DATA COMMUNICATIONS CE-307

ASSIGNMENT # 1

Part A (Chapter 1&2)

Done//Question 1: Name the seven layers of the OSI Reference Model. Why did the creators of
the OSI Reference Model decide to have seven layers? Can you propose a better reference model
for computer networks? Find four other models that have been proposed for the same purpose
other than the OSI reference model.

Done//Question 2: Is the network layer implemented in hardware or software and why is it done
that way?

Done//Question 3: Compare and contrast between the transport layer and the data link layer.

Done//Question 4: What is the difference between a router and a gateway?

Done//Question 5: Name the highest layer on which each one of the following entities operates:

1. Four Port Token Ring Bridge

2. Modem
3. FTP Server
4. FTP Client
5. Netmeeting Software
6. Network Interface Card
7. Router
8. Internet Explorer
9. Ethernet Switch
10. Ethernet Hub

Done//Question 6: How many ports are needed for each device? For each of the following four
networks, discuss the consequences if a connection fails.

a. Five devices arranged in a mesh topology

b. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting the hub)
c. Five devices arranged in a bus topology
d. Five devices arranged in a ring topology

Done//Question 7: Performance is inversely related to delay. When you use the Internet, which
of the following applications are more sensitive to delay?

a. Sending an e-mail
b. Copying a file
c. Surfing the Internet

Done//Question 8: When a party makes a local telephone call to another party, is this a point-to-
point or multipoint connection? Explain your answer.
Done//Question 9: In Figure 1, computer A sends a message to computer D via LANl, router Rl,
and LAN2. Show the contents of the packets and frames at the network and datalink layer for
each hop interface.

Done//Question 10: In Figure 1, assume that the communication is between a process running at
computer A with port address i and a process running at computer D with port address j. Show
the contents of packets and frames at the network, data link, and transport layer for each hop.

Part B (Chapter 3)

Done//Question 1: If a binary signal is sent over a 4 kHz telephone channel whose signal to noise
ratio is 30 dB, what is the maximum achievable data rate?

Done//Question 2: What signal to noise ratio is needed to put an T1 carrier on a 100 kHz line?
For the data rate of a T1 signal consult a reference.

Done//Question 3: It is desired to send a sequence of computer screen images over an optical

fiber. The screen is 800 X 600 pixels using 256 colors. There are 30 screen images per second.
How much bandwidth is needed to transmit this signal using binary signaling?

Done//Question 4: How long does it take to transmit an 8 inch by 10 inch image by facsimile
over an ISDN B channel? The facsimile digitizes the image into 400 pixels per inch and assigns
2 bits per pixel. For the data rate of an ISDN consult a reference.

Done//Question 5: Television channels are 6 MHz wide. How many bits/sec can be sent if 8 level
digital signals are used? Assume a noiseless channel.

Done//Question 6: Given a channel with an intended capacity of 25 Mbps. The bandwidth of the
channel is 4 MHz What signal to noise ratio is required in order to achieve this capacity?

Done//Question 7: Suppose that a digitized television picture is to be transmitted from a source

that uses a matrix of 1600 by 1200 picture elements (pixels), where each pixel represents one of
65,536 colors. Assume that 30 pictures (frames) are sent per second.

(a) Find the data rate R of the source in bits per second.
(b) Assume that the picture is to be transmitted over a 10 MHz channel with channel capacity
equal to the data rate required for the signal. If M-ary signaling is to be used to accommodate the
video signal on the channel what smallest value of M is required?

Done//Question 8: Is Nyquist Theorem true for optical fiber, or only for copper wire?

Done//Question 9: [For part (a) and (b) consult text book]

(a) Imagine a Signal travels through a transmission medium and its power is reduced to half.
Calculate the attenuation (loss of power) in dB?
(b) Imagine a Signal travels through an amplifier and its power is increased 10 times. Calculate
the amplification (gain of power) in dB?
(c) We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line. A telephone line
normally has a bandwidth of 3000Hz (300Hz to 3300Hz). The Signal-to-Noise ratio is usually
35dB. For this channel calculate the highest bit rate? If we want to send data faster than this,
what can we do?

Done//Question 10: We measure the performance of a telephone line (4 KHz of bandwidth).

When the signal is 20V, the noise is 6mV. What is the maximum data rate supported by this
telephone line?

Done//Question 11: What is the total delay (latency) for a frame of 10 million bits that is being
sent on a link with 15 routers each having a queuing time of 2ms and the processing time of
1ms? The length of the link is 3000Km. The speed of the light inside the link is 2x10m/s. The
link has a bandwidth of 6 Mbps. Which component of the total delay is dominant? Which one is
negligible?

Done//Question 12: A TV channel has a bandwidth of 6MHz? if we send a digital signal using
one channel, what are the data rates if we once harmonic, three harmonics, and five harmonics?

Done//Question 13: A non-periodic composite signal contains frequencies from 10 to 40 KHz.

The peak amplitude is 12V for the lowest and the highest signals and is 30V for the 20 KHz
signal. Assuming that the amplitudes change gradually from the minimum to the maximum,
draw frequency spectrum.

Done//Question 14: What is the bandwidth of a signal that can be decomposed into five sine
waves with frequencies at 0, 30, 40, 120, and 300Hz? All peak amplitudes are the same. Draw
the bandwidth.

Question 15: Why do we transform and study the signal from Time domain to Frequency
Domain? Explain the advantages of Frequency Domain
Part C (Chapter 4 & 5)

Question 1:Draw the waveform for the following data stream corresponding to NRZ, NRZ-I, ,
Pseudoternary, Manchester, Differential Manchester, Bipolar-AMI with B8ZS and HDB3,
2B1Q, MLT-3 scheme
 10011010000111100000000110

Question 2: What is the difference between bit rate and baud rate? Give an
example where both are the same. Give an example where they are different?

Question 3: In the PCM example taken from the lecture. I want to send the data on 5 bits each
find the Quantization error for each sample and the 5 bits coding for each sample?

Question 4: How does the sampling rate affect the transmitted digital signal?

Question 5: Describe the difference between three subclasses of serial transmission?

Question 6: What factors can improve the quality of data in Delta Modulation. What Trade off
will have to be made to get a better Quality in data.

Question 7: What are the reasons of performing Block coding of data before its transmition?

Question 8 : We have an available bandwidth which spans from 500 to 1500 kHz. What should
be the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using FSK with d = 1?

Question 9: A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced points on a circle. If the bit
rate is 5kbps, what is the baud rate?

Question 10: Compute the baud rate for a 384kbps 64-QAM signal.
Question11: Draw the constellation diagram having the following points. Also mention the type
of modulation and how many bits per baud can be sent with each constellation.
1. (4,5) and (8,10)
2. (4,4) and (-4,4)

Question12: What is the advantage of QAM over ASK or PSK?

Question 13: What kind of information can be obtained from a constellation diagram?

Question 14: How is baud rate related to transmission bandwidth in QAM?

Question 15: What is the major factor that makes PSK superior to ASK?

Question 16: How does AM differ from ASK?

Question 17: Compare the FM bandwidth with AM bandwidth in terms of the Modulating signal

Question 18: What is the purpose of a carrier signal in modulation?