Condiciones Ambientales para Sistemas de Instrumentacion Electronica

Environmental Conditions for
Instrumentation Systems
Installation Manual
PN1:006
Revision C — October 1995
D3P00691302
This manual supercedes the issue dated June 1991.

See CE Statement in Section 1
ENVOX, microPROVOX, and PROVOX are marks of one or more of the Fisher-Rosemount group of
companies.
All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
ã Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc. 1990, 1991, 1995. All rights reserved.

Printed in USA
The contents of this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and while every effort
has been made to ensure their accuracy, they are not to be construed as warranties or guarantees,
express or implied, regarding the products or services described herein or their use or applicability. We
reserve the right to modify or improve the designs or specifications of such products at any time without
notice.
Your Evaluation Please . . .
Name: Title and Department:

Company: Years of Experience: ___ Instrumentation ___ Distributed Control
Telephone: ( ) -- Education: ____High School ____Years College ____Degree
Job Responsibility:
Please indicate your evaluation of PN1:006 (Revision C — October 1995). Attach extra sheets if needed.
1. How and when do you use this manual? V Read entire manual before attempting task
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Please FAX or MAIL this form to: Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc.

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FISHER-ROSEMOUNT USE ONLY — forwarded to:
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Documentation Map
Documentation Map

This map shows manuals used to plan the installation of a PROVOXr Process
Management System. The number, title, and binder location are shown for each
document, identifying where specific information is located. See the descriptions
on the back of this map for more information.
YOU ARE HERE

Instrumentation
PN1:006
PROVOX

Installation Instrumentation Systems
Manual
PN1:002
Planning and Installation
PN1:003
AC and DC Power and Ground Wiring
PN1:004
Signal Wiring and Highway System
Guidelines
PN1:005
Preventing Electrostatic Discharge
PN4:007
Lightning Protection Guidelines for
PN1:008
Site Evaluation
Revision C — October 1995 iii

PN1:006
Documentation Map
PROVOX documentation supports each stage of system development.
System Development Stages Document Type & Contents
System Design Configuration Engineering Manuals

Configuration data-entry help for a
product, including theory of
operation for improved product
use.
Installation and User Manuals for
Configuration Products
Installation procedures, and
operating methods and procedures
for using the configuration
software.
Technical Reference Manuals
Advanced user information for
expanding the capability of the
PROVOX system.
System Manager’s Guide
Expert users information for
managing operating systems.
System Planning and Installation Manuals

Installation Site preparation, including the
environment, power, and
grounding. Also, product signal
wiring, cable connections, and
hardware installation.
System Startup and User Manuals

Operation Operating methods and
procedures for a product, and
software installation.
Tutorials
Structured training for operators.
Maintenance Maintenance Manuals

Preventative maintenance,
calibration, troubleshooting, and
repair procedures.
Ordering Information — To order additional manuals, contact your local

sales representative, specifying the number, title, and quantity of each
document required.
iv Revision C — October 1995

PN1:006
Environmental Conditions for Instrumentation Systems
Contents
Section/Title Page
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.1 Intended Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 CE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.3 Structure of this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.4 Manual Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.5 Warnings, Cautions and Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.6 Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.7 Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.8 Excellence in Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
2 Importance of Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1 Maximum System Efficiency and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Environmental Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
3 Temperature and Humidity Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 Measuring Ambient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Optimum Equipment Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.3 Measuring Enclosure “Hot Spots” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.4 Controlling Relative Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.5 Heating and Cooling Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.5.1 Power Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.5.2 Calculating Cooling Requirements to Control Heat
Within Cabinets or Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
3.5.3 Calculating Additional Cooling Requirements to Control
Heat Transferred Through Cabinet or Enclosure Walls . . . . 3-6
3.5.4 Cooling Effects of a Pressurization System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
4 Mechanical Influence Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Revision C — October 1995 v

PN1:006
Contents
Section/Title Page
5 Electromagnetic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1 Measurement Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 Radio Operation in the Near Field Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.3 Applicable Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.3.1 European Harmonized Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.3.2 SAMA Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.4 EMC Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
5.5 Determining EMI Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
5.6 Effects on Software Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
6 Corrosive Environment Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 Classifying Corrosive Environments in Presence of Sulfides . . 6-1
6.2 Classifying Corrosive Environments in Presence of Sulfides
and Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6.3 General Method for Identifying the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
6.4 Humidity Effects on Reactivity Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
6.5 Designing to Environmental Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
6.5.1 Mild (Class G1) Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
6.5.2 Moderate (Class G2) Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
6.5.3 Harsh (Class G3) Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
6.5.4 Special (Class GX) Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
7 Dusty Environment Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1 Minimizing the Effects of Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
7.2 Protecting Against Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
8 Modifying the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.1 Control Room Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.1.1 HVAC System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.1.2 Humidity Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.1.3 Construction Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.2 Plant Floor and Remote Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.2.1 HVAC System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.2.2 Purging System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.3 Enclosure and Room Air Pressure Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.4 Maintaining Environmental Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Appendixes
A Environmental Classification of PROVOX

Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
B Atmospheric Dust Size Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
C Air Contaminants Size Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
vi Revision C — October 1995

PN1:006
Contents
Section/Title Page
Glossary
Index
Tables
3-1 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Limits for Category A . . . . 3-2
3-2 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Limits for Category B . . . . 3-2
3-3 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Limits for Category C . . . . 3-2
4-1 Shock and Vibration Limits for All Environmental Categories . . 4-1
5-1 Electromagnetic Field Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
6-1 Copper Reactivity Rates (Angstroms of Film Formation per
30 Day Exposure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
6-2 Classification of Chemically Active Contaminants in
cm3/m3 (ppm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6-3 Guidelines for Environmental Characterization by Visual
Changes in Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
6-4 Interpreting Humidity Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
8-1 Constant Percentage (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
A-1 Environmental Classifications of PROVOX Instrumentation . . . A-1
Revision C — October 1995 vii

PN1:006
Contents
This page intentionally left blank.
viii Revision C — October 1995

PN1:006
Section Tab Guide
Introduction 1
Importance of Environmental Considerations 2
Temperature and Humidity Effects 3
Mechanical Influence Effects 4
Electromagnetic Effects 5
Corrosive Environment Effects 6
Dusty Environment Effects 7
Modifying the Environment 8
Environmental Classification of PROVOX Instrumentation A
Atmospheric Dust Size Chart B
Air Contaminants Size Chart C
Glossary 12
Glossary
Index 13
Index
Revision C — October 1995 ix

PN1:006
x Revision C — October 1995

PN1:006
Introduction 1-1
Figure 1-Table 1
1 Introduction 1
This installation planning manual provides information you can use to

understand, measure, and control your plant environment. A proper
environment promotes reliable operation of your process control system,
while a poor environment can greatly limit the reliable performance and
overall service-life of the system.
1.1 Intended Audience

Installation planning manuals are intended for use by plant engineering
personnel, especially those charged with planning a control system
installation.
1.2 CE Statement
If you intend to have your PROVOXr system certified for compliance to
appropriate European Union directives, the following CE statement is
extremely important to your ability to achieve that compliance.
This manual describes installation and

maintenance procedures for products
which have been tested to be in
compliance with appropriate CE
directives. To maintain compliance,
these products must be installed and
maintained according to the
procedures described in this manual.
Failure to follow the procedures may
compromise compliance.
1.3 Structure of this Manual

This manual contains the following sections and appendixes:
Section 1 — Introduction: defines the importance of environmental
considerations and lists related documents.
Section 2 — Environmental Categories: defines terms used for the
category and operating conditions in which PROVOX instrumentation
systems are designed to operate.
Revision C — October 1995 PN1:006

1-2 Introduction
Section 3 — Temperature and Humidity Effects: defines temperature

and humidity requirements for PROVOX instrumentation systems.
Section 4 — Mechanical Influence Effects: defines sinusoidal and shock

1 limits for PROVOX instrumentation systems.
Section 5 — Electromagnetic Effects: describes effects of

electromagnetic influences, such as radio frequency interference, on
process control systems.
Section 6 — Corrosive Environment Effects: defines corrosive

environments and identifying methods.
Section 7 — Dusty Environment Effects: describes effects of dust on

process control systems.
Section 8 — Modifying the Environment: describes ways to obtain a

proper environment for PROVOX instrumentation systems.
Appendix A — Environmental Classification of PROVOX

Instrumentation: lists PROVOX instruments and their environmental
classification.
Appendix B — Atmospheric Dust Size Chart: Shows dust size

distribution in a typical atmospheric sample.
Appendix C — Air Contaminants Size Chart: Shows relative sizes of

air-born contaminants.
1.4 Manual Conventions

This manual uses the following conventions:
J Acronyms and Abbreviations — Terms are spelled out the first time
they appear in text. Thereafter, only the acronym or abbreviation is
used. In addition, the glossary defines the acronyms and
abbreviations.
J Revision Control — The title page lists the revision level and the
printing date of this manual. When the document is revised, the
revision level and the printing date is changed.
J References — References to other documents include the name

and catalog number for Fisher-Rosemount Systems manuals.
PN1:006 Revision C — October 1995

Introduction 1-3
1.5 Warnings, Cautions and Notes

Warnings, Cautions, and Notes attract attention to essential or critical
information in this manual. The types of information included in each are 1
explained in the following:
Warning
All warnings have this form and symbol.
Do not disregard warnings. They are
installation, operation, or maintenance
procedures, practices, conditions,
statements, and so forth, which if not
strictly observed, may result in personal
injury or loss of life.
Caution
All cautions have this form and symbol. Do
not disregard cautions. They are
procedures, practices, conditions,
statements, and so forth, which if not
strictly observed, may result in damage to,
or destruction of, equipment or may cause
a long term health hazard.
Note
Notes have this form and symbol. Notes contain
procedures, practices, conditions, statements,
and so forth, that alert you to important
information which may make your task easier or
increase your understanding.

