FORCE & MOTION

II. Types of Friction

a. static friction – friction at rest; ex. eraser sits still

b. sliding friction – something pushed across a surface;

ex. box pushed on floor
c. rolling friction – between wheels
& floor; ex. car

d. fluid friction – friction of liquids

or gases; ex. airplane, boat
 3. Reducing friction
a. lubricants – oil, wax, grease

b. switch from sliding to rolling

c. smooth surface
E. Gravitational Force – force of
attraction between any 2 objects
that have mass (Newton)
1. Law of universal gravitation – all
matter experiences gravity; the size of
the force depends on the masses of the
objects & the distance between them
a. size: sun→earth→moon (tides)

b. distance – earth’s gravity affects us

more b/c we are closer

2. weight – measure of gravitational force

Gravity – 2:34
F. Centripetal Force – force
which pulls objects toward
the center of a curving path
II. Motion – occurs when an object changes
position over time
A. 1. neither direction nor speed changes

2. accelerating/decelerating

3. when force applied

 4. opposite forces

5. vertical

6. circular

7. projectile
B. Elements involving motion
1. Energy- Law of conservation of energy:
energy is neither created nor destroyed;
a. potential – stored energy; ex. car @ top of
hill

b. kinetic – energy in motion; ex. car moving

POTENTIAL/KINETIC ENERGY
2. direction – N, S, E, W

3. speed – rate at which object moves

over time
C. Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion

1. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (Law of

Inertia) – an object at rest or in motion
tends to stay at rest or in motion unless
acted on by an unbalanced force
ex.
 What does this mean?
An object will “keep doing what it
was doing” unless acted on by an
unbalanced force.

If the object was sitting still, it will

remain stationary. If it was
moving at a constant velocity, it
will keep moving.

It takes force to change the motion

of an object.
Newton’s First Law is also called
the Law of Inertia

Inertia: the tendency of an object to

resist changes in its state of motion

The First Law states that all objects

have inertia. The more mass an object
has, the more inertia it has (and the
harder it is to change its motion).
 More Examples from Real Life
A powerful locomotive begins to pull a
long line of boxcars that were sitting at
rest. Since the boxcars are so massive,
they have a great deal of inertia and it
takes a large force to change their
motion. Once they are moving, it takes
a large force to stop them.

On your way to school, a bug

flies into your windshield. Since
the bug is so small, it has very
little inertia and exerts a very
small force on your car (so small
that you don’t even feel it).
If objects in motion tend to stay in motion, why don’t moving
objects keep moving forever?

Things don’t keep moving forever because

there’s almost always an unbalanced force
acting upon it.

A book sliding across a table slows

down and stops because of the force
of friction.

If you throw a ball upwards it will

eventually slow down and fall
because of the force of gravity.
 In outer space, away from gravity and any
sources of friction, a rocket ship launched
with a certain speed and direction would
keep going in that same direction and at that
same speed forever.
 2. Newton’s 2nd Law Motion – the
change in motion depends on the mass
of the object & the amount of force
applied; (a = F/m)
OR - the amount of force depends on
the mass times the acceleration
(F = m x a); Ex.
A = a measurement of how quickly an
object is changing speed.
 What does F = ma mean?
Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration.
Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving at a certain
acceleration. This ball has a certain force.

Now imagine we make the ball twice as big (double the

mass) but keep the acceleration constant. F = ma says
that this new ball has twice the force of the old ball.

Now imagine the original ball moving at twice the

original acceleration. F = ma says that the ball will
again have twice the force of the ball at the original
acceleration.
 More about F = ma
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you
double the acceleration, you double the force.

What if you double the mass and the acceleration?

(2m)(2a) = 4F

Doubling the mass and the acceleration quadruples the

force.

So . . . what if you decrease the mass by half? How

much force would the object have now?
 What does F = ma say?
F = ma basically means that the force of an object
comes from its mass and its acceleration.
Something very massive (high mass)
that’s changing speed very slowly (low
acceleration), like a glacier, can still
have great force.

Something very small (low mass) that’s

changing speed very quickly (high
acceleration), like a bullet, can still
have a great force. Something very
small changing speed very slowly will
have a very weak force.
 Weight

W=mg
• W = weight
• m = mass
• g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/sec2)
 Problem 1
What amount of force gives a 1400 kg
automobile an acceleration of
1.40 m/sec2?
 Problem 2
What is the weight in newtons of a
person with a mass of 70 kg?
 Problem 3
What is the weight of a person with a
mass of 40 kg on the moon?
 Problem 4
A 10 kg body is observed to have an
acceleration of 5 m/sec2. What is the net force
acting on it?
 Problem 5
An empty truck, whose mass is 2000 kg,
has a maximum acceleration of 1 m/sec2.
What will its acceleration be when it carries
a 1000 kg load?
 Problem 6
A 1300 kg automobile accelerates
from rest to 90 m/sec in 20
seconds. Find the acceleration and
force applied.
 Problem 7
What force is necessary to accelerate a
1500 kg automobile from rest to 88 m/sec
in 10 seconds?
 Problem 8
In a physics lab, Phil and Pina use a force of 3N
to push a 0.75 kg cart to make it accelerate.
While in motion, the cart experiences a
frictional force of 0.80 N. Compute the
acceleration of the cart.
3. Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion – for every
force action, there is an equal &
opposite force reaction (action-
reaction)
Ex.
 What does this mean?
For every force acting on an object, there is an equal
force acting in the opposite direction. Right now,
gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but
Newton’s Third Law says your seat is pushing up
against you with equal force. This is why you are
not moving. There is a balanced force acting on
you– gravity pulling down, your seat pushing up.
 Think about it . . .
What happens if you are standing on a
skateboard or a slippery floor and push against
a wall? You slide in the opposite direction
(away from the wall), because you pushed on
the wall but the wall pushed back on you with
equal and opposite force.

