UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

THERMOFLUID LAB
(CGE 536)

NAME : AFRINA BINTI ABDULLAH 2017466176

AMIR AZIM BIN MOHD ISRAPIL 2017466174
MUHAMMAD HAZIQ HAIKAL BIN AHMAD TAMIZI 2017466044
NUR MOHAMMAD SHAHRUL IKRAM BIN MOHD NOR 2017466164
GROUP : EH 243 3
EXPERIMENT : FLOW OVER WEIR
DATE PERFORMED : 10 APRIL 2018
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME : EH 243
SUBMIT TO : MDM. NUR SHUHADAH BINTI JAPPERI

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendation 5
12 Reference/Appendix 5
100

Remarks: Checked
By:

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Abstract / Summary …………………………………………………………………...1

2.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...…2

3.0 Aims / Objectives ……………………………………………………………………..4

4.0 Theory ………………………………………………………………………………...5

5.0 Apparatus ……………………………………………………………………………..7

6.0 Procedures ……………………………………………………………………...……..9

7.0 Result …………………………………………………………………………….…..12

8.0 Calculations ………………………………………………………………………….16

9.0 Discussion …………………………………………………………………...………17

10.0 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….…………20

11.0 Recommendations …………………………………………………………..……….21

12.0 References …………………………………………………………………….……..22

13.0 Appendices …………………………………………………………………….…….23

1.0 ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

1
2.0 INTRODUCTION

2
3.0 AIMS / OBJECTIVES

The objective of the experiment is to demonstrate the flow characteristics over two
types of notch which is rectangular notch and ‘V’ notch and to determine the discharge
coefficients.

3
4.0 THEORY

4
5.0 APPARATUS

VERNIER GAUGE STILLING BAFFLE

RECTANGULAR NOTCH V-NOTCH

5
6.0 PROCEDURES

General Start-up Procedures.

1. Make sure the hydraulic bench pump was securely connected.

2. The collection tank drain valve was ensured left open to allow flow discharge back
into sump tank.

3. The flow over weirs apparatus on the hydraulic bench was set up

4. The thumb nuts that securing the rectangular notch weir plate was ensured fully
secured.

General Shut Down Procedures.

1. Hydraulic bench flow control and water supply was closed.

2. The residue water was removed from channel and sump tank by ensuring the drain
tank valve was left open

Experiment 1: Flow Characteristics Over Weirs.

1. The weir apparatus on the hydraulic bench was level and the rectangular notch weir
was installed.

2. The hydraulic bench flow control valve was slowly opened to admit water to the
channel until the water discharges over the weir plate.

3. The water level was ensured even with the crest of the weir.

4. Flow control valve closed and allow water level to stabilize.

5. The Vemier Gauge was set to a datum reading using the top of the hook. The gauge
positioned about half way between the notch plate and stilling baffle.

6. Admit water to the channel. The water flow was adjusted by using the hydraulic
bench flow control valve to obtain heads (H).

7. After the water flow condition stabilized, head readings was taken in every increasing
of about 1 cm.

8. Step 4 and 5 was repeated for different flow rate.

9. Reading of volume and time using the volumetric tank to determine flow rate was
taken.

10. The rectangular notch was replaced with ‘V’ notch after the experiment completed.

11. Result was recorded in the tables.

6
 7.0 RESULT

Rectangular Notch

Time (s)
Volume Height Average Flow Rate, Log H Log Q
Q⅔ (m³/s) Cd H/B
(L) H (m) T1 T2 T3 Time (s) Q (m³/s) (m) (m³/s)

5 0.01 80 82 77 79.67 6.28 x 10-5 -2.00 -4.20 1.58 x 10-3 0.71 0.33
5 0.02 25 85 24 44.67 -4 -3
1.12 x 10 -1.70 -3.95 2.32 x 10 0.47 0.67
5 0.03 14 15 14 14.33 3.49 x 10-4 -1.52 -3.46 4.96 x 10-3 0.76 1.00
5 0.04 10 10 9 9.67 5.17 x 10-4 -1.40 -3.29 6.44 x 10-3 0.72 1.33
Table 8.1: Result from experiment using rectangular notch.

Q⅔ against H
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
Q ⅔ (m³/s)

0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
H (m)

Graph 8.1: Q⅔ against H

Log Q against log H

0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 -0.5 0
-1
-1.5
Log Q (m³/s)

-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
Log H (m)

Graph 8.2: Log Q against log H

7
 Cd against H
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Cd

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
H (m)

Graph 8.3: Cd against H

V notch

Volume Height, Time (s) Average Flow Rate, Q⅖

Cd
(L) H (m) T1 T2 T3 Time (s) Q (m³/s) (m³/s)
5 0.01 123 127 137 129 3.88 x 10-5 0.02 1.64
5 0.02 34 35 36 35 1.43 x 10-4 0.03 1.07
5 0.03 15 14 14 14.33 3.49 x 10-4 0.04 0.95
5 0.04 7 7 7 7 7.14 x 10-4 0.06 0.94
Table 8.2: Result from experiment using V notch

Q⅖ against H
0.07
0.06
0.05
Q⅖ (m³/s)

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
H (m)

Graph 8.4: Q⅖ against H

8
8.0 CALCULATION

9
9.0 DISCUSSION

Notch or weirs is a barrier across a horizontal width of an area where there is open
channels. There are many designs of weirs that can be found but for this experiment we only
used two types of weirs, rectangular notch and V- notch.

V-notch is weirs that have triangular shaped and sharped opening. The V-
notch design caused small changes in discharge to have a large change in depth which
allowing more accurate head measurement. Rectangular notch is the most commonly used
compare to v-notch. But the head measurement of rectangular notch is less accurate
compared to v-notch.

Weirs are installed in open channels such as streams to discharge flow rate or volume
flow rate, Q. Discharge or volume flow rate, Q directly related to the water depth, h as shown
in the figures above. There is different formula for each of the weirs, rectangular and V-
notch.

Volume flow rate, Q ( Rectangular Notch ),

2 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐵√2𝑔𝐻 2
3

10
Volume flow rate, Q ( V-notch ),

8 𝜃 5
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔 tan 𝐻 2
15 2

All the graph needed has been plotted in the results. From the results of the
rectangular notch, we can observe that the coefficient of discharge, Cd is not constant, but the
values is not in wide range between one height to another. The average value of Cd for
rectangular notch is 0.67. When the Cd values is not constant for each of the H, a functional
equation needed to be created to obtain the values of k and n from the empirical formula.

𝑄 =kHn

In order to find the value of k and n, a power fit or trend line in Excel needed to be
used.

Q⅔ against H
0.007

0.006 y = 0.1811x1.0519

0.005

0.004
Q⅔

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
H

Based on the graph obtained, we can determine k is 0.1811 and n is 1.0519.

11
 As for the V-notch result, we also can observe that the Cd is not constant. The values
have wide range to each other. The average values of Cd is 1.15. Since the Cd is not constant,
a functional equation needed to be created to obtain the values of k and n from the empirical
formula.

𝑄 =kHn

In order to find the value of k and n, a power fit or trend line in Excel needed to be
used.

Q⅖ against H
0.05

0.045 y = 1.5912x1.2713
0.04

0.035
Q⅖

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
H

Based on the graph obtained, we can determine k is 1.5912 and n is 1.2713.

12
10.0 CONCLUSION

13
11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

14
12.0 REFERENCES

15
13.0 APPENDICES

16