1-4 Introduction
1.6 Related Documents

The installation planning manuals listed below provide other important
1 considerations for installation planning:
J Planning the Installation, PN1:002
J AC and DC Power and Ground Wiring, PN1:003
J Signal Wiring and Highway System Guidelines, PN1:004
J Preventing Electrostatic Damage, PN1:005
J Lightning Protection Guidelines for Instrumentation Systems,
PN4:007
J Site Evaluation, PN1:008
1.7 Reference Documents

The reference documents listed below are industry standard reference
material where further information about environmental considerations
can be found:
J Process Instrumentation Terminology, ANSI/ISA--S51.1--1979,
Instrumentation Society of America, Approved December 28, 1979.
J Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Process Control Instrumentation,
SAMA Standard PMC33.1--1978, Scientific Apparatus Makes
Association.
J Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control
Systems: Temperature and Humidity, ISA--S71.01--1985, Instrument
Society of America, Approved August 15, 1986.
J Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control
Systems: Airborne Contaminants, ISA--S71.04--1985, Instrument
Society of America, Approved February 3, 1986.
1.8 Excellence in Documentation

Our goal is to provide documents that meet your needs. Through
surveys and interviews, we continually evaluate our documents as part
of the broad Fisher-Rosemount Systems customer-support program.
Various manuals are produced for different purposes and for readers
with varying backgrounds and experience.
Please assist us in the evaluation of this manual by completing the
reader evaluation form located at the front of the document. In addition, if
you have any suggestions for specific pages, return a marked-up copy
along with your survey.

Importance of Environmental Considerations 2-1
Figure 2-Table 2
2 Importance of Environmental
Considerations 2
The importance of considering the site environment can not be
understated. Whether installing a new system in a new plant, a new
system in an existing plant, or expanding an existing system,
environmental conditions must be considered; both in the immediate
area, and in surrounding areas, also.
2.1 Maximum System Efficiency and

Reliability
A system may be located in a geographic area where temperature and
humidity are naturally high. Or, the process may add heat, humidity,
contaminants in the form of dust, such as fly-ash from a boiler, or
corrosive vapors such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Obviously, areas with
these environment conditions can affect the operation of electronic
equipment. Temperature, humidity, dust (including carbon), and corrosive
vapors can cause gradual performance degradation, intermittent failures,
and malfunctions. To ensure maximum system efficiency and reliability,
the environment in which the system is installed must not have a
detrimental effect on system operation.
All environmental conditions must be accounted for in installation
planning. Once the conditions are identified, environmental control
equipment can be designed to maintain proper environmental operating
conditions within the range of the most limited instrument. For example,
PROVOXr I/O files can operate reliably in certain moderately corrosive
environments. However, if a main-frame computer which normally has
more stringent environmental control requirements is also installed in the
area, then environmental control must be upgraded to protect the
computer.
Installation planning requires both atmospheric environment identification
and the best method to protect system equipment. Methods may have to
encompass the total process area, the control room only, or even
individual equipment enclosures. If, for example, PROVOX I/O files and
terminations will be located in a rack-room where the atmosphere is
determined to be hostile to them, the room atmosphere must be
controlled. If the same instruments will be located on a plant floor with a
hostile environment, protecting cabinets are required.
Each PROVOX Instrument has a range in which it is designed to operate
reliably. Refer to the specifications table in the product bulletins for
specific operating conditions.

2-2 Importance of Environmental Considerations
2.2 Environmental Categories

PROVOX instruments are designed to operate in one of the following
environmental categories:
2 J Category A — Manned control rooms or computer rooms with tightly

controlled environmental conditions, usually containing consoles and
computers.
J Category B — Areas with controlled temperature and humidity;

ranges are wider than Category A and usually contain rack-mounted
equipment such as controllers and I/O.
J Category C — Areas with controlled temperature only; range is wider

than either Category A or B and usually contains special enclosures,
transmitters or transducers.
Each of these categories consists of various operating conditions, as

defined in ISA Standard S51.1--1979, Process Instrumentation
Terminology. Such conditions include ambient temperature, relative
humidity, and electromagnetic interference. Definitions of these limits are:
J Reference Operating Limits — These define ranges for listed

operating conditions within which changes in performance
characteristics are negligible.
J Normal Operating Limits — These define ranges for listed operating

conditions within which changes in performance characteristics are
within design specifications. Operating influences are conditions that
affect performance characteristics within normal limits.
J Operative Limits — These define ranges for listed operating

conditions within which a device may be operated without permanent
impairment of operating characteristics. However, upon returning to
normal operating conditions, a device may require adjustment to
restore its normal performance.
J Storage & Transportation Limits — These define ranges for listed

operating conditions within which a device may be stored or
transported.

Temperature and Humidity Effects 3-1
Figure 3-Table 3
3 Temperature and Humidity

Effects
3
Table 3-1,Table 3-2, and Table 3-3 list the ambient temperature and
humidity conditions for equipment of Categories A, B, and C, respectively.
The limits noted in these tables are generalized for the various product
families and categories. For the specific limits that apply to a particular
device, refer to the specifications table in the device product bulletin.
3.1 Measuring Ambient

Measuring instruments must be placed correctly to determine ambient
temperature and humidity. The following descriptions indicate proper
instrument placement:
J For Category A and B equipment installed in a ventilated cabinet
(sealed doors and side panels are assumed) ), ambient pertains to
the temperature and humidity where the air enters the cabinet inlet
vent.
J For Category A and B equipment installed in an environmentally
controlled, fully-sealed enclosure, ambient pertains to the air
surrounding the equipment.
J For Category C equipment, ambient pertains to the temperature and
humidity of the air surrounding the powered device.
3.2 Optimum Equipment Reliability

For optimum electronic equipment reliability and operation, environmental
control systems must maintain the ambient temperature, relative humidity,
and hourly variations of these, within normal operating limits, as noted in
Table 3-1 through Table 3-3.
When equipment is operated within the specified temperature and
humidity limits, normal reliability based on Mean Time Between Failure
(MTBF) calculations can be expected. As equipment is operated in
continuously higher temperatures, the failure rate increases. As a rule of
thumb, the equipment failure rate can be expected to double for every 10
degree C temperature increase above reference limits that occur in the
environment where the equipment is located. For operation in
temperatures continuously outside the operating limits noted in the tables,
the failure rate becomes unpredictable.

3-2 Temperature and Humidity Effects
Table 3-1 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Limits for Category A

Condition Reference Normal Operative Storage and
Operating Operating Limits Transportation
Limits Limits Limits
Ambient 73 & 81° F 50 & 113° F 50 & 113° F --30 & 140° F
Temperature(1) (23 & 27° C) (10 & 45° C) (10 & 50° C) (--35 & 60° C)
Maximum 3.5° F ¤ hr 20° F ¤ hr 9° F ¤ min 18° F ¤ min
Temperature
3 Variation.
(2° C ¤ hr) (11° C ¤ hr) (5° C ¤ min) (10° C ¤ min)
Ambient Relative 35 & 45% 20 & 80% 20 & 80% 20 & 80%
Humidity,
Non-Condensing
Maximum 6% ¤ hr 6% ¤ hr 6% ¤ hr
Relative Humidity --------------------
Variation
Table 3-2 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Limits for Category B

Ambient 73 & 81° F 41 & 122° F 32 & 131° F --40 & 149° F
Temperature (23 & 27° C) (5 & 50° C) (0 & 55° C) (--40 & 65° C)
Maximum 3.5° F/hr 36° F/hr 9° F/min 18° F/min
Temperature (2° C/hr) (20° C/hr) (5° C/min) (10° C/min)
Variation
Humidity,
Non-Condensing
Maximum 6%/hr 6%/hr 6%/hr
Variation
Table 3-3 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Limits for Category C

