Unit Protection Scheme – Detection Methodology of

Generator Stator Earth Fault and

Overall Differential Protections
Meet Patel#1, Ranjan Banerjee*2
#
L&T Power
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
1Meet.Patel@lntpower.com

*
L&T Power
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
2Ranjan.Banerjee@lntpower.com

Abstract— The Generator is the most critical and costly (CT) in Unit Transformer (UT) side for overall differential
equipment in any power plant. Hence, the protection of this protection in ‘Unit Protection Scheme’. There are two different
equipment and its associated systems & equipment are very approaches for mounting the CTs for overall differential
important and crucial from protective relay selection & protection. One method of practice is CTs to be mounted in
application point of view. IPBD at primary side of UT and the other practice is to mount
The major equipment associated with any large size Generator the CTs in secondary side of UT inside the High Voltage indoor
are Generator Neutral Grounding Equipment, Excitation Switchgear.
Transformer, Isolated Phase Bus Duct (IPBD), Generator The detailed write-up will cover prima facie the above topics
Circuit Breaker (if GCB is provided), Generator Step-up highlighting the salient features of the schemes and giving the
Transformer (GSU) and Unit Transformer (UT). In a power applications with reference projects for better understandings.
plant application, this set of equipment is familiar as ‘Unit
System’. The protective relaying scheme provided for this unit
system is universally known as ‘Unit Protection Scheme’. To Keywords— Stator earth fault, generator protection, current
maintain the reliability, availability and cost effectiveness of a transformer, potential transformer, differential protection
unit for internal and external (i.e. grid disturbances) faults, the
proper selection of protective relays, its settings, current I. INTRODUCTION
transformers (CTs) & potential transformers (PTs) including Generator, being one of the most critical and costly
their locations are the key issues in plant design and equipment of a power plant, protection system of generator
implementation. and associated major equipment like Generator Neutral
Addressing all the options with its merits & demerits for the unit Grounding equipment, Excitation Transformer, Isolated Phase
protection scheme may not be feasible to be covered in one write-
Bus Duct (IPBD), Generator Circuit Breaker (GCB, if
up. Hence the proposed article will mainly focus on two salient
topics as stated below for further debate and discussion.
provided), Generator Step-up Transformer (GSU) and Unit
Generator Stator Earth Fault Protection: To detect the Generator Transformer (UT) is called ‘Unit Protection Scheme’. Major
stator earth fault, two detection methods are generally followed. protections provided as a part of unit protection scheme is
One is using earth fault relay connected across the secondary listed below in Table-1. Please note this article will mainly
side of Generator neural grounding transformer, insensible to focus on large size generator (say >500MW) and associated
substantial normal third harmonic voltage which may be present equipment protection scheme.
between Generator’s neutral and ground. The second earth fault TABLE I
relay which covers 95% of stator winding is voltage operated PROTECTIONS PROVIDED FOR GENERATOR PROTECTION
definite time relay connected to open delta potential transformer Device
(PT) and would serve as standby to first voltage operated relay Protection Protection Purpose
Number
connected in Generator neutral side.
The other school of thought is that in addition to one earth fault Back up protection of phase
relay connected to neutral side of Generator taking advantage of Backup Impedance fault for generator and main
presence of the third harmonic voltage between neutral and 21G-1 Protection (Distance transformer (at pre
ground, the second earth fault relay provides complete Relay-Zone 1) synchronisation stage)
protection of the Generator stator by injecting a low frequency
signal (sub harmonic) into the stator winding and monitoring it Back up protection of phase
for the change. The scheme has the important advantage that it Backup Impedance fault beyond generator and
21G-2
allows 100% coverage even though machine is at ‘standstill’. 21G-3
Protection (Distance main transformer (at post
CT Location for Overall Differential Protection: The second topic Relay-Zone 2 & 3) synchronisation stage)
of the article is regarding the location of current transformers
 Device Device
Protection Protection Purpose Protection Protection Purpose
Number Number

