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Mechanical Engineering Homework

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Introduction
A popular quotation states, “There are hundreds of miracles within a single machine; a mechanical engineer calmly explains them with
mathematical formulae”. Mechanical engineering is a unique specialization in engineering streams. Modern day mechanical engineering
nds its roots from the necessity of designing and fabrication of everything from micro, miniature components to large systems used in
daily life (Shingley 1989).
Mechanical engineers should be pro cient enough in understanding and applying the concepts of kinematics and thermal engineering in
real time engineering requirements. Mechanical engineering can be considered the widest engineering stream, encompassing a range of
engineering applications. Mechanical engineering applications include but are not limited to automotive, aerospace applications, MEMS,
thermal systems, bio-medical applications, renewable energy applications, energy conservation
(http://www.24houranswers.com/subjects/sub/371/Energy-Systems) and conversion, manufacturing, and automation.
Typical mechanical engineers require analysis of materials, mechanics, thermal principles, nano mechanics, vibrations, etc. in their pursuit
for design and fabrication of better and more e cient engineering components. Research in classical mechanical engineering requires
aptitude and skills in application of advanced mathematical skills and understanding of fundamental mechanical engineering concepts.
Computer applications of mechanical engineering include drafting with software, manufacturing through automation, modelling and
simulation using computer software, and thermal and mechanical engineering analysis of components using engineering software.
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The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and The Institution of Mechanical Engineers(IMechE) are some of the several active
professional societies in mechanical engineering. The Major credit for recent developments in Biomechanics viz, design and development
of prosthetic limbs, arti cial human organs, etc. goes to the advancements in research in mechanical engineering (Mow & Huiskes, 2005).
Finite Element Methods and Computational uid mechanics (Anderson, & Wendt, 1995) is a breakthrough of mechanical engineering in the
simulation and modelling part of engineering (ASME n d).
At present, for mechanical engineers with conceptual knowledge, creativity and problem solving skills, there are limitless opportunities for
professional excellence.
References:
Anderson, J.D. and Wendt, J., 1995. Computational uid dynamics (Vol. 206). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Shigley, J.E., Mischke, C.R., Budynas, R.G., Liu, X. and Gao, Z., 1989.Mechanical engineering design (Vol. 89). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mow, V.C. and Huiskes, R. eds., 2005. Basic orthopaedic biomechanics & mechano-biology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
K.Hollerbarch n d. 3-d nite element model development for bio-mechanics – A software demonstration
(http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/632777). [July 2012].
ASME n d., Mechanical engineering today and beyond (https://www.asme.org/getmedia/752441b6-d335-4d93-9722-de8dc47321de/State-

of-Mechanical-Engineering-Today-and-Beyond.aspx). [12 Aug,2008].
Sample problems and solutions

Question 1:
Since a refrigeration system operates more e ciently when the condensing temperature is low, evaluate the possibility of cooling the
condenser cooling water of the refrigeration system with another refrigeration system. Will the combined performance of the two systems
be better, the same, or worse than one individual system? Explain why.
The answer is the combined performance will be worse than one individual system. The following is proof.
Consider the two systems as described above:
where QL and QH refer to the heat removed from cooled space and rejected to warm space, respectively. Note that in the combined
system, QL2 = QH1 because the heat rejected from REF1 (QH1) is received as the cooling load for REF2 (QL2).
The e ciency of refrigerator is normally de ned through the coe cient of performance (COP):
So, we can write the COP for the single system as:
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(1)
The COP for the combined system is:
(2)
Note that we have the same desired output as single system QL1. But QL2 = QH1, substitute into 2:
(3)
We see that because:

QH2 = QH1 + QW2
And so:
QH2> QH1
By comparing equations 1 and 3, we derrive that COP2 < COP1

REFERENCES
Rajput, R.K., 2000. Thermal Engineering (https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Thermal_Engineering.html?id=TEjZFUcVTbgC). S.Chand

Publishers.