Ambient 73 & 81° F 41 & 122° F 32 & 131° F --40 & 149° F
Temperature (23 & 27° C) (5 & 50° C) (0 & 55° C) (--40 & 65° C)
Maximum 3.5° F/hr 36° F/hr 9° F/min 18° F/min
Temperature (2° C/hr) (20° C/hr) (5° C/min) (10° C/min)
Variation
Humidity,
Non-condensing
Maximum 6%/hr 6%/hr 6%/hr
Variation

3.3 Measuring Enclosure “Hot Spots”

Adequate air flow must be maintained around the instruments installed in
a cabinet or enclosure system to prevent hot spots. After installing and
starting up the instruments, assure adequate air flow by measuring the
inside temperature at the top, middle, and bottom of the cabinet or
enclosure system. Make measurements with the equipment powered and
all fans running. The temperature difference between the air entering the
cabinet, air anyplace in the cabinet, and air at the top of the cabinet 3
should not be more than 18o F (10o C).
Warning
Both ac-line power and 24 volt dc power
with large current capability are supplying
power to installed equipment. To avoid
personal injury and damage to equipment,
exercise extreme caution when making
temperature measurements.
3.4 Controlling Relative Humidity

One item that requires special emphasis concerns control of relative
humidity. When corrosive vapors are contained in the atmosphere,
average relative humidity must be kept below 50% to prevent the
possibility of condensation.
Caution
Preventing condensation is extremely
important. Corrosive vapors dissolving in
condensation turn it into acids that begin
to erode conductive lands, component
leads, connector pins, and other metal on
electronic equipment. The equipment can
become damaged beyond repair.

3.5 Heating and Cooling Calculations

Calculations may be used to determine the amount of heating or cooling
required for controlling the temperature of process control systems. For
PROVOXr instruments, adding the heat dissipation per the steps given in
subsection 3.5.1 determines their heat load. Heat dissipation of other
instruments must also be included.
3 Equations described in subsection 3.5.2 give a rough idea of the cooling

requirements for controlling heat within cabinets or enclosure systems.
For total room control, add an allowance for personnel, other lighting and
power equipment, and heat gain through the walls and windows. The total
is the rate of heat production in the equipment area. Any air conditioning,
heating, or ventilation system must be of a size large enough to handle
this load.
In most cases, there are two sources of heat within instrument cabinets or
enclosure systems. The first source is heat from the instruments; the
second source is ambient heat around the cabinet or enclosure system.
The second source may be a heat gain or a loss, depending upon the
temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the cabinet.
Further equations given below allow for calculating heat transfer through
the walls.
3.5.1 Power Usage

For a rough estimate of power usage for PROVOX instruments, you may
assume 875 watts for each cabinet that does NOT contain a +24 Vdc
power supply and assume 1070 watts for each cabinet that DOES contain
a power supply. For a more accurate figure, add the power consumption
of the instruments in each cabinet or console. Then, add power supply
heat losses.
For the Types CP6101 and CP6102 System Power Supplies, dissipated
power is typically 225 watts, with a maximum of 385 watts (depending on
power supply load regulation requirements). For the Type CP6103
System Power Supply Unit, dissipated power from the 600 Watt unit is
typically 200 watts and from the 1200 Watt unit is 400 watts. Dissipation is
fairly stable for either unit over the typical range of output power. In
consoles, multiply the power consumption of the instruments by 1.4 to
allow for power supply heat losses.
Power usage of PROVOX instruments can be determined from Table 2

and Table 3 of the PROVOX System Definition Manual (DF4:005). Use
the dc current and voltage ratings of Table 2 to develop the instrument
heat dissipation.

3.5.2 Calculating Cooling Requirements to Control Heat

Within Cabinets or Enclosures
To calculate the cooling required to control heat within cabinets or
enclosure systems, it is best to add the typical heat figures for each
PROVOX instrument and other equipment contained in the cabinet or
enclosure system. If heat data is not available for an instrument, you may
use the formula below to develop the typical cooling required for the
instrument: 3
qs = (Cs )(qr )(CLF)
where:
qs = the cooling load in BTU per hour.

Cs = the appliance coefficient (equivalent to device efficiency; i.e.,
how much of the power input is converted to heat. In the
absence of actual numbers, use 0.33).
qr = the heat dissipated by the load in BTUs per hour (found by
multiplying the load power in watts by 3.4).
CLF = is the cooling load factor and more generally applies to
intermittent operation. For continuous operation, use 1.0.
With the assumptions above, the equation becomes:
qs = 0.33(qr )
where:
qr = 3.4 x V x I, for dc power

qr = 3.4 x V x I x pf, for single phase ac power
qr = 3.4 x V x I x pf x 1.73, for three-phase ac power (assuming
loading of each phase in a manner consistent with good
engineering practice; i.e., well balanced).
(V = input voltage, I = input current, pf = power factor)
The resultant cooling load measurement units are BTU per hour. Convert
the load to tons of refrigeration by dividing by 12,000.

Example
A group of cabinets in a rack-room contain various combinations of
instruments. What is the required cooling load?
First, add the electrical current drawn by the equipment in each cabinet.
For this example, the assumption is 270 Amps at 24 Vdc total for all
cabinets.
3 Next, apply the equation and determine the BTU per hour cooling
required:
qs = 0.33 x 3.4 x 24Vdc x 270Adc
qs = 7271 BTU/hr. From this, the refrigeration requirement is:
Refrigeration = 7271/12,000 = 0.61 tons
The above example covers the cooling requirement for the electronic
equipment only; it does not cover additional heating from lighting, other
room equipment, personnel, and so forth.
3.5.3 Calculating Additional Cooling Requirements to

Control Heat Transferred Through Cabinet or
Enclosure Walls
When cabinets or enclosure systems are installed in normally
uncontrolled-temperature areas, such as an operating floor, the heat
transmission through the cabinet or enclosure walls may have to be
considered. If the outside temperature is higher than inside, then
additional cooling is usually required. If the outside temperature is lower,
then reduced cooling, or none at all, may be adequate.
The calculation for determining the cooling requirement to compensate for

heat transfer is:
qs = (U)(A)(Dt)
where:
U = the heat transfer coefficient for the enclosure; if the enclosure

is metal, use U = 1.
A = the total exposed surface area of the enclosure (disregard
unexposed surfaces such as back panels on back to back
cabinets or floor panels on floor-mounted cabinets.
Dt = the temperature difference between desired internal
temperature and the temperature outside of the cabinet.

Example
Assume a cabinet with 36 ft2 exposed metal surface and a temperature
that averages 40° F hotter than the desired temperature inside the
cabinet. The net heat gain is:
qs = (1)(36)(40) = 1440 BTU/hr.
From this, the refrigeration requirement is:

3
Refrigeration = 1440 ¸ 12,000 = 0.12 tons.
The 0.12 tons is the additional cooling required on top of cooling

required for instrument heat.
Solar loading, moisture migration, etc. also needs to be considered when

installing equipment outside.
3.5.4 Cooling Effects of a Pressurization System

When using a pressurized cabinet or enclosure system, the cooling or
heating effect of the pressurized system can be determined by using the
following equation:
Cooling Effect = 1.08(CFM)(Dt) in BTU/hr
where:
CFM = cubic feet per minute of air flow. Refer to subsection 8.3
for the air flow equation.
Dt = the desired inside temperature minus the incoming air
temperature of the pressurizing system.
Example
Assume a NEMA 12 enclosure that is 4 ft by 4 ft by 1.5 ft and the
desired internal temperature is to be maintained at 75° F. For proper
pressurization, the volume of incoming air is the cabinet volume
(4 x 4 x 1.5) times 0.05 (the percentage constant for NEMA 12 cabinets)
= 1.2 CFM. The incoming air temperature is 70° F.
The effective cooling of the incoming air is:
Effect = (1.08)(1.2)(75 -- 70) = 6.43 BTU/hr
This figure is then used to determine the overall heat gain.
If additional cooling is required, a vortex cooler can be added.