Generator Over- Protection against High Set

24G Instantaneous tripping
excitation Protection overfluxing by measuring v/f Instantaneous
(Alarm) 51G operation due to overcurrent
(Stage 2) ratio Overcurrent/ IDMT
above specified limit
Generator Over- Overcurrent
24G For Overfluxing / Over
excitation Protection
(Trip) excitation Generator Inverse
(Stage 1)
Time Over Current Voltage dependent
51V
Generator loss of excitation with Voltage overcurrent protection
40G & Generator Under
protection accompanied by Restraint
27G Voltage
under voltage Generator Over
59G-1 Alarm for terminal over
Voltage Relay
Generator Reverse Prevention of Motoring (Alarm) voltage
32G (Stage 1)
Power Relay action 59G-2
Generator Over
(Trip 1) Protection against terminal
Generator Low Low forward power Voltage Relay
37G 59G-3 over voltage
Forward Relay interlocked with Turbine trip (Stage 2 & 3)
(Trip 2)
Generator loss of excitation To detect the earth fault in
protection in synchronized 59BN Bus duct Earth Fault
IPBD
condition lead to turbine trip
Generator Field Fuse fail / PT fail detected
first and subsequently Class-
40G Failure Relay 60G PT Fuse Loss Relay using Sequence voltages and
A trip operated by 37G or
(Loss of Excitation) currents
32G and consequently trip @
marked devices Generator Stator ground
fault protection. Protects for
64G1 ground faults up to approx.
Field CB open during the Generator Ground
41D Discrepancy or 95% of coil from line
SWYD CB closed Fault (0-95%)
59N terminals.
Monitors fundamental
Generator Negative
46G Alarm for unbalanced frequency residual voltage
Phase Sequence
(Alarm) loading of generator
Overcurrent Relay
Protection against Generator Stator ground
Generator Negative unbalanced loading. fault protection. Protects
46G 100% winding against
Phase Sequence Tripping command issued
(Trip) ground faults. Fault detection
Overcurrent Relay after prolonged condition set
time delay with Sub-harmonic current
monitoring which is injected
49G Stator Overload Alarm for over loading of 64G2
Generator Ground through dedicated signal
(Alarm) Alarm generator or
Fault (0-100%) generator provided inside
27TN
Protection against stator over panel. This will monitor the
loading. Overloading complete winding (0 ~
detected using current input 100%) during running and
49G Stator Overload standstill condition of
and time constant. Tripping
(Trip) Protection generator when subharmonic
command issued after
calculated time delay. signal generator is active
Field ground fault alarm.
Over Current The relay measures an
Over Current Protection with 64F-1 Field Earth Fault
50/2 Protection with insulation resistance by
Timer (Alarm) Relay Stage 1
Timer injecting low frequency
Dead Machine voltage
Protection/ Field ground fault trip. The
Accidental back energisation
50GDM Accidental back 64F-2 Field Earth Fault relay measures an insulation
protection
energisation (Trip) Relay Stage 2 resistance by injecting low
protection frequency voltage
Protection against Restricted Earth Fault Sense any earth faults inside
unintentional / accidental CB 64R
Inadvertent Relay specified restricted zone
50/27G closing leading to back
Energisation Relay Backup Voltage
charging of generator in dead Backup to the restricted
condition 64BG Operated Earthfault
earth fault
Relay
 Device
Protection Protection Purpose
Number

