Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Advanced Electrical Principles

Laboratory Practical-
SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS (STAR -DELTA) USING PSPICE

SURNAMME : KAYOMBO

NAME : BRIAN

PROGRAME : 08BEET

STUDENT NUMBER: 218103352

DUE DATE : 23/05/2019

INTRODUCTION

When we measure voltage and current in three-phase systems, we need to be specific as to

where we’re measuring. Line voltage refers to the amount of voltage measured between any
two line conductors in a balanced three-phase system. With the above circuit, the line voltage
is roughly 208 volts. Phase voltage refers to the voltage measured across any one component
(source winding or load impedance) in a balanced three-phase source or load. The terms line
current and phase current follows the same logic: the former referring to the current through
any one line conductor, and the latter to the current through any one component.

Y-connected sources and loads always have line voltages greater than phase voltages, and line
currents equal to phase currents. If the Y-connected source or load is balanced, the line voltage
will be equal to the phase voltage times the square root of 3:

OBJECTIVES

 To familiarize and instruct myself on the use the use of PSpice.

 To use PSpice to analyze electrical circuits.

EQUIPMENT LIST:

 Computer/laptop
 PSpice software
PROCEDURE
We were asked to draw the following circuit in the software by following a few guided steps

1. We opened the Capture CIS went to File on the menu and selected “New” and then “Project.
2. We then followed the normal procedures setting up the workspace and built the circuit as
shown in the figure 1.
3. under the source use“Vsin” to build the three-phase voltages. Once the Vsin part is on the
schematic, double click on it to assign its parameter values:
AC=0 DC=0 FREQ=50 PHASE=0 VAMPL=220 VOFF=0
Note that the other two Vsin voltages should have the same parameter values as above except
their phases (for VY and VB) should be + 120° and -120°, respectively.
4. In the setup window, Time Domain (Transient) was selected as Analysis type and entered the
following values for the simulation settings and then hit OK
Run to time=1050 ms, Start saving data after=1000 ms, Maximum step size=0.1ms
Checkeked the box for the “Skip the initial transient bias point calculation (SKIPBP)”
6. Run Pspice Simulation by selecting “Run” under “Pspice” on the menu. Once the simulation is
completed, a Probe window will appear.
7. To show various waveforms (voltage, current, power) from the schematic, we went back to the
schematic window and then place the markers or probes to any place of your interest on the
schematic. The probes are located just below the top menu and there are four probes available:
voltage (V), voltage differential (V+V-), current (I) and power (W). Note that you should run
your simulation again every time you add or remove probes.
8.. By use of voltage probes, run the simulation to show the relationship between the phase
voltages.
9. By taking one phase as the reference run the simulation to show the relationship between the
phase voltage and the line voltage (line-line voltage).
10. Run the simulation to show the relationship between the phase current and line current for
each type of load. Explain the phase relationships between the voltages and currents
19. Plot the waveform of Red phase load current Versus Voltage across it. Rescale the current
waveform by a factor of 10 to see the current waveform more clearly and copy the waveforms to
FINDING/RESULTS
Simulated circuits and all graphs

 The line currents (IR, IY, IB) and (In) in peak values
The graph below shows the relationship of the three above stated currents when measured
across their respective lines

 To show various waveforms (voltage, current, power) from the schematic, we went back
to the schematic window and then placed the markers or probes to any place of our
interest on the schematic. The probes are located just below the top menu and there are
four probes available: voltage (V), voltage differential (V+V-), current (I) and power (W).

 The relationship of the voltages in the system

The graph below shows the relationship of the voltages acting in the system from the
three respective sources. It is imperative that we first appreciate how these voltages look
before we begin to compare them with their respective phases
The waveforms above represent the voltages from the sources and how they relate to each. As can
be seen the graphs show the angles which separates them versus the amplitude.

 The simulation was run every time probes were added or removed

 By taking one phase as the reference run the simulation to show the relationship between
(line-line voltages).

The waves above show the relationship between the phase voltage and the line voltage

As the system is balanced, a balanced system means that in all the three phases, i.e.,
R, Y and B, the equal amount of current flows through them.
Therefore, the three voltages ENR, ENY and ENB are equal in magnitude but displaced
from one another by 120 degrees electrical

 Run the simulation to show the relationship between the phase current and line current for
each type of load. Explain the phase relationships between the voltages and currents
 The same current flows through phase winding as well as in the line conductor as it is
connected in series with the phase winding. Hence, in a 3 Phase system of Star
Connections, the Line Current is equal to Phase Current.

