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APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE
Syllabus in IIT JEE : Tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions,
maximum and minimum values of a function, applications of Rolle's theorem and
Lagrange's Mean value theorem.
dy
TANGENT & NORMAL : (Define) ; tan =
dx P
(1) Equation of a tangent at P (x1, y1)
dy
y – y1 = ( x x1 )
dx x1 , y1
*
(2) Equation of normal at (x1, y1) NOTE :
1
y – y1 = – (x – x1)
dy
dx x1 , y1
* dy
If dx
x1 , y1
exists. However in some cases
dx
dy
fails to exist but still a tangent can be
drawn e.g. case of vertical tangent. Also (x1, y1) must le on the tangent, normal line as
well as on the curve.
Immediate examples
2
(1) A line is drawn touching the curve y – = 0. Find the line if its slope/gradient is 2.
3 x
[Ans. y – 2x + 2 = 0; y – 2x + 10 = 0]
(2) Find the tangent and normal for x2/3 + y2/3 = 2 at (1, 1).
[Ans. T : x + y = 2 and N : x – y = 0]
(3) If the equation of the curve is represented parametrically
dx dy
i.e. x = f (t) and y = g (t) where = f ' (t) and = g ' (t), {f ' (t) 0} then
dt dt
dy dy dt g' ( t ) dy dt
= dx dt = and the equation of the tangent is y – g (t) = dx dt {(x – f (t)}.
dx f ' (t)
e.g. Find tangent to x = a sin3t and y = a cos3t at t = /2. [Ans. y=0 or x = at2 & y = 2at]
Note that the point (x1, y1) must lie on the equation of the curve the tangent and normal.
IMPORTANT NOTES TO REMEMBER:
dy
(a) If = 0 tangent is parallel to x-axis and converse.
dx x1 , y1
dy a
If tangent is parallel to ax + by + c = 0 =–
dx b
dy dx
(b) If dx or = 0 tangent is perpendicular to x-axis.
x1 , y1 dy x
1 , y1
dy
(5) If tangent cuts off from the coordinate axes equal distance from the origin = ± 1.
dx
(6) Which of the following cases the function f (x) has a vertical tangent at x = 0.
(i) f (x) = x1/3 (ii) f (x) = sgn x (iii) f (x) = x2/3
0 if x 0
(iv) f (x) = | x | (v) f (x) = 1 if x 0
[Sol. Vertical Tangent:
Concept: y = f (x) has a vertical tangent at the point x = x0 if
f (x 0 h) f (x 0 )
Lim = or – but not both
h 0 h
for example the functions
f (x) = x1/3 and f (x) = sgn x both have a vertical tangent at x = 0
0 if x 0
but f (x) = x2/3; f (x) = | x | and f (x) = 1 if x 0 have no vertical tangent
Explanation:
(i) f (x) = x1/3
h1 3 1
f ' (0+) = Lim = 23
h0 h h
13
x 0 is a vertical tangent
( h ) 1
f '(0–) = Lim =
h 0 h h2 3
1 if x 0
(ii) f (x) = sgn x = 0 if x 0
1 if x 0
1 0
f ' (0+) = Lim
h 0 h
x 0 is a vertical tangent
1
– Lim
f ' (0 ) = h 0
h
(iii) f (x) = x2/3
h2 3
f ' (0+) = Lim
h0 h
23
no vertical tangent at x 0
(h ) 1
f ' (0–) = Lim =– –
h 0 h h2 3
Bansal Classes Page # 2
x if x 0
(iv) f (x) = | x | =
x if x 0
h 0
f ' (0+) = Lim
h 0 h
no vertical tangent at x 0
h
f ' (0 ) = Lim
– –
h 0 h
0 if x 0
(v) f (x) = 1 if x 0
11
f ' (0+) = Lim =0
h 0 h
no vertical tangent at x 0
0 1
f ' (0 ) = Lim
– = – ]
h 0 h
(7) OT is called the initial ordinate of the tangent
dy
Y–y= (X – x)
dx
put X = 0 to get
dy
Y = OT = y – x (It is the y intercept of a tangent at P)
dx
(8) If a curve passes through the origin, then the equation of the tangent at the origin can be
directly written by equating to zero the lowest degree terms appearing in the equation of
the curve.
e.g. in
(i) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
equation of tangent is gx + fy = 0
(ii) x3 + y3 – 3x2y + 3xy2 + x2 – y2 = 0
equation of tangents at origin are x2 – y2 = 0
(iii) Equation of tangents to x3 + y2 – 3xy = 0 are xy = 0
Note: If the curve is x4 + y4 = x2 + y2, then the equation of the tangent would be
x2 + y2 = 0 which would indicate that the origin is an isolated point on the graph.