Generator Out of
Loss of synchronism
78G Step Protection (Pole
between generator & grid
Slip)
Generator Over
81O-1 Frequency Protection Over frequency Alarm
(stage 1)
Generator Over
81O-2 Frequency Protection Over frequency tripping
(stage 2)
Generator Under
81U-1 Frequency Protection Under frequency Alarm
(stage 1)
Generator Under
81U-2 Frequency Protection Under frequency tripping
(stage 2)
Overall Differential Fault protection covering Fig. 1 Stator winding zero-sequence neutral overvoltage protection
87OA
Relay generator, IPBD, GT and UT
Since the grounding resistance is large compared to the
Generator Phase differential
Generator current protection. Protects generator impedance and other impedance in the circuit, the
87G full phase-to-neutral voltage will be impressed across the
Differential Relay against internal phase faults
of generator grounding device for a phase-to-ground fault at the generator
terminals. The voltage at the relay is a function of the
Generator Stator
transformer ratio and the location of the fault. The voltage will
87GI Inter-turn Fault
Protection be a maximum for a terminal fault and will decrease in
magnitude as the fault location moves towards the generator
Over Fluxing neutral. This scheme is capable of detecting faults to within
99G about 2-5% of the stator neutral. The time setting for the
Protection
overvoltage relay is selected to provide coordination with
other system protective devices.
It is evaluated from the above list of protections that unit A time overcurrent ground relay (51GN) can be used as
protection scheme is a very vast subject and cannot be covered
backup protection when the generator is grounded through a
in short write-up. However, one or two critical issues can be
transformer with a secondary resistor as shown in Fig. 1. The
identified for further detailed discussion. Hence, this article
current transformer supplying the overcurrent relay may be
will be covering two topics as mentioned below.
located in the secondary circuit of the distribution transformer.
 Methods to detect Generator stator earth fault
 CT location for overall differential protection- UT side B. Y-Broken Delta PT, Ground Overvoltage Protection
II. METHODS TO DETECT STATOR EARTH FAULT This protection scheme is a variation of the stator winding
zero-sequence neutral overvoltage protection. In this scheme
When a ground fault occurs in stator winding of a generator, as shown in Fig. 2, 59G is connected to a separate set of
its protection system must be able to detect it and shut down broken-delta secondary windings of the PT, whose primaries
the generator. This protection system needs to be coordinated are connected to the generator terminals in grounded wye
with the nearby fault clearing system in order to allow the configuration. A ground fault in the generator stator winding
external generator ground faults to be isolated by the circuit is detected by measuring the voltage across the broken delta
breakers. Some of the typical methods to protect the generator secondary windings of the PT.
against stator ground faults are presented below: Above mentioned methods can detect the fault inside
A. Stator winding zero-sequence neutral overvoltage generator stator winding. These methods are specifically
protection (59GN) designed for stator earth fault detection. But if the fault occurs
very near to the neutral point, these methods might not detect
This is the most conventional and common used protection. the fault as the fault magnitude is very small near neutral point.
It is a time-delayed overvoltage relay (59GN) tuned to the Though fault magnitude is very low, detection of the same is
fundamental frequency and insensitive to third-harmonic very necessary because second earth fault in stator may
voltages that are present at the generator neutral. The Fig. 1 become very harmful for the machine. Above mentioned
shows the scheme of this protection scheme. methods can protect stator winding up to 90-95% against
ground fault.

