3 V
= ; T3 = 3  T2
T2 T3 V2
0.6
=  300 = 900 K
0.2
2 Q3 = mCp (T3 − T2 )
= 0.64070.52025(900−300)
= 200 kJ
Total Heat transfer, Q = 1 Q 2 + 2 Q3
= −27.73 + 200
= 172.27 kJ

10. Air is entering a nozzle with negligible velocity. The ratio of exit pressure to inlet pressure is 1/6
and inlet temperature of air is 300 K. The exit velocity (in m/sec) is ________
Ans: 491.52 m/sec (Range 490 to 492)

Sol:  = 1.4 for air , cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK
Vi2 V2
hi + = he + e
2 2
Vi = 0
Ve = 2(h i − h e ) = 2c p (Ti − Te )
 T 
= 2c p Ti 1 − e 
 Ti 
From adiabatic law
 −1
Te  Pe  
= 
Ti  Pi 
  −1

  Pe   
 
Ve = 2c p Ti 1 −   
  Pi  
 
 0.4

  1  1.4 
= 2  1005  3001 −   
 6 
 
= 491.52 m/sec
11. A student living in a 4m × 6m × 6m dormitory room turns on her 150 W fan before she leaves the
room. Assuming no heat loss, determine the temperature in the room when she comes back 10 hours
later. The room is at 100 kPa and 15C initially.
(a) 29C (b) 46C (c) 58C (d) 72C
Ans: (c)
Sol: Non flow process
Power = 0.15 kW
P1 = 100 kPa
Time = 10 × 3600 seconds
T1 = 273 + 15 = 288 K
V1 = 4 × 6 × 6 = 144 m3
1Q2 = 0 Insulated (no losses)

P1V1 100  144

m= = = 174.21kgs
RT1 0.287  288
Work of fan = change in internal energy of air in room.
Pt = m Cv (T2 – T1)
0.15 × 10× 3600 = 174.21 × 0.718 (T2 – 15)
0.15  10  3600
T2 = + 15
174.21  0.718
= 43.17 + 15
= 58.17C
12. The mass flow rate of air in a compressor is 1 kg/s. The condition at the inlet are 0.1 MPa and 300K.
The pressure at the exit of the compressor is 1.0MPa. Assuming the compression process to be
adiabatic and reversible and air to be an ideal gas, the power input to the compressor , in kW is
(a) 26 (b) 52 (c) 280 (d) 560
Ans: (c)
Sol: m = 1kg / sec
P1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 300 K
P2 = 1000 kPa
 −1
T2  P2  
= 
T1  P1 
 −1
P  
T2 = T1  2 
 P1 
1.4 −1
 1000  1.4
= 300 
 100 
= 579.2 K
 C p (T2 − T1 )
Power input= m
= 1  1.005(579.2 − 300)
= 280.6 kW
13. A cylinder piston assembly contains a certain quantity of gas and an electrical resistor. The resistor
is connected to a storage battery and current passes through it for a specified interval of time while
the gas pressure is kept constant. Considering the gas and resistor as the system
(a) energy is added as heat and work done by the system
(b) energy is added as heat and work was done on the system
(c) energy is added as work and work was done by the system
(d) energy is added as work and the system does not do work on surroundings.
Ans: (c)
14. A gas is held between two horizontal metal plates in which the top plate is maintained at 600 K
while the bottom plate is at 400 K, then the system is
(a) steady state condition (b) state of thermal equilibrium
(c) quasi equilibrium (d) unstable equilibrium
Ans: (a)
Sol: The temperature of the gas at any given location does not vary with time, but the temperature is not
uniform throughout. Hence it is in steady state condition.
15. A house has an electric heating system that consists of 300 W fan and an electric resistance heating
element placed in duct. Air flows steadily through the duct at a rate of 0.6 kg/sec and experiences a
temperature rise of 7C. The rate of heat loss from the air in the duct is estimated to be 300W.
Determine the power rating of electric resistance heating element.
(a) 3.621 kW (b) 4.221 kW (c) 6.621 kW (d) 7.221 kW
Ans: (b)
Sol:
(2)
(1)
(dT)air =(T2 – T1) = 7C
(W ) 1 fan = workdone on the fan

 = heat loss by air from the duct
Q1
Rating of heating element = x kW

Energy balance for the system between 1 & 2
m h +Q
a
 =m
1
 h + (W
1 a
 ) + (W
2
 )
1 fan 2 heating element
(W2
 a  (h1 − h 2 ) + Q
 )heating element = m  − W
1

1 ( ) fan
 a  (c Pf )a (T1 − T2 ) + Q
= m  − W
1

1 ( ) fan
= 0.6×1.005×(–7) − 0.3 − (–0.3)

 )heating element = –4.221 kW (-ve sign indicates workdone on the system)
(W2
16. A 110V electric hot water heater warms 0.1 L/Sec of water from 18 to 30C. Calculate the current
in amperes that must be supplied to this heater is ____________ ( C p w = 4.18 kJ / kg K )

Ans: 45.6 amps, (Range: 44 to 47)

Sol:  = 0.1 L/sec
Volume flow rate of water = V
Density of water =  = 1000 kg/m3

 = V
Mass flow rate of water = m
= 1000×0.1×10−3 = 0.1 kg/sec
 .C p w  (T )w
 =m
Heat supplied to water = Q
= 0.1×4.18 × (30−18) = 5.016 kW
Work done by heater = Heat supplied to water
VI
= 5.016
1000
5.016  1000 5.016  1000
I= = = 45.6 Amps
V 110
17. Steam enters a nozzle with a low velocity at 150C and 200 kPa and leaves as saturated vapor at 75
kPa. There is a heat transfer from the nozzle to the surroundings in the amount of 26 kJ for every
kg of steam flowing through the nozzle. Determine the mass flow rate of steam at inlet if nozzle
exit area is 0.001 m2.
200 kPa, 150C:
v = 0.95986 m3/kg
h = 2769.1 kJ/kg
75 kPa:
hg = 2662.4 kJ/kg
vg = 2.2172 m3/kg
(a) 0.1812 kg/sec (b) 0.1142 kg/sec (c) 0.145 kg/sec (d) 0.214 kg/sec
Ans: (a)
Sol: 2
1
200kPa, 150C 75 kPa, drysaturated
v1 = 0.95986 m3/kg h2 = 2662.4 kJ/kg
h1 = 2769.1 kJ/kg v2 = 2.2172 m3/kg
Apply SFEE at (1) and (2)

V12 dQ V22 dW
h1 + + = h2 + +
2000 dm 2000 dm
dW dQ
V1 = 0 ; = 0; = −26 kJ / kg
dm dm

