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HEREDITY
• P/F1/F2 generations
Keys to Mendel’s success
–Vigorous growth
–Self fertilization
• Mendel analysed traits with discrete alternative forms (one of two options)
• Crosses were made between white flowered and purple flowered plants.
• Pollens from the purple flowers were placed onto the stigma of white
flower.
• All the seeds in the pod resulted from this pollination were hybrids.
LAW OF SEGREGATION
• A cross involving the F1 individuals with either of the two parents is called
back cross.
• The cross between F1 and recessive parent is called test cross (Pp X pp).
• All the test crosses are back cross but all the back crosses are not a test
cross
• Mendel crossed a pea plant producing Round yellow seeds with one
producing green and wrinkled seeds of pure breed variety.
• The factors for two or more pairs of contrasting characters are distributed
independently of one another at the time of gamete formation.
RY Ry rY ry
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
Round Round Wrinkled Wrinkled
Yellow Green Yellow Green
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Mitosis
Meiosis
Meiosis
Meiosis
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
• The hereditary material must reside within the nuclei of the gametes.
44 autosomes
2 sex chromosomes
• In 1910 the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan, studying the fly
Drosophila melanogaster,
• He detected a mutant fly, a male fly that differed strikingly from normal
flies of the same species.
• Morgan’s discovery of a white eyed trait that correlated with the sex of flies
was a key episode in the development of the chromosome theory of
inheritance.
Morgan’s Experimental evidence
Recombination of linked genes crossing over
Genetic disorder
Down syndrome
Alterations in chromosomal structure
Alterations in chromosomal structure
Chromosomal translocations
Pedigree analysis
• Collecting the information about a family’s history for a particular trait and
assembling this information into a family tree describing the traits of
parents and children across the generations is the family pedigree.
Pedigree of dominant trait