Fig. 2 Y-Broken-Delta PT, Ground Overvoltage Protection
To protect the full stator winding some more methods are
to be used along with the above mentioned methods for stator
earth fault protection. There are two commonly used methods
for 100% stator winding earth fault protection as mentioned
below.
 Third Harmonic Voltage Detection Technique
 Low Frequency (sub harmonic) Injection Method
1) Third Harmonic Voltage Detection Technique
This method takes advantage of the harmonic voltages
produced by the generator. These harmonic voltages appear in
neutral terminal as zero sequence quantity or at terminal point.
Third harmonic voltage is largest of all the harmonic voltages.
This method measures third harmonic voltage in the neutral
or in the terminal or in both of them to protect the generator.
The third harmonic voltages produced are present in both the
ends of the stator winding but are different depending of the
design and the loading of the machine.
The characteristic of the third harmonic voltage in stator
winding is shown in Fig. 3(a). This figure also shows the
variation of voltage as load changes. At some point in stator
winding there is a point where third harmonic voltage is equal
to zero.
a. Third-harmonic voltages under normal operations
b. Third-harmonic voltages under fault conditions at the neutral
c. Third-harmonic voltages under fault conditions at the terminal
Fig. 3 Third-harmonic voltage characteristic in stator winding
When a ground fault occurs near the generator neutral, the
third harmonic voltage at neutral becomes zero and all third
harmonic voltage produced can be seen at the generator
terminal as shown in Fig. 3(b).
Third harmonic voltage at generator terminal decreases to
zero when fault occurs at generator terminals and neutral third
harmonic voltage increases to total third harmonic voltage
produced by the generator.
Techniques based on the third harmonic voltage detection
can be divided as mentioned below.
 Third-harmonic neutral undervoltage technique
 Third-harmonic terminal overvoltage technique
 Third-harmonic comparator technique
 Third-harmonic neutral undervoltage technique
This technique measures the third-harmonic voltage at
neutral point. When a fault occurs near neutral, third-harmonic
voltage decreases to zero near neutral. An undervoltage relay
(27) can be used which can operate by the third-harmonic
voltage measured from neutral point. The ground faults in
remaining portion of the winding can be detected by 59G
which operates on fundamental frequency using one of the
methods mentioned earlier. Both these relay will provide full
100% protection of stator winding.
 Third-harmonic terminal overvoltage technique
As mentioned above, when a fault occurs near generator
neutral, third-harmonic voltage decreases to zero near neutral
point. Using this fact, an overvoltage relay using third-
harmonic voltage at generator terminals can be used to detect
a fault near generator neutral in the winding. The remaining
portion can be taken care by 59G which operates on
fundamental frequency so that 100% winding protection can
be achieved.
 Third-harmonic ratio voltage technique (comparator)
This technique is based on the ratio of the third-harmonic
voltage at the generator terminals to that of generator neutral
which is almost constant during normal operation of the
generator. This ratio changes if there is a fault near neutral or
near terminal of a generator. This concept is used to detect
these faults. The ground fault in remaining portion of the
winding is detected by the 59G which operates on the
fundamental frequency.
 These three techniques show one thing very clearly that the  It is better to use two different principles for 0-95% and
third-harmonic voltage detection method can easily detect the up to 100% protection with respect to the connection
fault near generator terminal or neutral which cannot be and measurement location point of view.
detected by 59G.The drawback for third-harmonic voltage  In a Unit Protection scheme, it is a standard practice to
detection technique is, near the centre of a stator winding, this provide two identical protection panels for generator
method might not detect the stator earth fault due to the less protection for redundancy. It is recommended to
magnitude. Thus 59G which can protect stator winding up to provide different principle and techniques for the same
90-95% must be provided for full 100% protection of purpose i.e. two different principles for 0-95%
generator stator winding with third-harmonic voltage protection and for 100% protection. Refer Table-III for
detection method. the recommendation of the combination for stator earth
fault protection. Either of the two recommendations can
2) Low Frequency (sub harmonic) Injection Method be considered for any large size generator protection.
A low frequency voltage (usually one fourth of the system
frequency) is injected through an injection transformer
between the grounding element of the generator (i.e. resistor,
distribution transformer or reactor) and ground. The operation
theory of this principle is based on measuring the change of
the low frequency current resulting from the injected voltage
when a stator ground fault occurs. Since the impedance of the
stator to ground varies when the fault occurs, the low
frequency protection scheme can detect this change of the
injected current and initiate the tripping-off of the generator.
During normal operation, the resulting low frequency
current is limited by the grounding impedance (resistor,
reactor or distribution transformer with resistor loaded at the
secondary), by the internal impedance of the injection circuit
and by the shunt leakage capacitance to ground of the stator
winding, bus, step-up transformers, etc.
Fig. 4 Low frequency injection through grounding distribution transformer
When the ground fault occurs, the fault resistance appears
TABLE II
in parallel with the shunt capacitances to ground. Thus, the
STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION CONFIGURATIONS
impedance that limits the low frequency current changes and
Reference Projects 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
this also makes the current change.
zero-sequence neutral
The low frequency injection principle of operation is based 