Mechanical Influence Effects 4-1
Figure 4-Table 4
4 Mechanical Influence Effects

Mechanical influences consist of sinusoidal vibration and shock. Table 4-1
lists the design criteria for shock and vibration limitations.
4
Note
The limits noted in the table apply to infrequent
happenings. Equipment continuously exposed to
vibration or shock conditions may require
additional mounting considerations. Consult your
Fisher-Rosemount Systems representative or
sales office for more information.
Table 4-1 Shock and Vibration Limits for All Environmental

Categories
Condition Operating Test Limits Storage and
Transportation
Test Limits
Shock 98 m/s2 peak acceleration Weight Free Fall Height
1/2 sine wave application 100 kg 90 cm
11 msec duration 200 kg 50 cm
300 kg 45 cm
Vibration 0.5 mm peak-to-peak 3 mm peak-to-peak displacement
displacement from 5 to 7.11 Hz; from 3 to 9.19 Hz; 5 m/s2 peak
1 m/s2 peak acceleration from acceleration from 9.19 to 150 Hz
7.11 to 150 Hz

4-2 Mechanical Influence Effects

Electromagnetic Effects 5-1
Figure 5-Table 5
5 Electromagnetic Effects
In most plant sites, maintenance personnel use hand-held, two-way
radios for routine maintenance procedures. The use of such radios
imposes design requirements on process control instrumentation and its
installation to make it compatible with the radio signals. Two paths exist
from a transmission source which must be considered for electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC). One path goes directly to an affected instrument 5
from the radio antenna. The other path goes indirectly by way of the
signal and power lines connected to an affected instrument. In the latter
case, the signal and power lines act like a receiving antenna.
Process instrumentation also can be a source of electromagnetic energy.

In this case, the instrumentation is designed to minimize the strength of
the source to control its effect on other instruments.
PROVOXr instruments are designed to resist interference from external

sources and also to minimize their electromagnetic radiation. But, like any
instrumentation, maximum protection occurs when the instruments are
properly installed. Measuring radio signal field strength around cabinets
should be part of a checkout procedure before startup, and then
periodically thereafter.
5.1 Measurement Considerations

Signals from sources closer than one meter are called “Near Field”
signals. Signals from sources at a distance of one meter or greater are
called “Far Field” signals.
Near field signals consist of a radiation field and an induction field from
the radio antenna. In the near field area, both the radiation field and the
induction field are important. At a distance equal to the wavelength
divided by 2p, or slightly less than l/6, the radiation field and the induction
field have equal intensity.
Far field signals consist of a radiation field and a remnant of an induction

field from the radio antenna. At distances of greater than one meter from
the antenna, and in the frequency range of most hand-held radios, the
induction field has negligible effects. Only the radiation field is of concern.
Significant errors can occur if the measuring instruments are setup too
close to the antenna. And, in a near field area, radio signal field strength
cannot be calculated or tested in a repeatable manner.

5-2 Electromagnetic Effects
5.2 Radio Operation in the Near Field Area

If hand-held radios are used in the near field area of process equipment
cabinets or enclosure systems, and the doors are open, the effect on the
equipment can be unpredictable. Some claims have been made that
equipment will operate without negative effects under these conditions,
but even though initially no degradation may seem to occur, large near
field signals can begin a circuit degradation that contributes to later
failures. Until a repeatable testing standard is developed, no equipment
design can be considered damage-resistant in Near Field signals, nor can
the equipment operation be considered predictable.
5 5.3 Applicable Standards

PROVOX instrumentation is designed and tested to comply with
appropriate industry standards for EMC immunity and EMC emissions.
5.3.1 European Harmonized Standards

Instruments destined for both European and North American markets are
tested according to selected EMC directives of the European Union. The
applicable standards are:
J Operator Workplace (OWP) operator consoles and configuration
computer equipment used for ENVOXr and CHIP software, built
around standard processing workstations and computers from OEM
suppliers, is classified as Information Technology Equipment. It is
typically installed in control rooms with Class 1 environments. It
complies with standard EN55022 Class A or Class B for emissions
and standard EN50082-1.1992 for immunity.
J Rack-room equipment such as SRx Controllers and the cards and
termination panels of the Control I/O subsystem is designed for
installation in Class 2 environments. It is classified as Industrial
Equipment and complies with standard EN50081-2.1993 for
emissions and standard EN50082-2.1995 for immunity.
The product bulletin for each product indicates the electromagnetic
compliance standards that the product has been tested for and meets.
5.3.2 SAMA Standards

Instruments destined for only North American markets are tested
according to SAMA Standard PMC33.1, an EMI standard for process
control equipment. It provides testing specifications for “Far Field” signals.
Test procedures are done in accordance with SAMA Standard PMC33.1,
which includes closed cabinet and console doors and all equipment
properly grounded electrically. This equipment meets the conditions listed
in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1 Electromagnetic Field Limits

Environmental Reference Normal Operative Storage and
Category Operating Operating Limits Transportation
Category A 100 mV/m 0.5 V/m 0.5 V/m
20 to 1000 MHz 20 to 1000 MHz 20 to 1000 MHz No Limit
Category B 100 mV/m 10 V/m 30 V/m
Category C 100 mV/m 10 V/m 30 V/m
5.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility Methods 5

In addition to instrument design, installation and operation considerations
add to electromagnetic compatibility. Closed PROVOX cabinet and
console doors and proper equipment grounding provide maximum
protection from electromagnetic interference. In addition, power and
signal leads should be run in rigid, metallic conduit that is solidly
connected to a low-impedance ground.
To prevent “signal-ground loops”, electrically ground the conduit at the

power or signal source end only, and use non-conductive fittings to
connect the conduit to system cabinets. Refer to Installation Planning
Manuals AC and DC Power and Ground Wiring (PN1:003) and Lightning
Protection Guidelines for Instrumentation Systems (PN4:007) for further
electrical grounding information.
Using low-pass capacitive filters on the signal wires connected to an

instrument provides additional EMI protection. Such filters are usually
feed-through devices connected in series with the instrumentation wires.
Minimizing radiation from an interference source minimizes interference.

Therefore, do not mount radio antennas in the vicinity of the
instrumentation system. Also, avoid using radio communication while
performing maintenance, especially any time that cabinet and console
doors are open.
Refer to installation planning manuals, Signal Wiring and Highway

System Guidelines (PN1:004) and Preventing Electrostatic Damage
(PN1:005) for additional information on electromagnetic interference and
the routing of signal wiring and PROVOX highway systems.

5.5 Determining EMI Level

Hand-held, two-way radios are the most likely source of electromagnetic
interference around process control equipment. Measuring field strength
from the radios may not always be practical. However, a way to
mathematically calculate the approximate field strength exists. Comparing
the calculated approximation to the data given in Table 5-1 provides an
estimation of possible interference.
The mathematical formula to use is:
E = (k/d) Öp, if d ³ l/2p

5
where:
E = electric field intensity in Volts/meter

d = distance in meters from antenna
p = manufacturer’s advertised rating, in watts
l = wavelength in meters
k = coefficient found by testing; see the following explanation.
Per an explanation of applicability found in International Electrical

Communications (IEC) standard 801-6, the formula is useful for
determining approximate field strength. An analysis of tests run by the
Electrical Research Association (E.R.A.) and the French research
department of Electricite de France (EdF) on hand-held two-way radios
shows a wide variation for the coefficient “k”. Tests of radios with power
ratings between 0.5 W and 12 W at both VHF and UHF frequencies from
six manufacturers showed a range of coefficients from k = 0.45 to
k = 3.35, with a mean of k = 1.6.
Thus, the statistical average can be expressed as:
E = (1.6/d)Öp, if d ³ l/2p
Since the testing by EdF was done in a shielded enclosure, an efficient

ground plane can be assumed, which could make “k” a higher value.
However, because two-way radios are usually held and keyed by plant
maintenance people, ground planes are normally less efficient and result
in additional losses. With the additional losses, the expression above
becomes a realistic guide for approximating field strength.

5.6 Effects on Software Media

PROVOX software media, including diskettes and magnetic tape, must be
protected from the effects of electromagnetic radiation. In this case,
protection is best when the media is kept away from the source. Strong
electromagnetic fields can permanently damage or erase PROVOX
information such as your ENVOX configuration databases and console
software programs.
Caution
5
Magnetic media is especially sensitive to
EMI. To prevent loss or corruption of
stored data, never use radio
communication near magnetic media.