Question 2:
A two-stage ammonia system using ash-gas removal and intercooling operates on the cycle shown below. The condensing temperature
is 35 degrees C. The saturation temperature of the intermediate-temperature evaporator is 0 degrees C, and its capacity is 150KW. The
saturation temperature of the low-temperature evaporator is -40 degrees C, and its capacity is 250KW. What is the rate of refrigerant
compressed by the high-stage compressor?
Add an adiabatic/isentropic e ciency of the compressors of 85% and THEN solve the problem. Should your answer be higher or lower
than the one given in the book?

Given:
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T5 = 35oC
T3 = 0oC
T1 = -40oC
Q1 = 150 kW
Q2 = 250 kW
= 85% = 0.85
Solution:
Find speci c enthalpies at all points shown on the above diagram, using saturated and superheated ammonia vapor tables.

Point 5. Here the ammonia is saturated liquid. From saturated vapor table at 35oC we get the enthalpy, and pressure, respectively:
h5 = hf = 346.8 kJ/kg
P5 = 1350.4 kPa
Point 6. The throttle valve is isenthalpic, so the enthalpy is

h6 = h5= 346.8 kJ/kg

Point 3. Here the ammonia is saturated gas. From saturated vapor table at 0oC we get the enthalpy, entropy, and pressure respectively:
h3 = hg = 1442.2 kJ/kg
s3 = sg = 5.3309 kJ/(kg*K)
P3 = 429.6 kPa
Point 7. Here the ammonia is saturated liquid. From saturated vapor table at 0oC we get the enthalpy
h7 = hf = 180.36 kJ/kg

Point 8. The throttle valve is isenthalpic, so the enthalpy is
h8 = h7 = 180.36 kJ/kg
Point 1. Here the ammonia is saturated gas. From saturated vapor table at -40oC we get the enthalpy and entropy, respectively:
h1 = hg = 1388.8 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 5.9569 kJ/(kg*K)
Point 2. The high-stage compressor is isentropic so the entropy at point 2 is

s2 = s1 = 5.9569 kJ/(kg*K)
The pressure at point 2 is

P2 = P3 = 429.6 kPa
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Now, from the superheated vapor table and using linear interpolation between pressures 400 kPa and 500 kPa we get for pressure 429.6
kPa near entropy 5.9569 kJ/(kg*K):
h = 1636.7+(1633.1-1636.7)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 1635.6 kJ/kg
at
s = 5.9907+(5.8744-5.9907)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 5.9563 kJ/(kg*K)
and
h = 1682.8+(1679.8-1682.8)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 1681.9 kJ/kg
at
s = 6.1179+(6.0031-6.1179)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 6.0839 kJ/(kg*K)
Now using linear interpolation, we nd enthalpy at point 2 for an ideal low-stage compressor
h2 = 1635.6+(1681.9-1635.6)*(5.9569-5.9563)/(6.0839-5.9563) = 1635.8 kJ/kg

Let h2rfeal be the speci c enthalpy at point 2 for real low-stage compressor. Then its isentropic e ciency is given by
= (h2real - h1)/(h2 - h1)
From which we get

h2real = h1 + *(h2 - h1)

Which is
h2real = 1388.8+0.85*(1635.8-1388.8) = 1598.8 kJ/kg
Point 4. The low-stage compressor is isentropic so the entropy at point 4 is

s4 = s3 = 5.3309 kJ/(kg*K)

P4 = P5 = 1350.4 kPa = 1.3504 MPa
Now from the superheated vapor table using a linear interpolation between pressures 1.2 MPa and 1.4 MPa we get for pressure 1.3504 MPa
near entropy 5.3309 kJ/(kg*K):
h = 1606.8+(1598.8-1606.8)*(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 1600.8 kJ/kg
at
s = 5.3916+(5.2994-5.3916)*(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 5.3223 kJ/(kg*K)
and
h = 1658.0+(1651.4-1658.0)*(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 1653.0 kJ/kg
at
s = 5.5325+(5.4443-5.5325)*(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 5.4662 kJ/(kg*K)