Why does it hurt so much when you stub

your toe? When your toe exerts a force on a
rock, the rock exerts an equal force back on
your toe. The harder you hit your toe against
it, the more force the rock exerts back on your
toe (and the more your toe hurts).
Circular Motion

Fc, ac
v
 Centripetal acceleration –
acceleration of an object in circular
motion. It is directed toward the
center of the circular path.
2 ac = centripetal acceleration, m/s2
v v = tangential speed, m/s
ac =
r r = radius, m
Centripetal Force – the net inward force
that maintains the circular motion of an
object. It is directed toward the center.
Fc = centripetal force, N
Fc = m  a c m = mass, kg
2 ac = centripetal acceleration,
mv
Fc = m/s2
r v = tangential speed, m/s
r = radius, m
For a constant tangential speed:
v = tangential speed, m/s
d 2πr d = distance, m
v= =
t T t = time, s
r = radius, m
T = period,

T = period, s – time for one revolution

1 F = frequency, rev/s – number of revolutions per time
T=
f Note: Period and frequency are inverses.
 Sample Problem 1

◼ A 1 200 kg car moves in a circular track of radius 30 m at

15m/s. Compute for the centripetal force.
 Sample problem 2

◼A 3 kg ball attached to a string is being rotated about a

circle of radius 5 m. The centripetal force causing the ball
to accelerate is 60 N. Compute the speed of the ball.
 Sample Problem 3

◼ Each wheel of the tricycle you are riding has a radius of

0.35 m. If it makes 0.45 revolutions per second. What is
its speed?
Work, Energy and Power!
 Energy and Work
• Energy is the ability to do work.

• Work is the energy transferred to or from a

system by a force that acts on it.
Mechanical

• Mechanical energy is the energy which is possessed by

an object due to its motion or its stored energy of position
• Kinetic energy : is the energy of motion
• Potential Energy : an object can store energy as the result of its
position or elastic source
 Work

• In physics, work has a

very specific meaning.
• In physics, work
represents a measurable
change in a system,
caused by a force.
Work Concept

• Work is defined as a force acting upon an object to cause a

displacement
• Mathematically, work can be expressed by the following
equation.
• W= F x d cos q ( cos 00 = 1)
• where F = force, d = displacement, and the angle (theta) is
defined as the angle between the force and the displacement
vector
Work (force is parallel to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W=Fxd

Distance (m)
Work (force at angle to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W = Fd cos (q) Angle

Distance (m)
Work Calculations

W=F x d W=F x d cos 300 W= F x d

=100N X 5m = 100N X 5m X .87 =15Kg(10m/s2) X 5m
=500 N m = 413 N m = 750 N m
 Gravitational Potential Energy

• After an object has been lifted to a height, work

is done.
• PE = W= F x d= mgh
Potential Energy is
maximum at the maximum
HEIGHT
Potential Energy Calculation

• How much potential energy is lost by a 5Kg object to

kinetic energy due a decrease in height of 4.5 m
• PE = mgh
• PE = (5Kg)(10 m/s2)(4.5 m)
• PE = 225 Kg m2/s2
• PE = 225 J
Kinetic Energy Calculation

• The energy of motion

 DKE = W= F x d= mgh=1/2 mv2
• Find the kinetic energy of an 4 Kg object moving at 5m/s.
• KE = 1/2 mv2
• KE = ½ (4Kg)(5m/s) 2
• KE = 50 Kg m 2 /s 2
• KE = 50 J
Power!

• Power is the rate that we use energy.

• Power = Work or Energy / Time
• P = W/t = F x d/t = F v
• The units for power :
• J/s
• Kg m2 / s2 /s
• Nm/s
Power
• Power is simply energy exchanged per unit time,
or how fast you get work done (Watts =
Joules/sec)
• One horsepower = 745 W
• Perform 100 J of work in 1 s, and call it 100 W
• Run upstairs, raising your 70 kg (700 N) mass 3
m (2,100 J) in 3 seconds → 700 W output!
• Shuttle puts out a few GW (gigawatts, or 109 W)
of power!

Spring 2008 61
Power Calculation

• A 5 Kg Cart is pushed by a 30 N force against friction for a

distance of 10m in 5 seconds. Determine the Power needed
to move the cart.
• P=Fxd/t
• P = 30 N (10 m) / 5 s
• P = 60 N m /s
• P = 60 watts
Summary

• Energy is the ability to move

• Potential is stored energy (Statics)
• Dependant on height
• Kinetic is moving energy (Dynamics)
• Dependant on velocity
• Springs store energy dependant on distance and constant
• Power is how fast the work is done