Corrosive Environment Effects 6-1
Figure 6-Table 6
6 Corrosive Environment Effects

Corrosive vapors are air-born contaminants, and as such, can
significantly increase instrument failure rates. In severe cases, a corrosive
environment can reduce an entire control system to a non-repairable
state in less than one year. Perhaps more critically, a severe corrosive
environment can cause loss of accurate process control capability in less
than thirty days.
6.1 Classifying Corrosive Environments in 6

Presence of Sulfides
The following tables classify corrosive environments in terms of copper
reactivity rates in the presence of reactive sulfides, and also identify the
contaminant levels that cause these reactivity rates. Table 6-1 shows
these rates in angstroms of film formation on a copper sample after a
30-day exposure.
The Class G1 through GX ratings used in the tables are taken from
Instrument Society of America (ISA) Standard S71.04, Environmental
Conditions for Process Measurement and Control Systems: Air-Born
Contaminents. The standard contains rating definitions and application
information. Fisher-Rosemount Systems uses this standard as a guide for
product design and environmental measurement.
Table 6-1 Copper Reactivity Rates (Angstroms of Film Formation per

30 Day Exposure)
Mild Moderate Harsh Special
Class G1 Class G2 Class G3 Class GX
Less than 300 Less than 1000 Less than 2000 Greater than 2000

6-2 Corrosive Environment Effects
Table 6-2 lists the gas concentration levels for reference purposes. They
approximate the copper reactivity levels listed in Table 6-1, if the relative
humidity is less than 50 percent. For a given gas concentration, the
severity level increases by one level for each 10 percent increase in
relative humidity above 50 percent, and also increases by at least one
level for a relative humidity rate of change greater than 6 percent per
hour.
Table 6-2Classification of Chemically Active Contaminants in

cm 3/m 3 (ppm)
Contaminant Class G1 Class G2 Class G3 Class GX
(Avg. (Avg. (Avg. (Avg.
Value) Value) Value) Value)
Hydrogen £0.003 £0.01 £0.05 >0.05
Sulfide H2S
6 Sulphur
Dioxide SO2
£0.01 £0.1 £0.3 >0.3
Chlorine Cl2 £0.001 £0.002 £0.01 >0.01

(Relative
Humidity @ 50%)
Hydrogen £0.001 £0.002 £0.01 >0.01
Fluoride HF
Ammonia NH3 £0.5 £10 £25 >25
Nitrogen £0.05 £0.125 £1.25 >1.25
Oxides NOx
Ozone O3 £0.002 £0.025 £0.1 >0.1
6.2 Classifying Corrosive Environments in

Presence of Sulfides and Chlorides
Information in Table 6-1 is based on copper reactivity where the air-born
contaminate is reactive sulfides. The information does not take into
account the synergistic effect of other contaminates such as chlorides.
Usually when chlorides are added to sulfides, especially in the present of
high humidity, the combination causes copper reactivity to be worse than
the actual visual indication.
To obtain a better indication of the combined effects of sulfides and

chlorides, copper and silver reactivity is measured. The reactivity coupons
available for PROVOXr systems contain a copper and a silver strip to
give an accurate indication of the potential for equipment corrosion at a
plant site.

Caution
Damage by corrosive atmospheres occurs
to most instrumentation systems during
initial installation and during maintenance
shut-downs. Also, if the system is stored in
a harsh environment or exposed to
corrosive vapors when the environmental
control system is not operational, damage
will occur.
Fisher-Rosemount Systems recommends measuring the levels of 6

corrosive gasses in plant areas where the instrumentation system will be
located (control rooms, rack rooms, and pre-installation storage areas)
with reactivity coupons, and then properly preparing the site for adequate
environment control, before the instrument system is received. Such
precaution can prevent early instrument failure.
For information about reactivity coupons, refer to the product bulletin,

Reactivity Coupons, (4.13:016).
6.3 General Method for Identifying the

Environment
A general idea of the environment in your plant area can be determined
by observing exposed copper, such as power bus bars around switch
gear and the trimmed ends of copper power wires. Table 6-3 provides
guidelines for determining the harshness of the site environment.
Table 6-3 Guidelines for Environmental Characterization by Visual

Changes in Copper
Color of Exposed Copper Corrosion Class
No visible change Class G1 (Mild)
Light gold-brown in 4 to 6 months, Class G2 (Moderate)
gold-brown in 12 months, or slow change
over a longer period
Blue or black in any time period (1) Class G3 (Harsh) or
Class GX (Special)
Flaking film in 3 to 6 months Class G3 (Harsh)
1. If copper turns black in about three weeks, the atmosphere is extremely harsh to electronic
components. Users should attempt to lower the corrosive level or move the equipment to
another location.

6.4 Humidity Effects on Reactivity Results

The presence or absence of free moisture may attenuate or accelerate
copper or silver reactivity. For instance, when relative humidity is low,
reactivity is slowed. Alternately, when relative humidity is high, reactivity
speeds up. Both conditions can lead to mis-interpretation of the
atmosphere. The slow rate can provide a false sense that a minor
problem exists; while a fast rate can do the opposite.
A way exists to minimize mis-interpretation. By comparing the sulfide film
formations on the silver and copper coupons, the attenuation or
acceleration effects of humidity can be understood. Table 6-4 describes
the meaning of the ratios between sulfide film formations on silver and
copper coupons.
Table 6-4 Interpreting Humidity Effects

6 Ratio of Silver Sulfide (Ag2S) Humidity Indication
to Copper Sulfide (CuS)
Ag2S ³ 1.5 CuS Indicates low relative humidity
Ag2S > 0.5 < 1.5 CuS Indicates humidity has little effect
Ag2S £ 0.5 CuS Indicates high relative humidity
When low relative humidity is indicated, it implies that very little moisture
condensed onto the coupons either because the atmosphere inherently
contained little moisture or the moisture was well controlled. The low
humidity may have caused the copper sulfide film formation to have been
attenuated. Additional testing of the environment is recommended.
When little humidly effects are indicated, relative humidity conditions
present during the test period are considered not to have had any
unusual effect on the copper sulfide film formation.
When high relative humidity is indicated, substantial moisture was
condensing on the coupons. The humidity may have caused the copper
sulfide film formation to accelerate. Consideration should be given to
controlling the humidity in this environment.
6.5 Designing to Environmental

Classifications
Electronic equipment can be designed for and protected from various
levels of corrosive environments. Equipment often found in process plants
can survive environment classes, as follows:
6.5.1 Mild (Class G1) Environments

Most commercial mini-computers and peripheral equipment with
fan-cooled electronics (consisting of multiple printed wiring boards and

high-speed backplanes) will survive exposure to a mild (Class G1)

corrosive environment for a normal life of 10 years with no appreciable
corrosion-induced failures.
6.5.2 Moderate (Class G2) Environments

Electronic assemblies designed with special attention to minimizing
exposed copper and silver can survive exposure to a moderate
(Class G2) corrosive environment for a normal life of 10 years with no
appreciable corrosion-induced failures.
Methods of minimizing exposed copper and silver include:
J Using tin-lead plating on all copper lands.
Using solder masks on both sides of circuit boards.

J
6
J Not using components and plating which contain exposed silver.
J Using high-quality backplane connectors with tin-lead or gold over

nickel plating.
Most PROVOX rack-mounted equipment such as controllers and I/O

assemblies meet the moderate (Class G2) category. In addition, based on
process control industry data, the majority of installations meet the G2
class. See Table A-1 in Appendix A for environmental classification of
PROVOX instruments.
6.5.3 Harsh (Class G3) Environments

Only fully sealed electronic equipment can survive in harsh (Class G3)
environments. Thus, to survive a Class G3 environment, Class G1 and
G2 equipment requires installation in properly designed and sealed
cabinets or enclosure systems. For example, an I/O file that meets the
Class G2 category can be used in a Class G3 environment if the file is
first installed in a sealed housing that provides an internal Class G2
environment.
6.5.4 Special (Class GX) Environments

Electronic assemblies can survive exposure to Special Class GX
environments with specially designed and packaged equipment.
Specifications for the equipment and packaging depend on the
application. Contact your Fisher-Rosemount Systems representative or
sales office for more information.

6

Dusty Environment Effects 7-1
Figure 7-Table 7
7 Dusty Environment Effects

Air-born contaminates, such as uncontrolled dust, can significantly
increase the rate of instrument failures. Dust can cause failure by
insulating instruments from proper heat dissipation and by providing
electrical short circuits through the dust buildup.
7.1 Minimizing the Effects of Dust

Normally, if instruments are installed in an atmosphere containing a
particulate matter concentration of less than 0.1 milligrams of particulates
per cubic meter of dry air, the effects of dust are minimized. Appendix B 7
portrays the size distribution of dust in a typical atmospheric sample.
7.2 Protecting Against Dust

Methods are available to reduce particulate size in the surrounding air
and to minimize the effect of dust contamination. One of the most used
methods is air-inlet filters sized to meet the particulate size requirement.
Another often used method is maintaining positive pressure within
instrument enclosures or even the entire equipment room.
See Section 8 for further description of dust control. The section provides
information about selecting the dust control system that provides the
amount of protection needed. Of course, once the selection is
implemented, properly maintaining the dust control system by renewing
filters periodically and keeping all dust control equipment operating
properly is necessary.