V22
2769.1 + 0 − 26 = 2662.4 + +0
2000
V2 = 161400 = 401.75 m/s
A 2 V2 0.001  401.75
Exit mass flow rate = = = 0.1812 kg/s
v2 2.2172
Inlet mass flow rate = Exit mass flow rate = 0.1812 kg/sec
18. A spherical hot air balloon is initially filled with air at 120kPa and 20 oC with an initial diameter of
5m. Air enters the balloon at 120kPa and 20oC with a velocity of 3m/sec through a 1m diameter
opening. How many seconds will it take to inflate this balloon to a 15m diameter when the pressure
and temperature of air in the balloon remains same as air entering balloon. Assume density of air
as 1.44 kg/m3.
(a) 723 (b) 327 (c) 273 (d) 372
Ans: (a)
Sol: D1 = initial diameter = 5m
Initial mass = m1 = 1V1
3
4 5
= 1     
3 2
3
4 5
= 1.44      = 94.25 kg
3 2
Final diameter = D2 = 15m
Final mass = m2 = 2V2
3
4  15 
= 1.44     = 2544.7 kg
3 2
Increase in mass = m2 – m1
= 2544.7 – 94.25 = 2450.45 kg
Diameter of tube, d = 1m
Velocity of flow in tube, V = 3 m/s

 = mass flow rate in tube = AV =  
m  d2  V
4

= 1.44   12  3 = 3.3929 kg / sec
4
m 2 − m1 increase in mass 2450.45 kg
Time for filling = = = = 723 sec
m mass flow rate 3.3929 kg / sec

: 10 : Thermal Engineering
19. A 1m3 rigid tank initially contains air whose density is 1.18kg/m3.The tank is connected to a high
pressure supply through a valve. The valve is opened and air is allowed to enter tank until the
density in tank rises to 7.2 kg/m3. The mass of air that has entered the tank is ______ (in kg)
Ans: 6.02 kgs, (Range: 6.0 to 6.05)
Sol: V = volume of tank = 1m3
Initial density = 1 = 1.18kg/m3
Initial mass = m1 = 1V = 1.181
= 1.18kg
Final mass = m2 = 2 V = 7.21 = 7.2kg
 2 − m1 = 7.2 − 1.18 = 6.02kg
Mass added= m
20. Calculate work produced in kJ/kg for reversible steady flow process 1-3
3
2
2100
P(kPa)
1
105
0.06 0.12 0.2
(a) 169.55 (b) 259.35 (c) 197.55 (d) 157.95
Ans: (b)
Sol: Area to the left curve is the workdone as it is a flow process
 (P2 − P1 )  (v1 + v 2 ) (2W3 = 0, Flow process)

1
1W3 =
2
[ v1 and v3 are parallel sides of trapezium , distance between the sides = P 2 – P1
 (2100 − 105 )  (0.06 + 0.2)

1
=
2
= 259.35 kJ/kg
2.80 3
21. In a reversible non-flow process, the work is done by a substance in accordance with V = m ,
p
where p is the pressure in bar. Find the work done on or by system as pressure increases from 0.7 bar
to 7 bar.
Sol: Given:
A reversible non-flow process with
p1 = 0.7 bar = 70 kPa, p2 = 7 bar = 700 kPa
2.80 3
and relation V= m
p
The initial and final volumes of the working substance
2.80 2.8
V1 = = = 4 m3
p1 0.7
2.80 2.8
V2 = = = 0.4 m3
p2 7
From the given relation, the pressure p can be expressed as
2.80
p= bar = 280 kPa
V
The work done by system can be calculated as
 0.4 
dV = 280  ln (V )4 = 280  ln
2 0.4 1
W =  pdV = 100  2.8  
0.4

1 4 V  4 
= –644.72 kJ
22. A 4m × 5m × 6m Room is to be heated by a base board resistance heater. It is desired that the
resistance heater be able to raise the air temperature in room from 5C to 30C within 11 min.
Assuming no heat losses from the room and an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the
required power of resistance heater.
(a) 3.73 kW (b) 4.09 kW (c) 5.42 kW (d) 4.58 kW
Ans: (b)
Sol: Non flow process
P = 100 kPa ; m = 150.4 kg
t = 11 × 60 = 660 seconds T1 = 25C
T2 = 50C
T1 = 273 + 5 = 278 K C v = 0.718
V = 4 × 5 × 6 = 120 m3
PV 100  120
m= = = 150.4kg
RT 0.287  278
The room is perfectly insulated, hence dQ = 0

Applying 1st law, dQ – dW = dU  m Cv dT
Work done on heater = work transfer to room = change internal energy of room
= m Cv dT
= 150.4 × 0.718 (30 – 5)
= 2699.68 kJ
dW 2699.68
Power = = = 4.09kW
t 660
23. 3 kg of air at 1.50 bar pressure and 87°C temperature at condition 1 is compressed polytropically
to condition 2 at pressure 7.50 bar, index of compression being 1.2. It is then cooled at constant
pressure to condition 3 and then finally heated at constant temperature to its original condition 1.
Find the net work done and heat transferred.
Ans: – 95.33 kJ, –73.07 kJ

Sol: Given:
Mass of air, m = 3kg
Pressure, P1 = 1.5 bar = 150kPa
Temperature , T1 = 87oC = 360 K
Pressure, P2 = 7.5 bar = 750 kPa
n = 1.2
To Find:
(i) Net work done
(ii) Heat transferred
Assumption:
(i) Air is taken as a system
(ii) Air is treated as ideal gas
(iii) System is a closed system
(iv) kinetic and potential energy changes neglected
P
P=C 2
3
PVn=C
T=C
For air
PV = mRT
mRT1 3  0.287  360
V1 = = = 2.0664 m3
P1 150
Process 1-2: polytropic compression
P1V1 − P2V2
W12 =
n −1
For polytropic process

1
V2  P1  n
=    V2 = 0.54 m3
V1  P2 
n −1
V 
and T2 =  1   T1 = 470.83K
 V2 
W12 =
(150  2.0644) − (750  0.54)
1.2 − 1
 W12 = – 476.812 kJ
Negative sign indicates that work is done on the system
Process 2-3: Constant pressure cooling

W2-3 = P2(V3 – V2)
V3 T3 T1
P=C  = = = 0.765
V2 T2 T2
V3 = 0.413 m3
W23 = 750 (0.413 – 0.54)
W23 = – 95.33 kJ
Process 3-1: Isothermal heating

V 
W31 = mRT3 ln  1  = 499.07 kJ
 V3 
For cycle
Q = W (1st law of Thermodynamics)
Q = W = – 476.812 – 95.33 + 499.07
= –73.07 kJ
24. A spherical balloon of 1m diameter contains a gas at 200 kPa and 300 K. The gas inside the balloon
is heated until the pressure reaches 500 kPa. During the process of heating the pressure is
proportional to the diameter of the balloon. Determine the work done by the gas inside the balloon.
Ans: 2989.42 kJ
Sol: Given:
Initial diameter, D1 = 1 m
Pressure P1 = 200 kPa
Initial Temperature, T1 = 300 K
Pressure, P2 = 500 kPa
Pressure  Diameter
To find:

• Work done during this process

Assumption :
(i) Gas inside balloon is taken as system
(ii) The system is a closed system
(iii) Process is assumed to be reversible process.
(i) Work done:

For a closed system undergoing reversible process
W = PdV
PD
P = KD
4
Volume of sphere, V = R 3
3
D 3
V=
6
Change in volume,
3D 2
dV = dD
6
 2
= D dD
2
P 200
K= =
D 1
P1 P
= 2
D1 D 2
P2 500
D 2 = D1  = 1
P1 200
D2 = 2.5m
W = PdV
D 2
D2
=  KD
D1
2
dD
K  D 42 − D14 
=  
2  4 
=
200  
8

 (2.5) − 14
4

W = 2989.42 kJ

25. In a piston-cylinder arrangement, the pressure is inversely proportional to the square of the volume.
The initial pressure is 10 bar in the cylinder and the initial volume is 0.1 m 3. The volume is now
changes so that the final pressure is 2 bar. Find the work done in kJ.
Sol: Given:
1
The relation p  .
V2
p1 = 10 bar = 1000 kPa V1 = 1.0 m3
p2 = 2 bar = 200 kPa
The given relation
1 K
p or p=
V2 V2
1 K
At the state 1, p1  or p1 =
V12 V12
where K is the constant of proportionality and it is calculated by initial condition. Therefore,
K = p1V12 = (1000 kPa )  0.1m3 ( )2
= 10 kPa.m6
K
Now at the state 2, p2 =
V22
K 10
or V2 = = = 0.223 m3
p2 200
Now, the work done during the process

2 2 K 1 1
W =  pdV =  2
dV = K  − 
1 1 V  V1 V2 
 1 1 
W = 10   − = 10  (10 − 4.29) = 57.1kJ
 0.1 0.233 
26. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m3 to 0.4 MPa, 0.03 m3.
Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by pvn = constant, find the work done by the gas
system.
Ans: –11.83 kJ
27. A spherical balloon contains 5 kg of air at 200 kPa and 500 K. The balloon material is such that at
the pressure inside is always proportional to the square of the diameter. Determine the work done
when the volume of the balloon doubles as a result of heat transfer.
Sol: Given: m = 5 kg, p1 = 200 kPa

T1 = 500 K, V2 = 2V1
Consider D is the diameter of the balloon.
According to the given condition,
p  D2
or p = KD2
It is the equation of state with a constant of proportionality K.
Further, from the relation for a perfect gas, p1V1 = mRT1
p1v1 = RT1
RT1 0.287  500
v1 = = = 0.7175 m3 / kg
p1 200
Thus, the volume of the balloon at initial state;
V1 = mv1 = 5 × 0.7175 = 3.5875 m2
Thus, the diameter of the balloon can be calculated as
1
V1 =      D13
6
or D13 = 6.851
or D1 = 1.899 m
When the volume of the balloon doubles, the diameter of balloon or D 2 = D1 × 21/3
D32
V2 =
6
but V2 = 2V1 = 7.175
or D23 = 13.703
or, D2 = 2.393 m
Now from the given relation at the state 1
p1 = KD12
p1 200
or K= = = 55.44
D1 (1.8993)2
2
The work done by a system;

2 2 2   K 2
W =  pdV =  KD 2dV =  D 2d D3  =    D 2  3D 2dD
1 1 1
6  6 1
1 2  D52 D15 
=   55.44 D dD = 87.08  
4
−
2 1
 5 5 

 (2.393)5 (1.8993)5 
= 87.08   −  = 936.22 kJ
 5 5 
28. A piston and cylinder machine containing a fluid system has a stirring device shown in figure. The
piston is frictionless, and it is held down against the fluid due to atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
The stirring device is turned 9500 revolutions with an average torque against the fluid of 1.25 Nm.
Meanwhile the piston of 0.65 m diameter moves out 0.6 m. Find the net work transfer for the system.
Sol: Work done by the stirring device upon the system,

W1 = 2NT
where, T = Torque = 1.25 Nm
N = Number of revolutions = 9500
W1 = 2 × 9500 × 1.25 = 74622 Nm = 74.622 kJ
This is negative work for the system.
Work done by the system upon the surroundings
W2 = (pA).L
where, p = Pressure = 101.3 kPa

 (0.65) = 0.3318 m2, and
2
A = Area of the piston =
4
L = Distance moved by the piston = 0.6 m
W2 = 101.3 × 0.3318 × 0.6 = 20.167 kJ
This is a positive work for the system.
Hence, the net work transfer for the system,
Wnet = W1 + W2 = –74.622 + 20.167 = –54.455 kJ
29. A cylinder contains 0.12 m3 of air at 1 bar and 90C. It is compressed at 0.03 m3, the final pressure
being 6 bar. Find the index of compression, increase in internal energy and heat transferred. Take R
= 0.287 kJ/kg.K and cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K
Sol: Given;
Compression of gas in a cylinder

State 1: V1 = 0.12 m3 p1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa

T1 = 90C = 363 K
State 2: V2 = 0.03 m3 p2 = 6 bar = 600 kPa
p
2
6 bar
pVn = C
1 bar 1
v
Process: Polytropic process
Constants: R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K
(i) Considering the compression process is a quasi-static polytropic process, thus
p1V1n = p 2 V2n
p  1
n  1  n  
Index of compression, n=  2 =
p  6  = − 1.7917 = 1.292
V   0.03  − 1.3863
n  2  n  
 V1   0.12 
1− n 1−1.292
V   0.03 
(ii) Temperature after compression, T2 = T1  2  = 363    = 544.5 K
 V1   0.12 
Mass of air in the cylinder, m =

p1V1
=
(100 kPa )  0.12m3
= 0.115 kg
( )
RT1 (0.287 kJ / kg.K )  (363K )
Change of internal energy of air during compression;
U = mcv(T2 – T1) = 0.115×0.717×(544.5 – 363) = 14.99 kJ
p 2 V2 − p1V1 600  0.03 − 100  0.12
Work transfer, W = = = −20.548 kJ
1− n 1 − 1.292
(iii) Heat transfer during compression, Q = U + W
Heat transferred, Q = 14.99 – 20.548 = – 5.55 kJ
30. 3 kg of air at 1.50 bar pressure and 87°C temperature at condition 1 is compressed polytropically
to condition 2 at pressure 7.50 bar, index of compression being 1.2. It is then cooled at constant
pressure to condition 3 and then finally heated at constant temperature to its original condition 1.
Find the net work done and heat transferred.
Ans: – 95.33 kJ, –73.07 kJ

Sol: Given:
Mass of air, m = 3kg
Pressure, P1 = 1.5 bar = 150kPa
Temperature , T1 = 87oC = 360 K
Pressure, P2 = 7.5 bar = 750 kPa
n = 1.2
To Find:
(i) Net work done
(ii) Heat transferred
Assumption:
(i) Air is taken as a system
(ii) Air is treated as ideal gas
(iii) System is a closed system
(iv) kinetic and potential energy changes neglected
P
P=C 2
3
PVn=C
T=C
For air
PV = mRT
mRT1 3  0.287  360
V1 = = = 2.0664 m3
P1 150
Process 1-2: polytropic compression
P1V1 − P2V2
W12 =
n −1
For polytropic process
1
V2  P1  n
=    V2 = 0.54 m3
V1  P2 
n −1
V 
and T2 =  1   T1 = 470.83K
 V2 
W12 =
(150  2.0644) − (750  0.54)
1.2 − 1
 W12 = – 476.812 kJ
Negative sign indicates that work is done on the system