Proof : Let the equation of the curve be
a1x + b1y + a2x2 + b2xy + c2y2 = 0 ....(1)
y1
Tangent : y – 0 = Lim ( x 0)
x1 0 x1
y1 0
Concept: F(x)=f(x)·g(x) are such that f (x) is continuous at x = a and g(x) is differentiable at
x = a with g(a)=0 then the product function f(x)·g(x) is diffenentiable at x = a ]
2.(a) Equation of the normal to the curve x2 = 4y which passes through (1, 2).
[Ans. x + y = 3] [2x + y = 4 is using]
2
(b) normals to the curve x = 4y which passes through (4, – 1).
x2 if x 1
(c) Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve f (x) = x 2 x 1 if x 1 at x =1
if it exists. [Ans. T : x – y – 2 = 0; x + y = 0]
(f is continuous and differentiable at x = 1 and f ' (1) = 1)
3. A curve in the plane is defined by the parametric eqautions x = e2t + 2e–t and
y = e2t + et. An equation for the line tangent to the curve at the point t = ln 2 is
(A) 5x – 6y = 7 (B) 5x – 3y = 7 (C*) 10x – 7y = 8 (D) 3x – 2y = 3
2x
4. Tangent to the curve y = sin–1 at x = 3
1 x2
2
if 1 x 1
dy 1 x2
=
dx 2
if x 1 or x 1
1 x2
8. Show that the portion of the tangent to the curve x = a cos3 and y = a sin3 intercepted
between the coordinate axes is constant. [Ans. l = a ]
e2
9. If y = ex and y = kx2 touches each other, find k. [Ans. k = ]
4
Home work after 1st lecture: Exercise-6.3 (NCERT, Part-I)
dy1 dy 2 dy1 dy 2
If = – 1 but –1
dx P dx P dx Q dx Q
then the two curves are orthogonal at P but not at Q hence they are not orthogonal.
e.g. y2 = 4ax & y = e x 2a ; xy = a2 & x2 – y2 = b2 and y = ax & x2 + y2 = c2 are
orthogonal but y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4by are not orthogonal.
Note: If the curves touch at P then = 0 hence f ' (x1) = g ' (x1).
1
2. Find the angle between the curve 2y2 = x3 and y2 = 32x [Ans.
]
2
Note: Also see that tangent at the origin on 2y2 = x3 is y2 = 0 i.e. y = 0 i.e. x-axis and
tangent to y2 = 32 x at the origin is x = 0 angle between the two curves at the origin
is 90°]
3. Find the condition for the two concentric ellipses a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 and a2x2 + b2y2 = 1
1 1 1 1
to intersect orthogonally. [Ans. a a = b b ]
2 1 2 1
4. Find the condition for the line y = mx to cut at right angles the conic
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 1. Hence find the direction of the axes of the conic.
dy
(iv) Subnormal : MG = MP tan y = y
dx
ILLUSTRATION
1. Show that for the curve by2 = (x + a)3 the square of the subtangent varies as the
subnormal.
2. Show that at any point on the hyperbola xy = c2 , the subtangent varies as the abscissa
and the subnormal varies as the cube of the ordinate of the point of contact.
5. The height h of a right circular cone is 20 cm and is decreasing at the rate of 4 cm/sec.
At the same time, the radius r is 10 cm and is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. Find the
400
rate of change of the volume in cm3/sec. [Ans. ]
3
3. MONOTONICITY IN AN INTERVAL :
For an increasing function in some interval,
if x > 0 y > 0 or x < 0 y < 0
then f is said to be monotonic (strictly) increasing in that interval. In other words if y
dy dy
and x have the same sign i.e. > 0, for increasing function. Hence if > 0 in
dx dx
some J (interval) then y is said to be increasing function in that J and conversely if f (x)
dy
is increasing in some J then > 0 in that J.
dx
dy
Similarly if < 0 in some J then y is decreasing in that J and conversely..
dx
Hence to find the intervals of monotonocity for a function y = f (x) one has to find
dy dy dy
and solve the inequality, > 0 or < 0. The solution of this inequality gives
dx dx dx
the interval of monotonocity.
