Hybrid Indirect Transmission

HIT architecture consists of one or more cluster which is used to compute both
single and multi-hop route. For data transmission HIT use parallel transmission
which reduce energy consumption and network delay. HIT algorithm makes sure
that adjacent clusters do not interrupt parallel transmission. HIT reduce overhead
by using aggregation techniques.

The protocol, named Hybrid Indirect Trans- mission (HIT), is based on an

architecture consisting of one or more clusters that cooperatively compute
multiple, multi-hop indirect transmission routes. In order to minimize both energy
consumption and network delay, parallel transmissions.

adjacent clusters do not prevent this mechanism from working. To accom- plish
this, each sensor independently computes a medium access controlling TDMA
schedule.

HIT uses data aggregation techniques that///// and which reduce the overhead of
a broadcast approach for the flow of data from the sensors to the observer.

The advantages of using clustering in LEACH are increased energy efficiency, since
only the cluster heads communicate to the base station

LEACH the number of simultaneous transmis- sions is equal to the number of

clusters

HIT nodes transmit indirectly to the cluster-head by using a multi-hop route from
each node to the cluster-head.

One way to reduce delay is through the use of parallel transmissions, and HIT
attains a higher level of parallelism

Using an intelligent scheduling algorithm that allows multiple, parallel indirect

transmissions across multiple, adjacent clusters with collision avoidance.
ATTEMPT
For normal patient data ATTEMPT scheme uses multi-hop communication but for
emergency and on-demand data ATTEMPT uses direct communication between
sensor node and sink node. Real-time traffic is required for emergency data
because delay can create real trouble. Direct communication is used for normal
data because it causes in increase of temperature of nodes which effect human
tissue.

The proposed routing algorithm is thermal-aware which sense the link Hot-spot
and routes the data away from these links.

In direct commu- nication, increase in temperature of sensor nodes may affect

human tissues. The storage delay (due to topolog- ical disconnections) and
congestion delay increase delay in multi-hop communication.

Using this energy management sensor nodes increase their transmission range
and directly communicate with sink node for critical data delivery. For normal
data delivery multi-hop communication is used.

RAIN
Routing Algorithm of homogenous networks and id-less biomedical sensor

The main feature of rain scheme is it keeps away node with high temperature
from sensor nodes. This helps in increasing packet throughput and keep reduce
the energy consumption. RAIN uses different routing phases where each routed
packet include T, R, and N information. T represent when packet is generated, R
shows random number generator and N represent sender Id. Packets are always
discarded if transmission conditions are not satisfied.

M-ATTEMPT
M-ATTEMPT reduce energy consumption by sending ordinary data using multi-hop
communication for ordinary data and single hop for critical data. During single hop
communication when node temperature increases to threshold value then it uses multi-hop
communication for critical data. In such case ordinary wait until the critical data is send
successfully to sink. This scheme consumes more energy and increases the node temperature,
also results high delay and packet loss.

LOCALMOR
LOCALMOR schemes collect patient data using primary and secondary sink. The
proposed protocol divides data into 4 different levels according to patient health.
The level 1 contain ordinary data patient such temperature. The level 2 consists of
reliability sensitive data. Level 2 data need to send on urgency basis to medical
server. The level 3 data is delay sensitive traffic which needs more attention as
compare to level 1 and level 2. The level 4 data is critical data and which need
attention higher then all level. No mechanism is describe for energy consumption
in this protocols.
DMQOS
Data-centric multi-objective QoS-aware routing protocol

DMQoS divides service into modules to achieve high scalability and QoS. Intermediate nodes are used to
verify path instead of discovering complete route of destination. Modules include Regular data Packets,
Reliability-Driven Data Packets, Delay Driven Data packets and Critical Data Packets. All module data is
send through based on first come, first serve. This scheme consumes high energy during verification of
path and also has large overhead for verification of route path.

OPPORTUNISTIC Routing Protocol

OPPORTUNISTIC Routing scheme installs three different types of sensors on different body location.
Body location include chest and oon

The Opportunistic Routing protocol [39] is used for three types of sensor nodes for body
communication. The first type of sensor node is the routine BMSs which are installed on the chest of a
patient to monitor different vital signs. The sink and relay nodes (intermediate) are the second and third
types of nodes respectively which are installed on the wrist position of the patient hand for efficient
communication between nodes. The purpose of wrist nodes is to provide connectivity of sudden
changes in the positions of nodes due to walk, sleep, hand-shakes and run etc. These positions change
the structures of the topology between nodes. Therefore, there are two types of antennas installed
between nodes that are: Line of Sight (LOS) and None-Line of Sight (NLOS) [39]. If the chest node wants
to transmit data to a sink, then this node will first verify whether the wrist sink is on LOS or NLOS
direction. Each transmission uses RTS (request-to- send) message to a wrist hand sink. If the wrist hand
sink is in LOS direction, then the wrist sink will reply back with ACK (acknowledgment) within the
predefined interval to the chest node in which a chest node can transmit data. Otherwise the sink will
not receive RTS message from the chest node and similarly, the chest node will also not receive ACK
message from the sink in the specified interval. However, this scheme consumes a high energy of nodes
due to LOS and NLOS which degrades the network performance in terms of high delay and low data
reliability.