7-2 Dusty Environment Effects

7

Modifying the Environment 8-1
Figure 8-Table 8
8 Modifying the Environment

Controlling the environment to required specifications pays large
dividends in extended instrument life and overall system reliability.
Depending on the severity of the environment and the system application,
alternate methods for controlling the environment are available. The four
main items that any method must control are temperature, humidity, dust,
and corrosive vapors. Appendix B and Appendix C show the size ranges
of dust and other air-born contaminants in typical atmospheres. Knowing
the types of contaminants in the plant site atmosphere and knowing their
normal sizes helps determine the protection system needed.
Note 8
Engineering a proper environment requires
qualified and proven environmental experts who
can provide a total-system approach. Experience
indicates that a casual approach to environmental
control normally does not bring about the expected
results.
8.1 Control Room Installations

Often the best method to control a corrosive environment is to install all of
the system instruments in an environmentally controlled room. This
method may prove to be the most cost effective solution when flexibility of
a plant application is not inhibited. A controlled room not only protects
equipment but it protects plant personnel also.
8.1.1 HVAC System Considerations

In such a room, the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
system is designed to provide the specified control of temperature,
humidity, dust, and corrosive vapors required. It is tailored to control the
types of dust and corrosive gasses on site, and it must maintain relative
humidity under 50%.The system should have redundancy to maximize
reliability.

8-2 Modifying the Environment
8.1.2 Humidity Control

Humidity control is the single most important factor affecting corrosion
rates when corrosive vapors are present. Control must include both the
average relative humidity and the rate of change per hour of the humidity.
For example, maintaining relative humidity at 45 percent with changes of
less than 6 percent per hour reduces a moderate (Class G2) environment
to a mild (Class G1) one. In contrast, an 80 percent relative humidity
causes a harsh (Class G3) environment when reactive chlorides are
present at a concentration of 0.2 to 0.3 parts per billion.
8.1.3 Construction Considerations

Care must be given during room design to assure that a minimum positive
pressure of 0.08 inches of water column (0.02 milli-bars) can be
maintained. As a minimum, door air-lock systems are required.
Different types of construction produce different problems. For instance,

cinder block walls are porous and allow outside contaminants to progress
8 through the walls and eventually contaminate the room air. To inhibit
contaminants, the walls must be sealed and painted with a water-proof
coating, such as an epoxy-based or similar paint. This sealing, along with
positive pressure inside the room, effectively controls contaminant
ingress. Concrete floors present a major dust potential unless the floors
are cleaned and sealed. The dust from the floors can clog air filters and,
in turn, may cause early instrument failure from excessive heat buildup.
All pipes, cables, and conduit passing through the walls, floors, and
ceilings require sealing to maintain positive air pressure. Open pipes and
conduit must be capped or plugged to prevent air passage. Additionally,
cooking, eating, and smoking activities must be excluded from the room
once the instrumentation system is installed.
“Blast-Proof” rooms require special construction and sealing techniques.

Experts and contractors for this type of construction should be consulted.
8.2 Plant Floor and Remote Installations

For installations located on the plant floor or in remote areas, several
methods are available to control the environment. If a small room can not
be built, then sealed cabinets or enclosure systems may be used. The
same criteria for proper environmental control applies to cabinets and
enclosure systems as it does for control rooms. As with control rooms, the
amount and types of control must be determined and then designed into
the cabinet or enclosure system. For example, needed control might
include temperature only, humidity and particulate filtration only, or
perhaps particulate filtration only.

Modifying the Environment 8-3
8.2.1 HVAC System Considerations

If temperature and humidity control is needed, it can be accomplished by
using a small HVAC system that is mounted on the cabinet or enclosure
system, or it can be a central unit feeding several cabinet or enclosure
systems in various locations.
8.2.2 Purging System Considerations

Another possibility is to use a purging system that supplies clean, cool,
dry air or inert gas to pressurize a cabinet or enclosure system. As with
HVAC systems, purging systems are designed for control of a specific
environment.
Often, remote process areas are a type where high temperature and high
relative humidity occur, which also change depending on the weather and
time of year. In addition, dust contamination is high and high levels of
corrosive gases are present.
To overcome this environment, a clean air source is found, the size and
type of enclosure (normally plastic or fiberglass in a corrosive
environment) is determined, and the volume of air required to maintain an
air pressure of 0.08 inches of water column is planned. A clean air source 8
may be high quality instrument air or air from a locally placed chemical
and particulate filtration system.
Additionally, the cleaning system required to purge the air after a cabinet
or enclosure system door has been opened and then re-closed must be
selected. And, finally, a location to keep the cabinet or enclosure system
out of direct sunlight is selected.
8.3 Enclosure and Room Air Pressure

Calculations
A rough calculation can be made to determine the air flow in cubic feet
per minute (CFM) required to maintain air pressure between 0.8 and 0.1
inches of water column. Calculation is made with the following formula:
Air Flow = (C)(width x height x depth of the room)
“C” is a constant percentage of the area volumes needed to maintain the

correct air pressure. Use the following chart to determine the value of “C”.
Table 8-1 Constant Percentage (C)

Enclosure Type Percentage
NEMA 12 Enclosure 5%
Blast-Proof Room 1.5 to 3.0 %
Sealed Concrete-Block-Wall Room 5 to 7 %
Typical Room Construction 10 to 12 %
Loose Room Construction 17 to 25 %

8-4 Modifying the Environment
8.4 Maintaining Environmental Control

Systems
Maintenance of an environmental control system is equally important as
that of the process control system.
Caution
The importance of maintaining the
environmental control system can not be
overemphasized. Failure of the
environmental system has a direct effect
on the reliability of the process control
system. Once corrosion begins on process
control equipment, the damage caused by
corrosion is normally not reversible!
8
The usual item not regularly maintained is air filters. Yet, clogged air filters
directly contribute to early instrument failure by disrupting proper
instrument cooling. Clogged or used up chemical filters allow corrosive
contaminants to surround the instruments. Damaged air-lock seals and
air-lock doors propped open allow contaminants to enter otherwise
protected rooms or enclosures.
Thus, scheduled preventive maintenance and periodic general inspection

for damage becomes important to optimum control system reliability.
On-going environmental system maintenance must be part of up-front
system installation planning.

Environmental Classification of PROVOX Instrumentation A-1
Figure I-Table I
Appendix A
A Environmental Classification of
PROVOX Instrumentation
Table A-1 below indicates the environmental classification for PROVOXr
instruments. The classifications follow the definitions of the Instrument
Society of America (ISA) Standard S71.04, Environmental Conditions for
Process Measurement and Control Systems: Air-Born Contaminants.
Table A-1. Environmental Classifications of PROVOX Instrumentation

Product Type Product Name Environmental A
Family Number Classification
Operator Station CD6201 Controller Operator Station Unit G2(1)
Controller CL6011 Interactive Controller Unit (simplex) G2(1)
CL6012 Redundant Interactive Controller Package
CL6211 Computing Controller Unit
CL6501 Integrated Function Controller
CL6502 Redundant Interactive Function Controller
CL6521 Integrated Function Controller
CL6522 Backup Integrated Function Controller
CL6611 Control Unit (unit operations)
CL6612 Redundant Control Unit (unit operations+)
CL6621 Control Unit (unit operations+)
CL6622 Backup Control Unit (unit operations+)
CL6623 SR90 Multiplexer
CL6624 SR90 Backup Multiplexer
CL6625 SR90 Integrated Function Controller
CL6626 SR90 Backup Integrated Junction Controller
1. The G2 rating has been developed from data gathered from field experience.
2. The G2 rating has been determined from laboratory tests.
3. Dec-based computer equipment is recommended for Class G1 by the manufacturer. PROVOX console equipment is
rated for Class G2 based on data gathered from field experience.

A-2 Environmental Classification of PROVOX Instrumentation
Table A-1. Environmental Classifications of PROVOX Instrumentation (Continued)

Product Type Product Name Environmental
CL6627 SR90 Unit Operations Controller
CL6628 SR90 Backup Unit Operations Controller
CL6633 SR90 Multiplexer (MUX)
Controller CL6635 SR90 Integrated Function Controller (IFC) G2(1)
CL6637 SR90 Unit Operations Controller (UOC)
CL6639 SR90 Expanded Multiplexer (EMX)
CL6641 SRx Backup control Unit (BCU)
CL6643 SRx Multiplexer (MUX)
CL6645 SRx Integrated Function Controller (IFC)
CL6647 SRx Unit Operations Controller (UOC)
CL6649 SRx Expanded Multiplexer (EMX)
CL7011 Computing Controller Assembly
CL7012 Redundant Computing Controller Package
CL7014 Discrete I/O Card
CL7015 Process I/O Assembly
A CL7016 Interconnect Assembly (2-wide)
CL7652 Redundant Communications Interface Assembly (RCIA)
Control I/O CL6341 Analog Input Termination Panel G2(2)
CL6342 Analog Output Termination Panel
CL6343 Discrete Input/Output Termination Panel
CL6344 Pulse Count Input Termination Panel
CL6345 Smart Device Input Termination Panel
CL6346 Smart Device Output Termination Panel
CL6721 Discrete Input/Output Card
CL6741 Discrete Input/Output Cable Interface Panel
CL6762 Redundant Pulse Count Input Termination Panel
CL6764 Redundant Pulse Count Input Termination Panel
CL6773 5-amp Relay Output Termination Panel (240v)
CL6774 Redundant 5-amp Relay Output Termination Panel
(240v)
CL6781 Discrete Input/Output Termination Panel