 
Generator Protection Relay -Set-1
0%-95%

on this change in the low frequency current. Therefore,

overvoltage protection 
Y-Broken Delta PT,
detecting and measuring this change and operating if it is Ground Overvoltage  

necessary will be the function of the low frequency injection Protection 
scheme in order to protect the stator winding. Neutral
Fig. 4 shows the principle of operation of this method for Undervoltage 
 
Technique
Harmonic
Detection

one of the grounding method generally used for high rating

Third
0%-100%

Terminal
generators i.e. through the grounding distribution transformer.
Overvoltage
III. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Comparator  
For large size generator, Stator earth fault detection needs Low Frequency Injection
two different type of protection methodology due to the Method  

requirement of the full coverage of a stator winding. Hence, it zero-sequence neutral


 
Generator Protection Relay -Set-2
0%-95%

is the system requirement to provide 0%-95% protection by overvoltage protection

59G from two of the above mentioned methods (i.e. explained Y-Broken Delta PT,
under II-A and II-B) and for up to 100% detection, any of the Ground Overvoltage 
 
methods described in II-1) and II-2) must be provided for Protection
generator stator earth fault protection. Neutral
Table-2 provides the information and type of the Undervoltage  
Technique
Harmonic
Detection
Third

protections provided in some reference projects especially for

0%-100%

Terminal
stator earth fault detection. Overvoltage
Observation from the Table-II derives for some
recommendation for a good and reliable protection system Comparator  
having redundancy as mentioned below. Low Frequency Injection
Method 
 
 TABLE II
RECOMMENDATIONS -STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Above mentioned two projects are with two different
Recommendations 1 2 configurations. Project-1 has a CT (for 87OA protection)
zero-sequence neutral
  located on primary (HV) side of UT whereas Project-2 has a
Generator Protection Relay -Set-1
0%-95%

overvoltage protection CT (for 87OA protection) located on secondary (LV) side of

Y-Broken Delta PT, UT as shown in Fig. 5 & 6.
Ground Overvoltage 
Protection
Neutral
Undervoltage
Technique
Harmonic
Detection
Third
0%-100%

Terminal
Overvoltage

Comparator
Low Frequency Injection
Method 
zero-sequence neutral
 
Generator Protection Relay -Set-2
0%-95%

overvoltage protection
Y-Broken Delta PT,
Ground Overvoltage 
Protection
Neutral
Undervoltage Fig. 5 Project 1 configuration
Technique
Harmonic
Detection
Third
0%-100%