9. Let f : (0, ) (0, ) be a derivable function and F (x) is the premitve of f (x) such
that 2F( x ) f (x ) = f 2 (x) for any real positive x.
f (x)
(A*) f is strictly increasing (B*) Lim =1
x x
(C) f is strictly decreasing (D) f is non monotonic
4. GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE OF A FUNCTION :
If a continuous function y = f (x) is strictly increasing in the
closed interval [a, b] then
f (a) is the least value. (figure - 1)
|||ly f (b) is the greatest value of f (x) in [a, b]
If f (x) is decreasing in [a, b] then f (b) is the least and f (a)
is the greatest value of f (x) in [a, b].(figure - 2)
However if f (x) is non monotonic in [a, b] and is continuous
then the greatest and least value of f (x) in [a, b] are those
where f ' (x) = 0 or
f '(x) does not exist or at the extreme values. (figure - 3)
ILLUSTRATIONS :
Find the greatest and the least values of the continuous function (1 to 4) given below in
the indicated intervals.
2 1
1. f (x) = e x 4 x 3 in [– 5, 5] [Ans. M at x = – 5 & f (–5) = e48; m at x = 2 & f (2) = ]
e
x
5 4
2.(a) y = (3 sin t 4 cos t )dt in ,
5 4 3
4
3 1 4
[Ans. 2 3 at x = which is the least value ; greatest value = zero ]
2 2 3
6. Find the image of interval [–1, 3] under the mapping specified by the function
f (x) = 4x3 – 12x Ans. [–8, 72]
3 b3 b 2 b 1
x ,0 x 1
b 2 3b 2
7. Let f (x) =
2x 3 ,1 x 3
Find all possible real values of b such that f (x) has the smallest value at x = 1.
[ Ans: b ( 2, 1) [1 , )]
5. ESTABLISHING INEQUALITIES :
Notion of monotonocity helps is establishing variety of inequalities involving algebraic
and transcidental function with much greater ease.
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. 2 sin x + tan x 3x (0 x < )
2
x
2. Find the set of values of x for which ln(1 + x) > [Ans. (–1, 0) (0, )]
1 x
tan x x
3. > for 0 < x < . [T/S]
x sin x 2
4. Establish the inequality given below by examining the sign of the derivative of an
2 1 1
appropriate function: < n 1 for x > 0
2x 1 x x
1
6. Find the smallest positive constant A such that ln x Ax2 for all x > 0. [Ans. ]
2e
Remarks:
1. Converse of Rolle's theorem is Not true i.e. f ' (x) may vanish at a point within (a, b)
without satisfying all the three conditions of Rolle's Theorem.
2. The three conditions are sufficient but not necessary for f ' (x) = 0 for some x in (a, b)
3. If the function y = f (x) defined over [a, b] does not satisfy even one of the 3 conditions
then Rolle's Theorem fails i.e. there may or may not exist point in (a, b) where f ' (x) = 0.