CL6783 Discrete Input/Output Termination Panel (240v)
CL6784 Redundant Discrete Input/Output Termination Panel
(240v)
Control I/O CL6787 Discrete Input/Output Termination Panel G2(2)
CL6788 Redundant Discrete Input/Output Termination Panel
CL6821 Analog Input/Output Card
CL6822 Smart Transmitter Interface Card
CL6824 Analog Input Card
CL6825 Smart Device Input Card
CL6826 Smart Device Output Card
CL6841 Analog Input Cable Interface Panel
CL6842 Analog Output Cable Interface Panel
CL6861 Single-Ended Analog Input Termination Panel
CL6862 Redundant Single-Ended Analog Input Termination
Panel
CL6863 Isolated Analog Input Termination Panel
CL6864 Redundant Isolated Analog Input Termination Panel
A
CL6871 Analog Output Termination Panel
CL6872 Redundant Analog Output Termination Panel
CL6881 Single-Ended Smart Transmitter Termination Panel
CL6882 Redundant Single-Ended Smart Transmitter
Termination Panel
CL6885 Analog/Smart Device Output Termination Panel
CL6886 Redundant Analog/Smart Device Output Termination
Panel
CL6895 Single-Ended Analog/Smart Device Input Termination
Panel
CL6896 Redundant Single-Ended Analog/Smart Device Input
Termination Panel
CL6897 Isolated Analog Input Termination Panel
CL6898 Redundant Isolated Analog Input Termination Panel
CL6921 External Interface Card
CL6923 Intelligent Device Interface
CP6701 Control I/O Card File
Power and CP6101 System Power Supply Unit (60 Hz) G2(1)


Packaging CP6201 Controller Card File Unit
CP6211 Controller Card File Unit
Power and CP6212 Controller Card File Unit (for redundant controllers) G2(1)
Packaging CP7005 Half-Depth Cabinet
CP7010 System Cabinet Assembly
CP7101 Power Distribution Panel Assembly
CP7202 Controller Power Conversion Assembly
CP7800 Auxiliary Console Bay Assemblies
CP7901 Cable Tray
CP7921 Cabinet Grounding Kit
Accessories CY7011 Range Resistor Kit G2(1)
CY7021 Fuse Kit
Consoles and DC6412 Console Bay Unit (straight) See Note 3
Computers DC6413 Console Bay Unit (left slant)
DC6414 Console Bay Unit (right slant)
A DC6415 Console Bay Unit (dual slant)
DC6431 PROVUE Operator Station (Desktop)
DC6432 PROVUE Operator Station (Wall Mount)
DC6461 Console Electronics Unit
DC6471 Console Disk Unit
DC6481 Console Logging Unit
DC6482 Console Logging Unit
DC9411 Low Wall Unit
DC9412 Standard Wall Unit
DC9413 High Wall Unit
DC9414 Worksurface
DC9431 Desktop X-Terminal Operator Station (Dual Monitor)
DC9432 Wall Mount X-Terminal Operator Station (Dual Monitor)
DC9433 Desktop X-Terminal Operator Station (Single Monitor)
DC9434 Wall Mount X-Terminal Operator Station (single
Monitor)


DC9453 Console Computer (WS20)
DC9455 Console Computer (WS30)
DC9486 Network Color Printer
DPR-Series DPR101 RTD Temperature Module G2(1)
DPR102 Type J Thermocouple Module
DPR103 Type K Thermocouple Module
DPR104 Type R Thermocouple Module
DPR105 Type S Thermocouple Module
DPR743 Recorder
DPR744 Recorder
DPR745 Recorder
DPR746 Recorder
DPR810 Multi-Station
DPR900 Integral Controller
DPR910 Adaptive/Cascade Controller
UNIVOX CD5613 UNIVOX Operator Interface G2(1) A
Automation CL5612 UNIVOX Automation System
Systems CL5613 UNIVOX Controller Unit
microPROVOXt CL5620 microPROVOX
systems
Communications DH6001 Local Traffic Director Unit G2(1)
DH6002 Network Traffic Director Unit
DH6005 Programmable Controller Interface Unit
DH6008 Highway Interface Unit
DH6009 Serial Interface Unit
DH6011 Data Concentrator Unit
DH6012 Redundant Data Concentrator Package
DH6032 Highway Data Link
DH6041 Process Network Hub (Coaxial)
DH7001 Communications Interface Assembly
DH7010 Power Converter Assembly
DH7071 Communications Cable Assembly


DH7073 Tee Kit
DH7074 Splice Kit
Communications DH7076 Connector Kit G2(1)
DH7081 Communications Cable Assembly
DH7083 Tee Kit
DH7084 Splice Kit
DH7085 Termination Kit
DH7086 Connector Kit
CL7701 Redundant Communications Interface Assembly II
(RCIA II)
DH7711 Data Highway Interface II (DHI II)
DH7721 Communications Interface Assembly II (CIA II)
DH7731 VME Redundant Communications Interface Assembly II
(VRCIA II)
DH7741 Highway II Bridge
DH7751 Highway II Fiber Optic Extender
A DH7780 PROVOXr Highway II Accessories
Multiplexers DM6001 Multiplexer control Unit G2(1)
DM6003 Multiplexer I/O File Unit
DM6004 Virtual I/O Coupler
DM6005 Virtual I/O Coupler (line power)
DM6007 I/O File Unit
DM6311 Analog Voltage Input Unit (single-ended)
DM6312 Analog Voltage Input Unit (isolated)
DM6321 Analog Current Input Unit (single-ended)
DM6322 Analog Current Input Unit (isolated)
DM6331 RTD Input Unit
DM6341 Millivolt Input Unit
DM6351 J Thermocouple Input Unit
DM6352 K Thermocouple Input Unit
DM6353 T Thermocouple Input Unit
DM6354 E Thermocouple Input Unit
DM6355 R Thermocouple Input Unit

Table A-1. Environmental Classifications of PROVOX Instrumentation

DM6361 Discrete Input Unit
DM6362 Discrete Input Unit (dry contacts)
Multiplexers DM6363 Discrete Input Unit (120 volts ac) G2(1)
DM6371 Pulse Count Input Unit
DM6411 Analog Voltage Output Unit
DM6421 Analog Current Output Unit
DM6461 Discrete Output Unit
DM6462 Discrete Output Unit (internal relay)
DM6463 Discrete Output Unit (external relay)


Atmospheric Dust Size Chart B-1
Figure J-Table J
Appendix B
B Atmospheric Dust Size Chart

Dust accumulating on electronic equipment can significantly affect its
operation and reliability. Sections 7 and 8 of this manual describe dust
control methods. For proper filter sizing, some idea of the sizes of dust
normally found in an atmospheric sample is useful. The diagram on the
reverse side of this page shows dust sizes, quantities, and percent by
volume in a typical atmospheric sample. The diagram is reproduced
courtesy of Snyder General Corporation, Dallas, TX 75204.

B-2 Atmospheric Dust Size Chart
Size Distribution of a Typical Atmospheric Dust Sample
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Range of Average Proportionate Percent Percent by

Particle Particle Quantities by Particle Volume
Sizes — Size — by Particle Count (or by Wt.
*Microns. *Microns. Count for uniform
Spec. Grav.)
30--10 20 1,000 0.005 % 28 %
10--5 7-1/2 35,000 0.175 52
5--3 4 50,000 0.250 11
3--1 2 214,000 1.070 6
1--1/2 3/4 1,352,000 6.780 2
1/2--0 1/4 18,280,000 91.720 1
It should be pointed out that atmospheric dust varies considerably in particle size as well as
constituents. In the above sample there were very few particles noted which were in excess of 30
microns in average diameter. With this as an upper limit, the particles were divided into six size
ranges as indicated, with Column (2) indicating the average particle size for each group. For
example the largest group consisted of those particles ranging between 30 and 10 microns — or
an average of 20. In this particular size range it will be noted that the number of particles present
is indicated as 1000 as shown in Column 3. This represents the proportionate quantities by count
and simply indicates the relative number of particles in each size range based upon 1000 particles
for the average 20 micron size. X00559:006--0

Air Contaminants Size Chart C-1
Figure K-Table K
Appendix C
C Air Contaminants Size Chart

Section 6 of this manual describes the need for control of air-born
contaminants. These contaminants can greatly reduce the reliability and
life electronic equipment. The chart shown on the reverse side of this
page compares the relative size of common air-born contaminants and
illustrates the effective ranges of popular filters per American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration, and Air conditioning Engineers (A.S.H.R.A.E.)
standards. The chart was provided to Fisher-Rosemount Systems for
reproduction by Cambridge Filter Corporation, Syracuse, NY 13221-4906.