Now, using linear interpolation, we nd enthalpy at point 4 for an ideal high-stage compressor
h4 = 1600.8+(1653.0-1600.8)*(5.3309-5.3223)/(5.4662-5.3223) = 1603.9 kJ/kg
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Similarly to point 2, we get the enthalpy at point 4 for real high-stage compressor
h4real = h3 + *(h4 - h3)

Which is
h4real = 1442.2+0.85*(1603.9-1442.2) = 1579.64 kJ/kg
To nd the mass ow rates of refrigerant through intermediate-temperature and low-temperature evaporators, respectively:
m1 = Q1/(h3 - h6) = 150/(1442.2-346.8) = 0.13693 kg/s
m2 = Q2/(h1 - h8) = 250/(1388.8-180.36) = 0.20688 kg/s
Letting mh be mass ow rate of refrigerant through the high-stage compressors. Then the steady ow energy equation for the intercooler
and ash tank is
m2*h2real + (mh - m1)*h6 = m2*h7 + (mh - m1)*h3
Solving for mh gives the answer

mh = m1 + m2*(h2real - h7)/(h3 - h6)
Which is
mh = 0.13693+0.20688*(1598.8-180.36)/(1442.2-346.8) = 0.4048 kg/s
This is lower than the former value 0.4118 kg/s for ideal compressors
REFERENCES

Publishers.

Question 3:
A R22 ash-gas removal system has a capacity of 180KW at an evaporating temperature of -30 degrees C when the condensing pressure is
1500KPa. Compute the power requirement for a system with a single compressor. Compute the total power required by the two
compressors in the system where there is no intercooling but there is ash-gas removal at 600KPa.
Add an adiabatic/isentropic e ciency of the compressors of 85% and THEN solve the problem. Should your answer be higher or lower
than the one given in the book?
(b) Given:
Qin = 180 kW
t1 = -30oC
P2 = P4 = P5 = 1500 kPa
P3 = P6 = P7 = 600 kPa
= 85% = 0.85
Solution:
Find the speci c enthalpies at all points on the Figure 16-17. Privacy - Terms
From saturated table we have for saturated liquid near 1500 kPa
P hf
Now using linear interpolation nd the speci c enthalpy at point 5
h5 = hf = 248.361+(249.686-248.361)*(1500-1496.5)/(1533.5-1496.5) = 248.486 kJ/kg

The throttle valve at point 6 is isenthalpic, so the speci c enthalpy at point 6 is
h6 = h5 = 248.486 kJ/kg
From saturated table at -30oC we get the speci c enthalpy and entropy at point 1 for saturated vapor
h1 = hg = 393.138 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 1.80329 kJ/(kgK)
The saturated table gives near 600 kPa
Using linear interpolation we get for 600 kPa:

t = 5+(6-5)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 5.87675oC
hg = 407.143+(407.489-407.143)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 407.446 kJ/kg
hf = 205.899+(207.089-205.899)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 206.942 kJ/kg
sg = 1.74463+(1.74324-1.74463)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 1.74341 J(kgK)
Now we get he enthalpy and entropy at point 3, and enthalpy at point 7:
h3 = hg = 407.446 kJ/kg
s3 = sg = 1.74341 J(kgK)
h7 = hf = 206.942 kJ/kg
The throttle valve at point 8 is isenthalpic, so the speci c enthalpy at point 8 is
h8 = h7 = 206.942 kJ/kg
The ash-gas compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 4 is
s4 = s3 = 1.74341 kJ/(kgK)

From saturated table at pressure 1500 kPa we nd the saturation temperature 39oC. Now from superheated table using columns with
saturation temperatures 38oC and 40oC nd the enthalpies and entropies at column with saturated temperature 39oC near the entropy
1.74341 kJ/(kgK):
h = (427.155+425.871)/2 = 426.513 at s = (1.7365+1.7287)/2 = 1.73260
h = (431.568+430.374)/2 = 430.971 at s = (1.7501+1.7426)/2 = 1.74635
Now using liner interpolation nd the speci c enthalpy at point 4 for ideal ash-gas compressor Privacy - Terms
h4 = 426.513+(430.971-426.513)*(1.74341-1.73260)/(1.74635-1.73260) = 430.018 kJ/kg