Process 2-3: Constant pressure cooling

W2-3 = P2(V3 – V2)
V3 T3 T1
P=C  = = = 0.765
V2 T2 T2
V3 = 0.413 m3
W23 = 750 (0.413 – 0.54)
W23 = – 95.33 kJ
Process 3-1: Isothermal heating

V 
W31 = mRT3 ln  1  = 499.07 kJ
 V3 
For cycle
Q = W (1st law of Thermodynamics)
Q = W = – 476.812 – 95.33 + 499.07
= –73.07 kJ
31. 75 kg/min air enters the control volume of a steady-flow system at 2 bar and 100C, at an elevation
of 100 m above the datum. The same mass leaves the control volume at 150 m elevation from datum
with pressure of 10 bar and at a temperature of 300C. The entrance velocity is 40 m/s and exit
velocity is 20 m/s. During the process 54000 kJ/h of heat transferred to control volume and rise in
enthalpy is 8 kJ/kg. Calculate the power developed.
Sol: Given; m = 75 kg/min = 1.25 kg/s
2 Q=54000 kJ/h
m,v2,p2,h2
1 W
2 Control volume
z2=150m m,v1,p1,h1,T1
1 z1=100m
Datum
Q = 54000 kJ/h = 15 × 103W (heat supply to system)

p1 = 2 bar, p2 = 10 bar
V1 = 40 m/s, V2 = 20 m/s
z1 = 100 m, z2 = 150 m
h = 8 kJ/kg = 8 × 103 J/kg

The steady-flow energy equation is given by

  V2 V2  
Q − W = m (h 2 − h1 ) +  2 + 1  + (z 2 − z1 )g 
  2 2  
Substituting the values of properties with proper care of units
(15  10 ) − W = (1.25)  (8  10 ) + 20 − 402 

2
3 3
+ (150 − 100)  9.81
 2 
or W = (15 × 103) – (1.25) × (8×103 – 600 + 490.5)
= (15×103) – 9863.125
= 5136.87 W = 5.13 kW
32. A fluid contained in a cylinder receives 150 kJ of mechanical energy by means of a paddle wheel,
together with 50 kJ in the form of heat. At the same time, a piston in the cylinder moves in such a
way that the pressure remains constant at 200 kN/m2 during the fluid expansion from 2 m3 to 5 m3.
What is the change in internal energy and in enthalpy?
32. Ans: –400 kJ, +200 kJ
33. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s velocity, 100
kPa pressure and 0.95 m2/kg specific volume and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa and 0.19 m 3/kg,
respectively. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering.
Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58 kW.
Compute the power input to the compressor,
m =0.5 kg/s of air
Q = –58 kW v2 = 5 m/s
Sol: Given: An air compressor with, p2 = 700 kPa
v2 = 0.19 m3/kg
Air u2 = u1 + 90 kJ/kg
Compressor
W=?
m = 0.5 kg/s
v1 = 7 m/s
p1 = 100 kPa
Assumptions: v1 = 0.95 m3/kg
(i) No change in potential energy, or z 1 = z2

(ii) Properties of the system remain constant at their locations.
Analysis:
(i) The steady-flow energy equation with the above assumptions is given by
  V 2 V 2 
Q − W = m (u 2 − u1 ) + (p 2 v 2 − p1v1 ) +  2 − 1 
  2 2 

Calculating each term separately. Change in flow work:

p2v2 – p1v1 = (700 kPa) × (0.19 m3/kg) – (100 kPa) × (0.95 m3/kg)
= 38 kJ/kg
V22 V12 52 − 7 2
Change in kinetic energy: KE = − = = −12 J / kg
2 2 2
= –0.012 kJ/kg
Using in the above equation
– 58 kW – W = (0.5 kg/s) × [90 kJ/kg + 38 kJ/kg – 0.012 kJ/kg]
Or W = –58 – 0.5 × 127.988 = – 121.994 kW
= – 122 kW (input)
34. A piston – cylinder device whose piston is resting on top of a set of stops initially contains 0.5 kg
of helium gas at 100 kPa and 250C. The mass of the piston is such that 500 kPa of pressure is
required to raise it. How much heat must be transferred to the helium before the piston starts rising?
34. Ans: 1848.79 kJ
Sol: m = 0.5kg, P1 = 100 kPa,
T1 = 273+25 = 298K, P2 = 500 kPa,
 = 1.67
Helium is monoatomic gas.
Non flow process
(C v )He = R
=
8.314
M (  − 1) 4(0.67)
= 3.102 kJ/kgK
Till the pressure reaches 500 kPa the piston will not move.
Hence the volume remains constant during the heat transferring process.
P1 P2
 =
T1 T2
100 500
=  T2 = 1490 K
298 T2
dQ − dW = dU
dV = 0  dW = 0
dQ = mCv dT
= 0.53.102(1490 – 298)
= 1848.79 kJ

35. Air flows at the rate of 2.3 kg/s in a 15 cm diameter pipe. It has a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature
of 95C before it is throttled by a valve to 3.5 bar. Find the velocity of air demonstration of the
restrictions.
Sol: Given: Throttling of air as shown in below figure.
1 2
Assumptions:
d1 = 0.15 m
(i) Adiabatic conditions (Q = 0), p2 = 7 bar p2 = 15 bar
d2 = 15 cm
(ii) Steady flow process, m = 2.3 kg/s
T1 = 95C
(iii) Change in potential energy is negligible, i.e.,
(iv) Air properties, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
Analysis: For the given data, initial specific volume

RT1 0.287  368
v1 = = = 0.151m3 / kg
p1 700
From continuity equation the initial velocity
A1V1
m=
v1
mv1 mv1
or V1 = =
A1 ( / 4 )d12
2.3  0.151
or V1 = = 19.63 m / s

 (0.15)
2
4
During the throttling process enthalpy remains constant;
h1 = h2
or cpT1 = cpT2
or T1 = T2
RT1 0.287  368
Then specific volume at exit, v1 = = = 0.301m3 / kg
p2 3.5  100
The exit velocity, from continuity equation

mv 2 2.3  0.301
V2 = = = 39.2 m / s
A2 ( / 4)(0.15)2
36. A rigid insulated tank is separated into two rooms by a stiff plate. Room A, of 0.5 m 3, contains air
at 250 kPa and 300 K and room B, of 1 m3, has air at 500 kPa and 1000 K. The plate is removed
and the air comes to a uniform state without any heat transfer. Find the final pressure and
temperature.