C-2 Air Contaminants Size Chart
X00560:Envirn--0
C

Glossary-1
Glossary
American National Standards CCITT
Institute (ANSI) Acronym: Comite Consultatif International
A technical organization that develops pour Telephonie et Telegraphie, or
standards for the compatibility of International Consultative Committee for
industrial equipment. This organization Telephony and Telegraphy. [See
consists of users and manufacturers of International Consultative Committee for
such equipment. Telephony and Telegraphy]
decibel
The relative difference between two
American Wire Gauge (AWG) signal levels expressed logarithmically.
The usual system of wire size
measurement in the United States. A
decibel millivolt
14 AWG wire has a cross-sectional area A measure of signal strength that is
of 2.08 mm; a 000 AWG wire has a calculated by using the following formula:
cross-sectional area of 85.02 mm. Note dBmV = 20 log (signal voltage÷1 millivolt)
that the smaller the AWG value, the
larger the wire. digital volt meter (DVM)
A test instrument that measures voltage,
current, or resistance, and gives
numerical readings.
British Standards Institute (BSI)
An independent organization that defines
Electronic Industries Association Glossary
industrial and technical standards, used (EIA)

in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. A group of electronic manufacturers that
creates industry standards for
communication between electronic
devices. Among these standards are
RS-232 and RS-449.
Canadian Standards Association
(CSA) electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
A Canadian organization that develops The general category of electrical noise
safety standards for industrial equipment induced by radio frequency and
and certifies products that meet those magnetic, electrostatic, or capacitive
standards. coupling.
electrostatic damage (ESD)

Deterioration of integrated circuits due to
Control Room Instrumentation (CRI) high levels of static electricity. Symptoms
Process control equipment designed for of ESD include degradation of
installation and operation in a control performance, device malfunction, and
room environment. complete failure.

Glossary-2
EMI Printed Circuit (PC)

Acronym: Electromagnetic Interference A conduction path of metal on a
substrate material which is used to carry
signals between electronic components.
EMI
Acronym: Electromagnetic Interference
printed wiring board (PWB)
A board containing printed circuits
ENVOX r
(printed wiring) which serves as the
Trademark for Fisher-Rosemount
mounting base for integrated circuits and
Systems’ product line of advanced
other electronic components.
configuration devices for certain process
control systems. The use of a third-party
relational database is the principal PROVOXr
distinguishing feature of configuration A mark of Fisher Controls International,
with an ENVOX device. Inc. A Fisher-Rosemount Systems’
product line of distributed process control
Institute of Electrical and Electronic equipment.
Engineers (IEEE)
An independent technical organization Radio, Electronic, and Television
that defines standards for the electrical, Manufacturers’ Association (RETMA)
electronic, and computer industries.
Formerly, a group of electronic
manufacturers who developed a standard
Instrument Society of America (ISA) for rack mounting of electronic
A professional organization of designers, equipment. Replaced by EIA.
manufacturers, and users of process
control instrumentation.
radio frequency interference (RFI)
Inadvertently transmitted energy that falls
International Consultative in the frequency band of radio signals. If
Glossary
Committee for Telephony and this energy is sufficiently strong, it can
Telegraphy (CCITT) influence the operation of electronic
A technical organization that develops equipment.
compatibility and other recommendations
for telecommunication, including data
communication. (The acronym comes
uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
from the organization’s French name.) A backup device for the AC power
source. A UPS connects between the AC
power source and computer equipment.
International Electrotechnical Should there be a failure of or
Commission (IEC) interruption in the AC power source, the
An international group developing UPS supplies continuous power to the
standards and certification in electronics computer.
and electrical engineering.
Printed Wiring Board (PWB)
microPROVOXt A board containing printed circuits
A mark of Fisher Controls International, (printed wiring) which serves as the
Inc. Fisher-Rosemount Systems’ line of mounting base for integrated circuits and
self-contained process control systems. other electronic components.

Glossary-3
Radio, Electronic, and Television Scientific Apparatus Makers

Manufacturers’ Association (RETMA) Association (SAMA)
A group of electronic manufacturers who A trade association that develops
developed a standard for rack mounting standards for symbology, terminology,
of electronic equipment. and procedures within the chemical and
process control industries.
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
Inadvertently transmitted energy that falls
in the frequency band of radio signals. If UNIVOXr
this energy is sufficiently strong, it can A mark of Fisher Controls International,
influence the operation of electronic Inc. A formerly-manufactured line of
equipment. self-contained process control systems.
Glossary

Glossary-4
Glossary

Index-1
Index
A E
air-born contaminates, 6-1, 7-1 electromagnetic interference, 5-1,
5-3, 5-4
air-inlet filter, 7-1
environmental classification, class
ambient, 3-1 G1, class G2, class G3, 6-4
antennas, 5-3
F
C far field signals, 5-1
category A, 2-2
category B, 2-2 G
category C, 2-2 gas concentration, 6-2
CE mark, 1-1 ground loop, 5-3
chlorides, sulfides, 6-2
circuit degradation, 5-1 H
class G1, environmental hot spots, 3-3
classification, 6-4, 8-2
humidity, environmental conditions,
class G2, environmental relative, 2-1, 6-2, 8-1, 8-2
classification, 6-5, 8-2 Index
HVAC, 8-1, 8-3
class G3, environmental
classification, 6-5, 8-2
class GX, environmental M
classification, 6-5
mechanical influence, 4-1
compliance, European, 1-1, 5-2
copper reactivity, 6-1, 6-3
N
corrosive vapors, environmental
conditions, 2-1, 3-3, 6-1, 6-4, 8-1 near field signal, 5-1
normal operating limits, 2-2
D
O
dust, environmental conditions, 2-1,
7-1, 8-1, 8-2 operative limits, 2-2

Index-2
P storage & transportation limits, 2-2

sulfides, 6-1
positive pressure, 7-1, 8-2
purging system, 8-3
T
R temperature, environmental
reactivity coupon, 6-2 conditions, 2-1, 8-1, 8-2
reference operating limits, 2-2

relative humidity, humidity, 3-3 V
vapors, environmental conditions,
S 2-1, 3-3, 6-1, 6-4, 8-1
shock, 4-1 vibration, 4-1
Index

Notes
Notes

Notes
Notes

For more information, FAX (612) 895-2244
PN1:006

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Environmental Conditions for

This manual supercedes the issue dated June 1991.

ã Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc. 1990, 1991, 1995. All rights reserved.

Name: Title and Department:

Telephone: ( ) -- Education: ____High School ____Years College ____Degree

6. How well is information cross-referenced in V V Excellent — very easy to locate

Please FAX or MAIL this form to: Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc.

Environmental Conditions for

YOU ARE HERE

Environmental Conditions for

Revision C — October 1995 iii

PROVOX documentation supports each stage of system development.

System Development Stages Document Type & Contents

System Design Configuration Engineering Manuals

System Planning and Installation Manuals

System Startup and User Manuals

Maintenance Maintenance Manuals

Ordering Information — To order additional manuals, contact your local

iv Revision C — October 1995

2 Importance of Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . 2-1

3 Temperature and Humidity Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

4 Mechanical Influence Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Revision C — October 1995 v

5 Electromagnetic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

6 Corrosive Environment Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

7 Dusty Environment Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

8 Modifying the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

A Environmental Classification of PROVOX

B Atmospheric Dust Size Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

C Air Contaminants Size Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

vi Revision C — October 1995

Revision C — October 1995 vii

This page intentionally left blank.

viii Revision C — October 1995

Revision C — October 1995 ix

x Revision C — October 1995

This installation planning manual provides information you can use to

1.1 Intended Audience

This manual describes installation and

1.3 Structure of this Manual

Revision C — October 1995 PN1:006

Section 3 — Temperature and Humidity Effects: defines temperature

Section 4 — Mechanical Influence Effects: defines sinusoidal and shock

Section 5 — Electromagnetic Effects: describes effects of

Section 6 — Corrosive Environment Effects: defines corrosive

Section 7 — Dusty Environment Effects: describes effects of dust on

Section 8 — Modifying the Environment: describes ways to obtain a

Appendix A — Environmental Classification of PROVOX

Appendix B — Atmospheric Dust Size Chart: Shows dust size

Appendix C — Air Contaminants Size Chart: Shows relative sizes of

1.4 Manual Conventions

J References — References to other documents include the name

PN1:006 Revision C — October 1995

1.5 Warnings, Cautions and Notes

Revision C — October 1995 PN1:006

1.6 Related Documents

1.7 Reference Documents

1.8 Excellence in Documentation

PN1:006 Revision C — October 1995

2.1 Maximum System Efficiency and

Revision C — October 1995 PN1:006

2.2 Environmental Categories

2 J Category A — Manned control rooms or computer rooms with tightly

Telephone: ( ) -- Education: High School Years College Degree