Let h4rfeal be speci c enthalpy at point 4 for real ash-gas compressor. Then its isentropic e ciency is given by
= (h4real - h3)/(h4 - h3)
From which we get

h4real = h3 + *(h4 - h3), which is
h4real = 407.446+0.85*(430.018-407.446) = 426.63 kJ/kg
The evaporator compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 2 is

s2 = s1 = 1.80329 kJ/(kgK)
Similarly to the above from the superheated table we get near the entropy 1.80329 kJ/(kgK):
h = (448.703+447.771)/2 = 448.237 at s = (1.8008+1.7940)/2 = 1.7974
h = (452.901+452.019)/2 = 452.46 at s = (1.8127+1.8061)/2 = 1.8094
Now we can get the enthalpy at point 2 for an ideal evaporator compressor
h2 = 448.237+(452.46-448.237)*(1.80329-1.7974)/(1.8094-1.7974) = 450.301 kJ/kg
The speci c enthalpy at point 2 for a real evaporator compressor is given by
h2real = h1 + *(h2 - h1) which is
h2real = 393.138+ 0.85*(450.301-393.138) = 441.73 kJ/kg
Let m1 and m2 be mass ow through evaporator and ash-gas compressors, respectively. The mass ow m1 is given by
m1 = Qin/(h1 - h8) = 180/(393.138-206.942) = 0.96672 kg/s

The steady ow energy equation for points 3-6-7 gives
(m1 + m2)*h6 = m1*h7 + m2*h3
From which we get m2

m2 = m1*(h6-h7)/(h3-h6) which is
m2 = 0.96672*(248.486-206.942)/(407.446-248.486) = 0.25265 kg/s
The power required by the evaporator and ash-gas compressors are given by, respectively:
W1 = m1*(h2real - h1)
W2 = m2*(h4real - h3)
Now we can nd the total power required by two compressors

W = W1 + W2 = m1*(h2real - h1) + m2*(h4real - h3)
which is
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W = 0.96672*(441.73-393.138)+0.25265*(426.63-407.446) = 51.82 kW
This is lower than the former value 60.96 kW for ideal compressors.

REFERENCES

Publishers.

Question 4:
In a R22 refrigeration system the capacity is 180KW at a temperature of -30 deg C. The vapour from the evaporator is pumped by one
compressor to the condensing pressure of 1500KPa. Later the system is revised to two-stage compression operating on a cycle with
intercooling but no removal of ash gas at 600KPa. Calculate the power required from a single compressor in the original system?
Calculate the power required from two compressors in the revised system?

(a) Given:
Qin = 180 kW
t1 = -30oC
P2 = 1500 kPa
Solution:
Find the speci c enthalpies at all points in the above original one evaporator - one compressor refrigeration system, using Table A-6 for
saturated and Table A-7 for superheated Refrigerant 22

From the saturated table we have for saturated liquid near 1500 kPa
P hf
Using linear interpolation nd the speci c enthalpy at point 3:

h3 = hf = 248.361+(249.686-248.361)*(1500-1496.5)/(1533.5-1496.5) = 248.486 kJ/kg
The throttle valve is isenthalpic, so the speci c enthalpy at point 4 is Privacy - Terms
h4 = h3 = 248.486 kJ/kg
h1 = hg = 393.138 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 1.80329 kJ/(kgK)
The compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 2 is
s2 = s1 = 1.80329 kJ/(kgK)

From the saturated table at pressure 1500 kPa we nd the saturation temperature 39oC. Now from the superheated table using columns
with saturation temperatures 38oC and 40oC nd the enthalpies and entropies at column with saturated temperature 39oC near the
entropy 1.80329 kJ/(kgK):
h = (448.703+447.771)/2 = 448.237 for s = (1.8008+1.7940)/2 = 1.7974
h = (452.901+452.019)/2 = 452.460 for s = (1.8127+1.8061)/2 = 1.8094
Now using liner interpolation nd the speci c enthalpy at point 2
h2 = 448.237+(452.460-448.237)*(1.80329-1.7974)/(1.8094-1.7974) = 450.310 kJ/kg