Terminal
Overvoltage

Comparator
Low Frequency Injection
Method  
IV. CT LOCATION- OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION UT
Zone of protection depending on the CT location is a very
important aspect in terms of cost and reliability point of view.
This study is mainly focusing on the CT location near UT i.e.
primary (HV) or secondary (LV) side of UT, for 87OA
protection. In unit protection scheme, location of a CT core
for 87OA protection near UT is always been point of
discussion in a project. This article is going to cover the effect
of CT location for 87OA protection on primary side (HV) or
secondary side (LV) of UT keeping some projects as a Fig. 6 Project 2 configuration
reference. Basic technical details of UT and CT related to
87OA protection of reference projects are given in Table IV. V. IMPACTS BASED ON CT LOCATION
Location of CT on primary or on secondary side of UT may
TABLE IV have some advantages and disadvantages based on the points
REFERENCE PROJECT DETAILS
mentioned below.
Power
Pro- CT
Output UT details CT Details
ject Location  Zone of protection
(MW)
60/35/25 MVA  Current ratio and saturation of CT
20/11.5/11.5  Possibility of blind zone
15000/1 A,  IPBD mounting & placement complexity
kV, Primary
CL PS,
1 700 ONAN/ONAF/ side of  Cost of IPBD mounting arrangement
Vk = 36 (RCT + 3)
OFAF UT
IM < 30mA @ Vk  Interposing CT requirement
Dyn1 yn1,  CT cost
Z=12/12/24 % This section compares and discusses all above mentioned
4000/1 A, CL PS, aspects about CT location around UT one by one below.
40/60 MVA
Secondar Vk ≥ 30.82
23/11 kV
2 700 y side of (RCT+1.88)
ONAN/ONAF
UT IM < 30mA @
Dyn1, Z=15 %
Vk/2
A. Zone of Protection
CT is located in primary (HV) side of UT for 87OA
protection in Project-1. Hence, zone of protection for 87OA
doesn’t include UT. Please refer Fig. 7.
CT location for Project-2 is at secondary (LV) side of UT
so 87OA will cover UT also for overall differential protection.
Please refer Fig. 8.
It is very clear that zone of protection for overall
differential protection (87OA) in unit protection scheme is
more if CT is to be put in secondary side of UT so that it can
detect the faults in UT also.
High speed phase fault backup protection can be obtained
by extending the protection zone of the 87OA including UT
up to the interconnection to HV switchgear.
As per IEEE, the overall scheme will detect the severe
faults, while the unit auxiliary differential will detect the low-
level faults.
B. Current Ratio and Saturation of CT
CT current ratio for Project-1 is 15000/1 whereas it is
4000/1 for Project-2. As ratio increases, size of CT will also
increase. Increase in size may have some impact on cost,
material and space requirement. Material and space
requirement will increase with the increase in size. Hence,
size of CT used in Project-1 will be higher. Material and space
requirement will also come up compared to Project-2.
In case of CT mounted on primary (HV) side of UT and
fault location at UT terminals (out of zone fault), overall
differential will operate in view of CT saturation. (This being
an out of zone fault, this protection should not have operated.)
It may also be noted that probability of fault at this location is
near to zero. It is clear from the above that the adopted design
suffered from the deficiency that it would operate for an out
zone fault. This can be avoided by adoption of higher ratio CT
at this location which may prevent saturation of the CTs.
As explained above, higher ratio means increase in size will
require some more material and space which may result into a
costlier solution.
Fig. 7 Zone of protection for Project 1
Fig. 8 Zone of protection for Project 2
C. Possibility of blind spot
CT located on primary (HV) side of UT may introduce a
blind spot in the protection of UT. For faults near the HV side
of UT, the available fault current may be 150 to 200 times the
rating of the CTs used in the differential scheme for UT.
This high current level would drive CTs into saturation,
resulting in little or no current output to the differential relay.
This blind spot is eliminated by connecting the overall
differential scheme to the secondary (LV) side of the UT as
shown for Project 2.
D. IPBD mounting & placement complexity
Mounting of CT in primary (HV) side of UT from IPBD
has got some complex issues like higher rating, IPBD tapping
GA arrangements and safety. In case of secondary (LV) side,
it is very easy to accommodate CT in a switchgear panel.
Mounting of large size CT inside the HV terminal of UT is
also very difficult proposition.
E. Cost of IPBD mounting arrangement
High rating tapping from IPBD will require more material
and complexity to mount CT in primary (HV) side of UT. As
explained above in D, IPBD tapping involves more cost
compared to normal mounting of CT in HT switchgear at
secondary (LV) side of UT.
So keeping cost part of tapping in mind, CT at secondary
side of UT is preferable.
F. Interposing CT requirement
In case of higher current ratio, interposing CT is required
sometimes. This interposing CT has its own limitation like
accuracy, cost, mounting and maintenance point of view.
Higher current ratio is at primary (HV) side of UT so
Interposing CT is required in that case sometimes. As