c b c b
(C) f ( t ) dt – f ( t ) dt = f (c) 2c (a b) (D) f ( t ) dt + f ( t ) dt = f (c) 2c (a b)
a c a c
5. If f (x) and g (x) are continuous on [a, b] and derivable in (a, b) then show that
f (a ) f ( b ) f (a ) f ' (c )
g (a ) g( b) = (b – a) g (a ) g ' (c) where a < c < b
6. If y = f (x) is twice differentiable function such that f (a) = f (b) = 0, and f (x) > 0
x (a, b), then
(A*) f ''(c) < 0 for some c (a, b) (B) f '' (c) > 0 c (a, b)
(C) f (c) = 0 for some c (a, b) (D) none
h (x) = (x – b) ( x b) f ( t ) dt ( x a ) g ( t ) dt
a x
find h ' (x). Show that h (a) = h(b) and apply Rolles Theorem for h (x). ]
x 2 5x 4 ( x 4)( x 1)
3. f (x) = 2 =
x 2x 3 ( x 3)( x 1)
x 1
1 x 1
x 1
N.D. at x 1,1
| x 1|
4. y= =
| x | 1 1 x 1 0 x 1
x 1
1 x x 1
x 0, x 1
( x 1) x 1
Home Work :
x2 x 2 2x 11 x 2 2x 3
(1) f (x) = (2) f (x) = (3) f (x) =
2 x 2 3x 6 2( x 3) x 2 2x 8
2
x 3x 2 2
x x 1 x2 1
(4) f (x) = (5) f (x) = 2 (6) f (x) =
x2 x 6 x x 1 x 2 3x
However dy
if for x a, 0 x a is the point of local maxima
dx
(in the imm. nbd) derivative changes sign from ve to – ve
crossing over the point x a to L R L M
dy
and for x a , 0
dx
(in the imm. nbd)
and if dy
for x b, 0
dx
(in the imm. nbd) x b is the po int of local min ima
dy
and x b, 0
dx
(in the imm. nbd)
Hence if
f (a h)> 0
x a is a point of local maxima, where f ' (a) 0
and f (a h)<0 (f must be continuous at x a) h is a
sufficiently
small positive
f (b h)<0 quantity
Similarly x a is a point of local minima, where f ' (b) 0 .
f (b h)>0 (f must be continuous at x a)
However, if f (x) does not change sign i.e. has the same sign in a certain complete
neighbourhood of c, then f(x) is either strictly increasing or decreasing throughout this
neighbourhood implying that f(c) is not an extreme value of f. e.g. f (x) = x3 at x = 0.
(D) USE OF SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVE IN ASCERTAINING THE MAXIMA
OR MINIMA FOR A DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTION:
EXPLANATION :
As shown in the figure it is clear that as x increases from a – h to a + h, the function
dy
continuously decreases, i.e. (+) ve for x < a, zero at x = a and (–) ve for x > a.
dx
dy d2 y
Hence itself is a decreasing function. Therefore < 0 in (a – h, a + h).
dx dx 2
dy d2y
Hence at local maxima, = 0 and < 0.
dx dx 2
f ' (a) = 0 and f ''(a) < 0
dy d2y
similarly at local minima, = 0 and 2 > 0.
dx dx
i.e. f ' (b) = 0 and f '' (b) > 0
Bansal Classes Page # 20
Hence if
(a) f (a) is a maximum value of the function f then f ' (a) = 0 & f " (a) < 0.
(b) f (b) is a minimum value of the function f, if f ' (b) = 0 & f " (b) > 0.
However, if f " (c) = 0 then the test fails. In this case f can still have a maxima or
minima or point of inflection (neither maxima nor minima). In this case revert back to
the first order derivative check for ascertaning the maxima or minima.
SUMMARYWORKING RULE :
FIRST: When possible, draw a figure to illustrate the problem & label those
parts that are important in the problem. Constants & variables should be clearly
distinguished.
SECOND : Write an equation for the quantity that is to be maximised or
minimised. If this quantity is denoted by ‘y’, it must be expressed in terms of
a single independent variable x. his may require some algebraic manipulations.
THIRD : If y = f (x) is a quantity to be maximum or minimum, find those values of
x for which dy/dx = f (x) = 0.
FOURTH : Test each values of x for which f (x) = 0 to determine whether it provides
a maximum or minimum or neither. The usual tests are :
(a) If d²y/dx² is positive when dy/dx = 0 y is minimum.
If d²y/dx² is negative when dy/dx = 0 y is maximum.
If d²y/dx² = 0 when dy/dx = 0, the test fails.
positive for x x 0
dy
(b) If dx is zero for x x 0 a maximum occurs at x = x0.
negative for x x 0
But if dy/dx changes sign from negative to zero to positive as x advances through x0
there is a minimum . If dy/dx does not change sign, neither a maximum nor a minimum.
Such points are called INFLECTION POINTS.
FIFTH : If the function y = f (x) is defined for only a limited range of values a x b
then examine x = a & x = b for possible extreme values.