Find the mass ow rate of refrigerant
m = Qin/(h1 - h4) = 180/(393.138-248.486) = 1.24437 kg/s
Now we can nd the power of the compressor required

W = m*(h2 - h1) = 1.24437*(450.310- 393.138) = 71.1 kW
(b) Given:
Qin = 180 kW
t1 = -30oC
P4 = 1500 kPa
P2 = P3 = P6 = 600 kPa
Now nd the speci c enthalpies at all points in the above gure.
From the saturated table we have for saturated liquid near 1500 kPa
P hf
Now using linear interpolation nd the speci c enthalpy at point 5
h5 = hf = 248.361+(249.686-248.361)*(1500-1496.5)/(1533.5-1496.5) = 248.486 kJ/kg

The throttle valve is isenthalpic, so the speci c enthalpy at points 6 and 7 is
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h6 = h7 = h5 = 248.486 kJ/kg

h1 = hg = 393.138 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 1.80329 kJ/(kgK)

The low-stage compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 2 is
s2 = s1 = 1.80329 kJ/(kgK)

The saturated table gives near 600 kPa
Using linear interpolation we get for 600 kPa:

t = 5+(6-5)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 5.87675oC
hg = 407.143+(407.489-407.143)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 407.446 kJ/kg
sg = 1.74463+(1.74324-1.74463)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 1.74341 J(kgK)
Now we get he enthalpy and entropy at point 3:

h3 = hg = 407.446 kJ/kg
s3 = sg = 1.74341 J(kgK)
From the superheated table using columns with saturation temperatures 5oC and 10oC nd the enthalpies and entropies at column with
saturated temperature 5.87675oC near the entropy 1.80329 kJ/(kgK):
h = 425.562+(423.974-425.562)*(5.87675-5)/(10-5) = 425.284
for s = 1.8080+(1.7894-1.8080)*(5.87675-5)/(10-5) = 1.80474
and
h = 429.229+(427.724-429.229)*(5.87675-5)/(10-5) = 428.965
for s = 1.8200+(1.8017-1.8200)*(5.87675-5)/(10-5) = 1.81679

h2 = 425.284+(428.965-425.284)*(1.80329-1.80474)/(1.81679-1.80474) = 424.841 kJ/kg

The high-stage compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 4 is
s4 = s3 = 1.74341 J(kgK)

From the saturated table at pressure 1500 kPa we nd the saturation temperature 39oC. Now from the superheated table using columns
with saturation temperatures 38oC and 40oC nd the enthalpies and entropies at column with saturated temperature 39oC near the
entropy 1.74341 kJ/(kgK):
h = (427.155+425.871)/2 = 426.513 at s = (1.7365+1.7287)/2 = 1.73260
h = (431.568+430.374)/2 = 430.971 at s = (1.7501+1.7426)/2 = 1.74635
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h4 = 426.513+(430.971-426.513)*(1.74341-1.73260)/(1.74635-1.73260) = 430.018 kJ/kg
Let m1 and m2 be mass ow through low-stage and high-stage compressors, respectively.

The mass ow m1 is given by

m1 = Qin/(h1 - h7) = 180/(393.138-248.486) = 1.24437 kg/s
The steady ow energy equation for intercooler gives

(m2 - m1)*h6 + m1*h2 = m2*h3
From which we get m2

m2 = m1*(h2-h5)/(h3-h5)

Which is
m2 = 1.24437*(424.841-248.486)/(407.446-248.486) = 1.38054 kg/s

The powers required by low-stage and high-stage compressors are given by, respectively:
W1 = m1*(h2 - h1)
W2 = m2*(h4 - h3)
Now we can nd the total power required by two compressors