 Phase relationships between the voltages and currents

 When capacitors or inductors are involved in an AC circuit, the current and voltage
do not peak at the same time. The fraction of a period difference between the peaks
expressed in degrees is said to be the phase difference. The phase difference is <= 90
degrees. It is customary to use the angle by which the voltage leads the current. This
leads to a positive phase for inductive circuits since current lags the voltage in an
inductive circuit. The phase is negative for a capacitive circuit since the current leads
the voltage.
Unbalanced Star to Delta

The line currents (IR, IY, IB) and (In) in peak values

 The relationship of the voltages in the system

The graph below shows the relationship of the voltages acting in the system from the
three respective sources. It is imperative that we first appreciate how these voltages look
before we begin to compare them with their respective phases

The waveforms above represent the voltages from the sources and how they relate to each. As can
be seen the graphs show the angles which separates them versus the amplitude.

 I was asked to rescale the current waveform by a factor of 10 to see the current waveform
more clearly. This was done by double clicking the name of the current waveform I (R4).

By taking one phase as the reference run the simulation to show the relationship between ( line-
line voltages).
  Run the simulation to show the relationship between the phase current and line current for
each type of load. Explain the phase relationships between the voltages and currents

Explain the phase relationships between the voltages and currents in an unbalanced three
phase
In an unbalanced three phase system consisting of inductors, the voltages and the currents
are in phase with each other which is the other opposite of the situation in the balanced
three phase in which they are out of phase.

Armed with prior knowledge of how a three phase is works, the simulation was done
according to the instructions given, the results of the graphs obtained show and conform with
what was expected at the start of the simulation. The line currents when measured showed
that they added up to the total circuit current.
The unbalanced circuit also conformed to standards by having varying power in the lines and
the currents measured in the lines and the phases showed that the currents varied from line to
line conforming to the expected standards.

Conclusion
 The simulation though worked as expected even though the values did not exactly
match the calculated values. This deviation can be attributed to the user’s vast
inexperience in using the software but with time, subsequent labs will begin to more
and more accurate.
 The overall circuit workability was success with the graphs being taken for all
voltage, current and power readings as requested. The results showed the already
known fact that current in a balanced network is equal in all the lines hence the
current in the neutral line is equal to zero
 In the unbalanced mode, the three phase circuit’s parameters were taken and the
graphs attached for all the parameters requested, this also did not conform accurately
but was within acceptable levels of tolerance error.
 The currents in the lines was not equal as per measurement as well and the current in
the neutral was measured it was found to be the balance of the three phase circuit
current when the sum of I1+I2+I3 was taken, the result then subtracted from the
overall current, the balanced was found to be in the neutral.

References
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2018/08/01/effects-of-unbalanced-electrical-load-part1/
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-current-flow-in-an-unbalanced-three-phase-system

Post –Lab question

How do your simulation results compare with your calculated ones from the Prelab?
  They measured results actually confirm to a good degree with the calculated results
meaning the circuit simulation was done up to the acceptable standard.

From unbalanced three phase simulation, which line is carrying more current and what is value of
the current?

 The ry line is carrying more current of which its value is 10 *√3 = 18

What are disadvantages of unbalanced systems?

 Increase Neutral Return Current

The unequal distribution of loads between the three phases of the system cause the
flow of unbalanced currents in the system, that produce unbalanced voltage drops
on the electric lines. This increase in neutral current which cause line losses.

 Voltage or Current Shift

If the system is unbalanced, negative-sequence components or zero-sequence
components or both may exist in the system.

 Excessive power loss

The unbalance Voltage always causes extra power loss in the system. The higher the
voltage unbalance is the more power is dissipated means higher power bills.
The imbalance of current will increase the I2R Losses

 Motor failure
In general, a three-phase motor fed by a balanced three-phase voltage with only
positive-sequence component which produces only positive-sequence torque.
The negative-sequence voltage caused by voltage imbalance produces opposite
torque and leads to motor vibration and noise.
Heat generated by Unbalance Voltage may also reduce the Motor life