SIXTH : If the derivative fails to exist at some point, examine this point as possible
maximum or minimum.
ILLUSTRATIONS: (Refer Exercise-6.5, NCERT Part-I )
Geometrical Problem:
Inventa,
(Minima) : Karl Fisher,
1. Of all the open right circular cylinders with a given volume, the one Du pont,
Barmag,
which is most economical i.e. requiring the least, surface area. Mackenzy,
Technimont,
2. You are designing a 1728 cm3 closed right circular cylindrical cans E.I.L.
whose manufacture will take waste into account. There is no waste
in cutting the aluminium sheet for the curved surface, but the tops
and bottom of radius "r" will be cut from squares that measure
"2r" units on a side. Find the total quantity of aluminium (in square
cm) for the manufacture of a most economical can. [Ans. 864]
5. A wire of length 20 cm is cut into two pieces. One piece converted into a circle and the
other into a square. Where the wire is to be cut from so that the sum total of the areas
of two plane figures is (a) minimum (b) maximum.
6. A point P is given on the circumference of a circle of radius r. Chords QR are parallel
to the tangent at P . Determine the maximum possible area of the triangle PQR if r = 2.
3 3 2
[Ans. Amax = r ]
4
x 2 y2
7.(a) Find the coordinates of the point P on the curve = 1 in the
8 18
1st quadrant so that the area of the triangle formed by the tangent at
P and the coordinate axes is minimum.
[Ans. (2, 3)] [Ans. (x = 2 2 cos , y = 3 2 sin ) ]
8. For a train/steamer the cost of fuel varies as the square of its speed (in km/hr.) and the
cost is Rs 24/hr when the speed is 12 km/hr. If other expenses amounts to Rs. 96 /hr,
find the most economical speed and the cost of journey for 100 km.
[Ans. 24 km/hr; Rs. 800/-]
9. Find the equation of a line through (1, 8) cutting the positive semi axes at A and B if
(i) the area of OAB is minimum
(ii) its intercept between the coordinate axes is minimum.
(ii) sum of its intercept on the coordinates axes is minimum.
[Ans. (i) 8x + y = 16, (ii) 2x + y = 10 ; min. intercept 5 5 , (iii) 2 2 x y = 8 2 2 ]
10. Find the altitude of the right circular cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed
in a given right circular cone of height 'h'. [Ans. h 3 ]
11. Find the altitude of the right cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
of radius R. [Ans. 4R 3 ]
12. The corridors of width a & b meet at right angles . Show that the length of the longest
pipe that can be passed round the corner horizontally is, (a2/3 + b2/3)3/2.
GENERAL CONCEPT :
Given a fixed point A (a, b) and a moving point P ( x, f (x) )
on the curve y = f (x). Then AP will be maximum or minimum
if it is normal to the curve at P.
Proof : Explain
(iv) f (x) = | x2 – 1 |
has no inflection point in its domain.
as no tangent can be drawn at these points.
3x ( x 1)
Ex.3 Prove the inequality : sin x + 2x x 0,
2
(G) DIFFERENT GRAPHS OF THE CUBIC:
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
(1) One real & two imaginary roots. (always monotonic) x R
Condition : f ' (x) 0 or f ' (x) 0 together with either f ' (x) = 0 has no root
(i.e. D < 0) or f ' (x) = 0 has a root x = then f () = 0.
(2) Exactly one root and non monotonic. (3) Three roots
ILLUSTRATIONS :
1. If the cubic y = x3 + px + q has 3 distinct real roots then prove that 4p3 + 27q2 < 0.
ax 3
2. For a cubic f (x) = + (a + 2)x2 + (a – 1) x + 2. Find the value of 'a' for which it
3
(a) + ve point of maximum [both root of f '(x)=0 must be + ve (a > 0) ]
(b) – ve point of minimum [both root of f '(x)=0 must be – ve (a > 0) ]
(c) + ve point of minimum [at least one root of f '(x)=0 must be + ve ]
(d) – ve point of maximum [at least one root of f '(x)=0 must be – ve ]
d2y
(e) – ve point of inflection [abscissa corresponding to =0 must be – ve]
dx 2
d2y
(f) + ve point of inflection [abscissa corresponding to =0 must be + ve]
dx 2