accuracy, cost and safety is one more aspect, it is always
better to go for secondary (LV) side of UT for CT mounting.
Numerical relays are having in-built interposing CT
nowadays.
G. CT cost
It is very much understood that CT cost will increase with
increase in CT rating.
 In case of fault to overcome saturation problem, CT core REFERENCES
must be designed for that which will involve cost. D, E and F [1] IEEE/IAS Working Group Report, Part 3, “Protection Methods”
also convey the same. So it can be derived that if CT is [2] “Network Protection & Automation Guide”, Alsthom GEC
mounted on primary (HV) side of UT, cost involved in it will [3] H. Lee Willis, Muhammad H. Rashid, “Protective Relaying Principles
and Applications
be higher compared to CT mounted in UT secondary (LV) for [4] L&T-S&L, Engineering Standards
87OA protection. [5] IEE Std. C37.102-10006, IEEE guide for AC generator protection
-------------------ABOUT THE AUTHORS-------------------
VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Mr. Meet Patel graduated with B.E in
Based on the discussion above, it is observed that CT on Electrical Engineering from Birla
primary (HV) side will have lesser zone of protection for Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering
87OA protection with a blind spot near HV side of UT. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat
Connection complexity including tapping and interposing CT under Sardar Patel University in 2009.
is the major factors to be considered compared to the CT He started his career as Electrical
location on the secondary (LV) side of UT. One major point is Engineer with Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T), Baroda, in
CT on primary (HV) side of UT and its associated work will the field of Power Plant Execution. For two years, he was
be the costlier solution. Whereas cost of CT located on the involved in construction & execution of various national
secondary (LV) side of UT along with its associated work will Power Plant Projects.
be less comparatively. Please refer Table V for the During his academic tenure, he invented and patented a
summarized observation for this issue. novel design of “Multi-Stator and Multi-Rotor Induction
TABLE V Motor”. He has a number of technical publications in national
MAJOR IMPACTS BASED ON CT LOCATION
& international seminars.
CT Location Currently, Mr. Meet Patel is working as a Senior Engineer
Criteria Primary Side Secondary side in Research & Development group under Engineering &
(HV side) of UT (LV side) of UT Technology Dept. of L&T Power, Baroda.
Lower Higher
Zone of Protection
excluding UT including UT
Mr. Ranjan Banerjee graduated B.E
in Electrical Engineering from Bengal
Current ratio and Engineering College, Shibpur, West
Higher Lower
saturation of CT Bengal under Kolkata University in
Possibility of blind Possible at UT 1977.
No blind zone
zone terminal He also obtained his Master degree in
Project Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology (BITS)
IPBD mounting & Pilani, Rajasthan in 1983.
Very complex No complexity
placement complexity
He started his career as Design Engineer in one of the
Cost of IPBD leading Consultancy organisation, Development Consultants
mounting Higher Very low Limited, Kolkata (DCPL) in the field of Power Plant
arrangement Engineering and worked there for fourteen years in various
national and international Power Projects.
Interposing CT
Requires sometime Not required He joined L&T-Sargent & Lundy Limited, Baroda in the
requirement
year 1995 as Manager-Power Projects.
CT cost Higher Lower
He has worked as ‘Head of Engineering’ in L&T-Sargent &
Lundy Limited, Baroda till Sept, 2011.
It is recommended to go for a CT on the secondary (LV) He has wide experience of detail engineering and project
side of UT for overall differential protection (87OA) to have a management for various national and international power
better reliability and economical approach. projects.
VII. CONCLUSION He was assigned to foreign countries like USA, Germany,
Japan, South Korea, and Middle East to provide his power
In this study, the concentrated topics were type of stator
plant expertise in proposal, basic & detail engineering and
earth fault detection methods for large size generator and
field engineering to different Power plant Developers, Owners,
location of CT in UT for overall differential protection.
Engineering Consultants and Financial Institutions.
For stator earth fault protection methodology, it is
Mr. Banerjee is selected as ‘Senior Member’ of IEEE, USA
concluded that one should always go for two different
and ‘Associate Member’ of Indian Institute of Engineers.
methodologies to detect a fault and technology adopted for
He has published a number of articles, technical papers in
backup also must be different from the main one.
national & international seminars and workshops.
Regarding CT location for overall differential protection
Presently, Mr. Banerjee is working as General Manager
(87OA) as a part of unit protection scheme, it is concluded
and Head-Thermal Power Research & Development. He also
that CT mounting on the secondary side of UT is
provides his expertise to Technical Services Group of
recommended due to the comparative benefits.
Engineering & Technology Dept. of L&T-Power.