36. Ans: 416.65 kPa , 683 K

Sol: P1 = 250 kPa, V1 = 0.5 m3,
P1V1 250  0.5
T1 = 300 K m1 = = = 1.451 kg
RT1 0.287  300
P2 = 500 kPa, V2 = 1m3,
T2 = 1000 K
P2 V2 500  1
m2 = = = 1.742 kg
RT2 0.287  1000
For non flow process:

dQ – dW = dU
dQ = 0, dW = 0  dU = 0
dU1 + dU2 = 0
Let Tf is the final temperature after mixing.
m1×CV(Tf –T1) + m2(CV)(Tf – T2) = 0
1.4510.718(Tf–300)+1.7420.718(Tf–1000)
1.0418Tf –312.54 + 1.2508Tf – 1250.76 =0
2.2926Tf – 1563.3 = 0
1563.3
(or) Tf = = 682
2.2926
Tf = 682 K
Vf = V1 + V2 = 0.5 + 1 = 1.5 m3
mf = m1 + m2 = 1.451+1.742 =3.193
m f RTf 3.193  0.287  682
Pf = =
Vf 1.5
Pf = 416.65 kPa
37. Air flows at the rate of 2.3 kg/s in a 15 cm diameter pipe. It has a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature
of 95C before it is throttled by a valve to 3.5 bar. Find the velocity of air demonstration of the
restrictions.
Sol: Given: Throttling of air as shown in below figure.

1 2
Assumptions:
d1 = 0.15 m
(i) Adiabatic conditions (Q = 0), p2 = 7 bar p2 = 15 bar
d2 = 15 cm
(ii) Steady flow process, m = 2.3 kg/s
T1 = 95C
(iii) Change in potential energy is negligible, i.e.,
(iv) Air properties, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
Analysis: For the given data, initial specific volume

RT1 0.287  368
v1 = = = 0.151m3 / kg
p1 700
From continuity equation the initial velocity
A1V1
m=
v1
mv1 mv1
or V1 = =
A1 ( / 4 )d12
2.3  0.151
or V1 = = 19.63 m / s

 (0.15)
2
4
During the throttling process enthalpy remains constant;
h1 = h2
or cpT1 = cpT2
or T1 = T2
RT1 0.287  368
Then specific volume at exit, v1 = = = 0.301m3 / kg
p2 3.5  100
The exit velocity, from continuity equation

mv 2 2.3  0.301
V2 = = = 39.2 m / s
A2 ( / 4)(0.15)2
38. An air receiver of volume 5.5 m3 contains air at 16 bar and 42C. A valve is opened and some air is
allowed to blow out to atmosphere. The pressure of the air in the receiver drops rapidly to 12 bar
when the valve is then closed. Calculate the mass of air which has left the receiver.
Sol: Initial volume of air, V1 = 5.5 m3

Initial pressure of air, T1 = 16 bar
Initial temperature of air, p1 = 42+273 = 315 K
Final volume of air, V2 = V1 = 5.5 m2
Final pressure of air, p2 = 12 bar
Mass of air which left the receiver:
p1V1 16  105  5.5
Mass of air in the initial condition, m1 = = = 97.34 kg
RT1 (
0.287  103  315 )
Assuming that the mass in the receiver undergoes a reversible adiabatic process, then
 −1
T2  p 2  
= 
T1  p1 
1.4 −1
0.286
T2 T  12  14  12 
= 2   = 
315 315  16   16 
0.886
 12 
Or, T2 = 315    = 290 K
 16 
Now mass of air in the receiver in final condition,
p 2 V1 12  105  5.5
m2 = = = 79.3 kg
RT2 (0.287  103 )  290
 Mass of air which left the receiver, m = m1 – m2 = 97.34 – 79.3 = 18.04 kg
39. In the figure a container is shown to have a movable (without friction) piston on top. The container
and the piston are all made of perfectly insulating material allowing no heat transfer between outside
and inside the container. The container is divided into two compartments by a rigid partition made of
a thermally conducting material that allows slow transfer of heat. The lower compartment of the
container is filled with 2 moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at 700 K and the upper compartment is
filled with 2 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at 400K. The heat capacities per mole of an ideal
3 5 5 7
monoatomic gas are C v = R , C p = R and those for an ideal diatomic gas are C v = R , C p = R.
2 2 2 2
(Where R is universal gas constant)
Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it does not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the
final temperature of the gases will be
(A) 550 K (B) 525 K (C) 513 K (D) 490K
Ans: (D)
Sol: Let the final temperature of both compartments is T. Heat given by lower compartment
Q = nC v T = 2  R  (700 − T ) ………(i)
3
2
Heat obtained by upper compartment
Q = nC p T = 2  R  (T − 400) ………(ii)
7
2
From (i) and (ii)
T = 490 K
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 40 and 41:
A piston-cylinder arrangement as shown in the figure initially contains air at 150 kPa and 400C.
The arrangement is allowed to cool to the ambient temperature of 20C. The characteristic gas
constant for air is 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The cylinder wall has stops of negligible thickness that can prevent
the piston from moving down. The stops are 1 m from the inner side of the base surface of the
cylinder. At the initial state, the piston is resting 1 m above the stops.
Piston
Stop
1m
Air 1m
40. The final pressure in the cylinder is

(A) 130.7 kPa (B) 150 kPa (C) 200.7 kPa (D) 230.7 kPa
41. The specific work done by the air during the process is
(A) –26.67 kJ/kg (B) 26.67 kJ/kg (C) 49.5 kJ/kg (D) –96.67 kJ/kg
40. Ans: (a) & 41. Ans: (d)

Sol: PV = mRT
PV
= mR = constant
T
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
Since stops are removed the process will be a constant pressure
 P 1 = P2
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
A  (1 + 1) A  x
=
673 293

x = 0.87m < 1m
As the final length of the gas is less than 1m
 The piston rests on the stops
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
150  A(1 + 1) P2  A(1)
=  P2 = 130.6 kPa
673 293
Work is done on the gas till the piston touches stops. Once the piston touches stops as the volume
is constant work done is zero.
P1V1 = mRT1
150V1 = 10.287673
V1 = 1.28m3/kg
V1
V2 = = 0.64m3/kg
2
Work = P(V2 – V1) = 150(0.64 – 1.28)
Work = –96 kJ/kg
2 P=C 1
150
P
V=C
130.6
3
V(m3)
V2 = 0.64 V1 = 1.28
42. The mass, internal energy, pressure and volume of a system are 10 kg, 100 kJ, 1 bar and 1 m3,
respectively. The value of specific enthalpy, in kJ/kg, of the system is
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
42. Ans: (b)
Sol: H = U + Pv
= 100 + 100  1= 200 kJ
H 200
h= = = 20 kJ/kg
m 10
43. Consider three identical tanks A, B, C shown below. What is the pressure p in tank C?
Tank B Tank C
Tank A 1 m3
1 m3 1 m3
x kg oxygen x kg nitrogen +
x kg nitrogen y kg oxygen
1 bar, 300 K 1 bar, 300 K
300 K, p = ?

