THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
 Primary Sector
 Extracts raw materials from natural environments
 Secondary Sector
 Transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
 Tertiary Sector
 Involves services rather than goods.
 Nation-state, state sovereignty, government control, state policies are challenged from all sides.
 Globalization has decreased the power of the state and other actors are actually becoming more powerful.
 Multinational corporations (MNCs) & Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

 Emergence of global governance
 Nation-states power declines
 Flows of all sorts of things esp. digital information
 Mass migration of people (usually illegal)
 Global financial crises
 Nation-states have long struggled to deal with problems like these but the more recent trend is toward the
development of more truly global structures and methods of dealing with various sorts of issues and
problems.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENTS

 A government is necessary in having state sovereignty.
 Government – a group of people who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state.
 Sovereignty – the right to govern one’s own territorial borders.
 Each state is autonomous unto itself and responsible within its own system of government to those who
are governed.
 A civil society within a state can also act as a counterweight or as a supplement to government.
 This includes private economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals, fraternal
organizations, and other non-profit organizations.

CHALLENGES TO GOVERNMENT AND STATE AUTONOMY

 Traditional Challenges
 Challenges from National/Identity Movements
 Global Economics
 Global Social Movements
  TRADITIONAL CHALLENGES
 Traditional practices often hinder autonomous states from having sovereignty.
 Most of the time, other countries [or organizations] assist dissenters inside a country.

 CHALLENGES FROM NATIONAL/IDENTITY MOVEMENTS

 Nation – cultural identity that people attach to
 State – definite entity due to its specific boundaries
 Mindanao, ISIS, Al-Qaeda

 GLOBAL ECONOMICS
 Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism.
 Free flow of capital and privatization of services
 Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general, because a state cannot protect its own
economic interest as a sovereign state.

 GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

 Not usually seen as a threat but a challenge to state sovereignty.
 Social movements are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through
enormous grassroots organizations.
 These are transnational movements which means they can occur across countries and across
borders – states have less control over them.

THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMID GLOBALIZATION

 The state has four elements – people, territory, government, and sovereignty.
 People – permanent population; not nomadic
 Territory – the permanent population in one location is strengthened by these clear boundaries.
 Government – territories are effectively controlled by this third element
 Sovereignty – encompasses the three elements thus making the state autonomous
 It is essential to differentiate the idea of nation from state.
 Nation refers to a people rather than any kind of formal territorial boundaries or institutions – it
is a cultural concept.
 The state, on the other hand, refers to the Philippine government, its territory, and its internal
and external sovereignty – it is a political concept.
 Nation-states sovereignty wanes amid globalization.
 However, nation-states need globalization because of the four major sources of collective insecurity:
 Terrorism
  Economic globalization (economic crisis)
 Immigration
 Spread of global diseases

INSTITUTIONS THE GOVERN RELATIONS

 There are several international organizations that governments of countries around the world and
individuals participate in.
 These include United Nations, International Court of Justice, NAFTA, and NATO
 There are also NGOs
PEACE TREATIES AND MILITARY ALLIANCES
 The United Nations (UN) was coined by former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942.
 It functions generally in four areas: military issues, economic issues, environmental issues, and human
protection.
 It is composed of almost 200 countries and they convene during their General Assembly.
 The UN has the Security Council which is composed of five permanent members (USA, Britain,
Russia, China, and France) and 10 additional countries that serve for a term of two years.
 The Security Council tries to be the arbiter in ceasefires between two sides.

 UNICEF – the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund

 MDGs & SDGs
 UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme
 IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ICJ- International Court of Justice (World Court)
ICC – International Criminal Court
ITLOS – International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
 OHCHR – Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
 Human Rights Council
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 UNDG-HRM – UN Development Group’s Human Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism
 Special Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect

 International Bill of Human Rights

 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
 NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 It is a defensive treaty or a military alliance between United States, Canada, and 25 European
countries.
  Collective security

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
 NGOs are not tied to any country making them operate freely throughout the world.
 Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries)
 Doctors Without Borders
 Oxfam
 Amnesty International
 Save the Children

Global Economic Associations: The WTO and NAFTA

 WTO – World Trade Organization
 162 countries
 It was created with the goal of increasing free trade
 NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
 An economic treaty between the USA, Canada and Mexico
 These three countries trade freely without taxing each other

GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM

 Globalism
 Refers to the network of connections that transcends distances of different countries in the
world.
 The links among countries and people
 Globalization
 The increase or decline in the degree of globalism
 The speed in which they become linked with one another
 Informationalism
 Networks constitute the fundamental pattern of life, of all kinds of life
 This technological paradigm, associated with computer science and modern telecommunication, that
replaces industrialism is called informationalism.
 These are technology, the media, and the Internet
One notable example of technological advancement is the founding of Federal Express (FedEx)
that made use of computer technology in its deliveries.
MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
Ultrasound
CT/CAT – computerized axial tomography
GPS – Global Positioning System
GNS – Global Navigation System
 The Internet is a mark of the contemporary world.
 However, the internet and other technologies are limited by certain barriers:
 Lack of electricity
 Illiteracy
 Weak financial systems
 Government regulations
 Global Citizenship
 Citizenship is associated with rights and obligations, for instance, the right to vote and the obligation to
pay taxes.
 Global Citizenship is a moral and ethical disposition that can guide the understanding of individuals or
groups of local and global contexts, and remind them of their relative responsibilities within various
communities.
 In any case, given that there is no world government, the idea of global citizenship demands the
creation of rights and obligations.
 Since there is no single globalization, the future is also multi-dimensional
 Fulfilling the promises of globalization and the solution to problems of the contemporary world does
not lie on single entity or individual, but on citizens, the community, and the different organizations in
societies.