(A) 1 bar (B) 1.5 bar (C) 2 bar (D) 2.5 bar
43. Ans: (C)
Sol: P1V1 = XR1T1
P2V2 = yR2T1
P2 V2 m 2 R 2 T1
=
P1 V1 m1 R 1T1
 m1R1 = m 2 R 2
Finally PfV = mfReqTf
m1 R 1 + m 2 R 2
R eq =
m1 + m 2
(m1 + m 2 )(m1R 1 + m 2 R 2 )T
Pf  1 =
(m1 + m 2 )
Pf = 2m1R1T = 2P1V1
Pf = 2 bar
44. The thermometric property, x, of a thermometer varies with temperature, t, according to the relation
t = ax2+b, where t is in C, x is in cm, and a & b are constants. At ice point (0C) and steam point
(100C), the values of x are 5 cm and 20 cm, respectively. When this thermometer is brought in
contact with a heated body, the value of x is recorded as 15 cm. The temperature of the heated body
in C is
(a) 83.3 (b) 73.3 (c) 63.3 (d) 53.3
44. Ans: (d)

Sol: t = ax2+b
0 = a(25)+b
25a+b = 0…..(1)
400a+b = 100……(2)
Upon solving
400a + b = 100
25a + b = 0
375a = 100
100
a=
375
b = –6.667
 100  2
t=  x − 6.667
 375 

 100 
= (15) − 6.667
2
 375 
t = 53.3
45. Air at 10 bar and 400 K is flowing with a velocity of 20 m/s through a pipe of uniform cross-
sectional area of 20 cm2. The mass flow rate of air in the pipe is approximately.
(a) 0.25 kg/s (b) 0.35 kg/s (c) 2.5 kg/s (d) 3.5 kg/s
45. Ans: (b)

Sol: PV = mRT
m P
=
V RT
P 1000
= = = 8.71 kg / m3
RT 0.287  400
 = AC
m
= 8.71  20  10–4 20 = 0.348 kg/s
46. The condition of steam at inlet and exit of a perfectly insulated steam turbine running under steady
state conditions is as follows:
At inlet: specific enthalpy = 3230 kJ/kg; velocity = 160 m/s

At exit, specific enthalpy = 2660 kJ/kg; velocity = 100 m/s
Neglecting changes in potential energy, the work done by the steam turbine is approximately
(a) 570 kJ/kg (b) 578 kJ/kg (c) 630 kJ/kg (d) 638 kJ/kg
46. Ans: (b)
Sol: First Law :
1602 1002
3230 + = 2660 + + WT
2000 2000
WT = 577.8 kJ/kg
47. A certain mass of gas at 0C is expanded to 81 times its original volume under adiabatic conditions.
If ratio of specific heats of the gas,  = 1.25, the final temperature of the gas is
(A) –235C (B) –182C (C) –91C (D) 0C

47. Ans: (b)

Sol: Given:
V2 = 81 V1
V2
= 81 ---------(1)
V1
 For adiabatic process
 −1
T2  V1 
= 
T1  V2 
1.25 −1
T2  1 
= 
273  81 
T2 = 91 K
= –182C
48. Helium in a piston/cylinder assembly at 20C and 100 kPa is brought to 400 K in a reversible
polytropic process with exponent n = 1.25. Assume helium to be an ideal gas. The molecular mass
of helium is 4.003 kg/kmol. The specific work in the process is approximately
(a) –800 kJ/kg (b) –788 kJ/kg (c) 788 kJ/kg (d) –888 kJ/kg
48. Ans: (d)

P1V1 − P2 V2
Sol: W=
n −1
R (T1 − T2 )
=
n −1
2.077(293 − 400)
=
1.25 − 1
= –888 kJ/kg
R He = 8.314 = 2.077 kJ/kg.K

4.003
Statement for linked answer questions 49 and 50:

An ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process consisting of the following three processes:
Process 1-2: Compression process with pV = constant
Process 2-3: Constant pressure
Process 3-1: Constant volume; U3 – U1 = 3549 kJ
49. The work done (kJ) during the process 2-3 is p

2 3
(A) 1120 (B) 1220 (C) 1320 (D) 1420
1 bar 1
0.2 m3 1.6 m3 V
50. The heat transferred (kJ) during the process 2-3 is

(A) 4269 (B) 4469 (C) 4569 (D) 4669
49. Ans: (a) 50. Ans: (d)

Sol: Process 1-2:
P1V1 = P2V2
100  1.3 = P2  0.2
P2 = 800 kPa
W2-3 = P(V3 – V2)
= 800(1.6 – 0.2)
= 1120 kJ
 U1 = U2
first Law for process 2-3:
dQ2-3 = dU2-3 + dW2-3
Q2-3 = (U3 – U2) + W2-3
= (U3 –U1) + W2-3
= 3549 + 1120
= 4669 kJ
52 In which of the following processes for an ideal

51 Air is to be heated steadily by an 8-kW electric gas, the heat transfer is completely converted
resistance heater as it flows through an to work?
o
insulated duct. If the air enters at 50 C at a rate (A) Reversible adiabatic process
of 2kg/s, the exit temperature of air is (B) Reversible isothermal process
(A) 46.0o C (B) 50.0oC (C) Reversible isochoric process
(C) 54.0oC (D) 55.4oC (D) Reversible isobaric process
Ans: (B)
Ans: (C) Sol: By first law of thermodynamics, Q – W = U
Sol: By using steady flow energy equation For an isothermal process U = 0 and Q = W.
between starting and end of the duct. 53 An iron block of unknown mass at 85oC is
m  =m
 h1 + Q  h2 dropped into an insulated tank that contains
2  1.005  50 + 8 = 2  1.005  T2 100L of water at 20oC. At the same time, a
T2  54oC paddle wheel driven by a 200-W motor is
activated to stir the water. It is observed that
thermal equilibrium is established after 20min

with a final temperature of 24oC. Assuming R 8.314

Where, R = = = 0.208 kJ / kgK
the surroundings to be at 20oC, the mass (in M 40
kg) of the iron block is _____. (Assume 1  0.208  (300 − 360)
Work done = = −82.3kJ
1.15 − 1
specific heat of iron = 0.45kJ/kg-K)
Ans: 52.4 (Range: 51 to 54)
55. A spherical balloon of 1m diameter
Sol: Q = 0[insulated]
contains a gas at 200 kPa and 300 K. The
200  20  60
W= = 240kJ gas inside the balloon is heated until the
1000
pressure reaches 500 kPa. During the
U = m0.45(24–85)+1004.2(24–20) process of heating the pressure is
Taking Iron–water to be our system and tank proportional to the diameter of the balloon.
boundary as our system boundary. From first Determine the work done by the gas inside
law of thermodynamics the balloon.
Q–W = U Ans: 2989.42 kJ
0–[–240] = m0.45(24–85)+10042(24– Sol: Given:

20)
Initial diameter, D1 = 1 m
m = 52.4kg Pressure P1 = 200 kPa
54 In a polytropic compression process, one kg Initial Temperature, T1 = 300 K
of an ideal gas having a molecular weight of Pressure, P2 = 500 kPa
40 kg /kmol is compressed form 100 kPa, Pressure  Diameter
300K to 400 kPa, 360 K inside piston cylinder To find:
assembly. The magnitude of the work (in kJ) • Work done during this process
for the process is _______. Assumption :
(i) Gas inside balloon is taken as
Ans: 82.3 (Range 81 to 84)
system
Sol: For polytropic process
(ii) The system is a closed system
n −1
T2  P2  n (iii) Process is assumed to be reversible
= 
T1  P1  process.
n −1
 360   400  n
(i) Work done:
 = 
 300   100  For a closed system undergoing
n −1
(n 4) = n 360 
reversible process
n  300 
W = PdV
n = 1.15
PD
mR (T1 − T2 ) P = KD
Work done =
n −1 4
Volume of sphere, V = R 3
3
D 3 and volume are related by pvn = constant,

V=
6 find the work done by the gas system.
Change in volume, Ans: –11.83 kJ
3D 2
dV = dD
6 58. At the beginning of the compression stroke
 2 of a two-cylinder internal combustion
= D dD
2 engine the air is at a pressure of 101.325
P 200 kPa. Compression reduces the volume to
K= =
D 1 1/5 of its original volume and the law of
P1 P compression is given by pv1.2 = constant. If
= 2
D1 D 2 the bore and stroke of each cylinder is 0.15
P2 500 m and 0.25 m, respectively. Determine the
D 2 = D1  = 1
P1 200 power absorbed in kW by compression
D2 = 2.5m strokes when the engine speed is such that
W = PdV each cylinder undergoes 500 compression
strokes per minute.
D 2
D2
=  KD
D1
2
dD
Ans: 17.95 kW
K  D 42 − D14 
=  
2  4  59. A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly
=
200  
8

 (2.5) − 14
4
 undergoes an expansion process for which
the relationship between pressure and
W = 2989.42 kJ volume is given by pV n = constant. The
initial pressure is 0.3 MPa, the initial
56. A platinum wire is used as a resistance volume is 0.1 m3 and the final volume is 0.2
thermometer. The wire resistance was m3. Determine the work for the process in
found to be 10 ohm and 16 ohm at ice point kJ if (a) n = 1.5, (b) n = 1.0 and (c) n = 0.
and steam point respectively and 30 ohm at
sulphur boiling point of 444.6C. Find the Ans: [(a) 17.6 kJ, (b) 20.79 kJ, (c) 30 kJ]
resistance of the wire at 500C, if the
resistance varies with temperature by the 60. A sealed elevated storage tank of capacity
relation. R = Ro(1 + t + t2) 50 m3 initially containing air at 1 bar 25C
. Ans: 31.3 ohm is to be pumped with water from a lake also
at 25C. Where g = 9.7 m/s2. The pump is
57. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi- operated until the tank is ¾ full and during
3
static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m to 0.4 this operation the temperature of air and
3
MPa, 0.03 m . Assuming that the pressure water do not change the average elevation
of water in tank is 35 meters above surface

of lake. Calculate work done by pump in kJ, Non flow process

 = 1000 kg/m . Assume air as ideal gas.
3 dQ – dW = dU
dU = 0
Ans: –19662.7 kJ CvdT = 0
3 dT = 0
Sol: Total volume V = 50m ,
P1 = 1 bar, T1= 250C T = Constant
T1 = T2 = 323K,
3 3 P1V1 = P2V2
Vwater = VTank = (50)=37.5m3
4 4 800 V = P2  2V
Vair = 50 –37.5 = 12.5m 3
 P2 = 400 kPa
W.D by pump = (work of lifting water + Note: In adiabatic free expansion, initial
work of compression of air) temperature = final temperature
m w gh V 
= + P1V1n  2 
1000g c  V1  62. A piston – cylinder device whose piston is
 w Vw gh 12.5 resting on top of a set of stops initially
=− + 100(50)n
1000g c 50 contains 0.5 kg of helium gas at 100 kPa
− (1000)(37.5)(9.7)(35)  12.5  and 250C. The mass of the piston is such
= + 100(50)n  
1000  1  50  that 500 kPa of pressure is required to raise
Wpump = −19662.72 kJ it. How much heat must be transferred to
the helium before the piston starts rising?
61. An insulated rigid tank is divided into two
equal parts by a partition, Initially, one part Ans: 1848.79 kJ
contains 4 kg of an ideal gas at 800 kPa and Sol: m = 0.5kg, P1 = 100 kPa,
500C, and the other part is evacuated. The T1 = 273+25 = 298K, P2 = 500 kPa,
partition is now removed, and the gas  = 1.67
expands into the entire tank. Determine the Helium is monoatomic gas.
final temperature and pressure in the tank. Non flow process
(C v )He = R
=
8.314
IDEAL M (  − 1) 4(0.67)
GAS Evacuated = 3.102 kJ/kgK
800 kPa
500C Till the pressure reaches 500 kPa the piston
will not move.
Hence the volume remains constant during
Ans: 323 K, 400 kPa the heat transferring process.
Sol: T1 = 50 + 273 = 323 K, m = 4 kg P1 P2
 =
P1 = 800 kPa T1 T2
dQ = 0, ( ∵ insulated) 100 500
=  T2 = 1490 K
dW = 0, ( free expansion) 298 T2
dQ − dW = dU mRT1 15  0.287  298

V1 = = = 4.276m3
dV = 0  dW = 0 P1 300
dQ = mCv dT V1 V2 T2
= (or) V2 =  V1
= 0.53.102(1490 – 298) T1 T2 T1
= 1848.79 kJ 4.276  350
 = V2 = 5.02 m 3
298
63. A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston-cylinder 1Q2 – 1W2 = 1U2
device is heated from 25 to 770C by passing 1Q2 – (WEXP –WH) = mCv(T2 – T1)
current through a resistance heater inside 1Q2 –P (V2–V1) + WH = mCv (T2 – T1)
the cylinder. The pressure inside the – 60 –300 (5.02 – 4.276) + WH
cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during =15 × 0.718 (350 − 298) =
the process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs. 560.04
Determine the electric energy supplied, in WH = 560.04 + 60 + 300 (5.02 – 4.276)
kWh. = 560.4 + 60 + 223.2 = 843.6 kJ
Work of heater in kWhr = work of heater in
843.6
kJ/3600 = = 0.234
3600
AIR 64. A rigid insulated tank is separated into two

P = constant
rooms by a stiff plate. Room A, of 0.5 m3,
Q
We
contains air at 250 kPa and 300 K and room
B, of 1 m3, has air at 500 kPa and 1000 K.
The plate is removed and the air comes to a
uniform state without any heat transfer.
Ans: 0.234 kWh
Find the final pressure and temperature.
Sol: Mass of air = m = 15 kg
Pressure P1 = 300 kPa
Ans: 416.65 kPa , 683 K
Temperature = T1 = 273+25 = 298
Sol: P1 = 250 kPa, V1 = 0.5 m3,
K
Final temperature = T2 = 273 + 77 =
350 K T1 = 300 K
Heat lost to surroundings = 1Q2 = –
60 kJ P1V1 250  0.5
m1 = = = 1.451 kg
Electrical work input = – WH kJ RT1 0.287  300
It is non flow process as it is a piston P2 = 500 kPa, V2 = 1m3,
cylinder mechanism
Constant pressure process
T2 = 1000 K
P2 = P1 = 300 kPa

P2 V2 500  1 Cp is the specific heat equal to 1.005 kJ/kg

m2 = = = 1.742 kg
RT2 0.287  1000 K and ‘T’ is the temperature.
For non flow process:
dQ – dW = dU Ans: 1577.85 kW, 298.8 kW, 552.35
m/sec
dQ = 0, dW = 0  dU = 0
Sol:  = 2 kg/s
Mass flow rate = m
dU1 + dU2 = 0
Heat Exchanger
Let Tf is the final temperature after mixing. 2
1
m1×CV(Tf –T1) + m2(CV)(Tf – T2) = 0 T2=800C
V1=30m/s
V2=30m/s
T1=15C Turbine
1.4510.718(Tf–300)+1.7420.718(Tf–
1000) 3 T3= 650C
V3= 60 m/sec
1.0418Tf –312.54 + 1.2508Tf – 1250.76 =0
2.2926Tf – 1563.3 = 0 4 T4=500C
1563.3
(or) Tf = = 682
2.2926
1 – 2 Heat Exchanger:
Tf = 682 K
Apply SFEE, W = 0 (in HE)
Vf = V1 + V2 = 0.5 + 1 = 1.5 m3
 V 2  dQ  V 2  dW
mf = m1 + m2 = 1.451+1.742 =3.193   h 1 + 1  +
m   + 2  +
=m
 2000  dt  2000  dt
m f RTf 3.193  0.287  682
Pf = = dQ  V 2 − V12 
Vf 1.5   h 2 − h1 + 2
=m 
dt  2000 
Pf = 416.65 kPa
 V 2 − V12 
  C p T2 − C p T1 + 2
=m 
65. Air at a temperature of 150C passes through  2000 
a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s
where its temperature is raised to 8000C. It  30 2 − 30 2 
= 21.005(800 − 15) + 
then enters a turbine with the same velocity  2000 
of 30 m/s and expands until the temperature dQ
falls to 6500C. On leaving the turbine, the = 1577.85 kJ / sec
dt
air is taken at a velocity of 60 m/s to a
nozzle where it expands until the 2–3 Turbine section
temperature has fallen to 5000C. If the air Apply SFEE b/w 2 and 3
flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate (a) the rate of

heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger,  V 2  dQ  V 2  dW
  h 2 + 2  +
m   h 3 + 3  +
=m
(b) the power output from the turbine  2000  dt  2000  dt
assuming no heat loss, and (c) the velocity dQ
Given =0
at exit from nozzle, assuming no heat loss. dt
Take the enthalpy of air as h = CpT, where

 V 2 − V32  0 = 1000a + b …….. (1)

  (C p (T2 − T3 ) + 2
dW
=m 
 100 = 1366a + b …… (2)
dt  2000 
By solving,
 30 2 − 60 2 
= 21.005(800 − 650) +  b = −273.22
2000 
a = 0.273,

t = 0.273(1074) −273.22 = 19.90 C
dW
= 298.8kJ / sec or kW 67. 1 kg of a fluid is contained in a cylinder at
dt
an initial pressure of 20 bar and an initial
Process 3 – 4 volume of 0.05 m3. The fluid is allowed to
dW expand reversibly behind a piston
In nozzle, = 0 , no work is done 2
dm according to the law pv = C until the
dQ volume is doubled. The fluid is then cooled
= 0 – adiabatic
dm at constant pressure until the piston regains
2 2
V V its initial position. Heat is then supplied
h3 + 3
= h4 + 4
2000 2000 reversibly with the piston firmly locked in
2
V42 V position until the pressure rises to the
= C p (T3 − T4 ) + 3
2000 2000 original value of 20 bar. Calculate the net
V4 = 552.35 m/sec work done by the fluid. Sketch the
processes on a P – V diagram.
66. A constant volume gas thermometer
containing ‘He’ gives pressure readings of Ans: –25 kJ
1000 and 1366mm Hg at ice point and Sol: P1 = 20 bar, V1 = 0.05 m3, V2 = 0.1 m3
steam point respectively. P1 V12 = P2 V22
(a) Express the gas thermometer 2
 0.05 
Celsius temperature’s’ in terms of P2 = 20    = 5 bar
 0 .1 
gas pressure ‘p’ in mm Hg.
Net work = 1W2 + 2W3 + 3W1
(b) The thermometer when left standing
= (Work)polytropic + (Work)P=C
in atmosphere registers 1074 mm
+
Hg. What is the atmosphere
(Work)V = C
temperature?
=
P1 V1 − P2 V2
Ans: (t = 19.9C) + P2 (V3 − V2 ) + 0
n −1
Sol: Constant volume gas thermometer
= 50 − 25 + 0
V=C
W.D = 25 kJ
tP
t = aP + b
t = 0.273P − 273.22
At t = 0C, P = 1000
At t = 100oC, P = 1366

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ACE

Thermodynamics set – 1(IES)Solutions

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06. Ans: 560 K (Range: 558 to 561)

07. Ans: (d)

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Ans: 172.27, Range: (171 to 174)

0.2m3 0.4m3 0.6m3

1-2 : Isothermal Process

2-3: Constant Pressure Process

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Ans: 491.52 m/sec (Range 490 to 492)

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P1V1 100  144

(dT)air =(T2 – T1) = 7C

(W ) 1 fan = workdone on the fan

Rating of heating element = x kW

= 0.6×1.005×(–7) − 0.3 − (–0.3)

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Ans: 45.6 amps, (Range: 44 to 47)

Apply SFEE at (1) and (2)

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0.06 0.12 0.2

(a) 169.55 (b) 259.35 (c) 197.55 (d) 157.95

 (P2 − P1 )  (v1 + v 2 ) (2W3 = 0, Flow process)

 (2100 − 105 )  (0.06 + 0.2)

The room is perfectly insulated, hence dQ = 0

Ans: – 95.33 kJ, –73.07 kJ

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Process 2-3: Constant pressure cooling

Process 3-1: Isothermal heating

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• Work done during this process

(i) Work done:

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K = p1V12 = (1000 kPa )  0.1m3 ( )2

Now, the work done during the process

Sol: Given: m = 5 kg, p1 = 200 kPa

The work done by a system;

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Sol: Work done by the stirring device upon the system,

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State 1: V1 = 0.12 m3 p1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa

Mass of air in the cylinder, m =

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Process 2-3: Constant pressure cooling

Process 3-1: Isothermal heating

Sol: Given; m = 75 kg/min = 1.25 kg/s

Q = 54000 kJ/h = 15 × 103W (heat supply to system)

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The steady-flow energy equation is given by

(15  10 ) − W = (1.25)  (8  10 ) + 20 − 402 

32. Ans: –400 kJ, +200 kJ

(i) No change in potential energy, or z 1 = z2

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Calculating each term separately. Change in flow work:

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Analysis: For the given data, initial specific volume

The exit velocity, from continuity equation

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36. Ans: 416.65 kPa , 683 K