W = W1 + W2 = m1*(h2 - h1) + m2*(h4 - h3)
Which is
W = 1.24437*(424.841-393.138) + 1.38054*(430.018-407.446) = 70.6 kW
Question 5:
A refrigeration system using R22 is to have a refrigerating capacity of 80KW. The cycle is standard vapour-compression cycle in which the
evaporating temperature is -8 deg C and the condensing temperature is 42 deg C.
Determine the volume ow of refrigerant measured in cubic meters per second at the inlet to the compressor.
Calculate the power required by the compressor.
At the entrance to the evaporator what is the fraction of vapour in the mixture expressed both on a mass basis and a volume basis?
Given:
Qin = 40 kW
T1 = -8oC
T3 = 42oC

Solution:
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Refer to above diagram of the refrigeration system, and nd the speci c enthalpies at all points.
From the saturated vapor table at 42oC nd the speci c enthalpy at point 3 for saturated liquid
h3 = hf = 252.352 kJ/kg
The throttle valve is isenthalpic, so the same speci c enthalpy is at point 4

h4 = h3 = 252.352 kJ/kg

From the saturated vapor table at -8oC we get the speci c enthalpy, speci c entropy, speci c volume, and pressure at point 1 for saturated
vapor, respectively:
h1 = hg = 402.341 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 1.76394 kJ/(kgK)
v1 = vg = 61.0958 L/kg = 0.0610958 m3/kg
P1 = 380.06 kPa
The compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 2 is

s2 = s1 = 1.76394 kJ/(kgK)
From the superheated vapor table at saturation temperature 42oC we have the enthalpy and entropy near the entropy 1.76394 kJ/(kgK):
h s
Using linear interpolation we get the speci c enthalpy at point 2

h2 = 438.062+(442.449-438.062)*(1.76394-1.7618)/(1.7747-1.7618) = 438.790 kJ/kg

Now we get:
(a) The speci c heat received by evaporator is given by
qin = h1 - h4 = 402.341-252.352 = 149.989 kJ/kg
So the mass ow of refrigerant is

M = Qin/qin = 40/149.989 = 0.266686 kg/s
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Now we can get the volume ow rate at the inlet of compressor
V = m*v1 = 0.266686*0.0610958 = 0.0162934 or 0.0163 m3/s

(b) Find speci c power of the compressor
w = w = h2 - h1 = 438.790-402.341 = 36.4490 kJ/kg

Now we can nd power of the compressor
W = w*M = 36.4490*0.266686 = 9.72044 9.72 kW

(c) The pressure at point 4 is
P4 = P1 = 380.06 kPa
From the saturated vapor table at 380.06 kPa we get the speci c enthalpies and speci c volumes for saturated liquid and vapor,
respectively:
hf = 190.718 kJ/kg
hg = 402.341 kJ/kg
vf = 0.76253 L/kg
vg = 61.0958 L/kg

The fraction of vapor in the mixture at the entrance of the evaporator, at point 4, expressed on a mass basis is given by:
x4m = (h4 - hf)/(hg - hf) = (252.352-190.718)/(402.341-190.718) = 0.29124 or 0.291

(d) Find speci c volume at point 4
v4 = (1 - x4m)*vf + x4m*vg = (1-0.29124)*0.76253+0.29124*61.0958 = 18.3340 L/kg

The fraction of vapor in the mixture at the entrance of the evaporator expressed on a volume basis is given by:
x4v = (1/v4-1/vf)/(1/g-1/vf) = (1/8.3340-1/0.76253)/(1/61.0958-1/0.76253) = 0.971
Question 6:
If in a standard vapor compression cycle using R22 refrigerant the evaporating temperature is -5 deg C and the condensing temperature is
30 deg C, sketch the cycle on pressure-enthalpy coordinates and calculate the work of compression, the refrigerating e ect, and the heat
rejected in the condenser in KJ/Kg and the corresponding COP as well.

Given:
T1 = -5oC
T3 = 30oC

Solution:
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The diagram of the vapor-compression cycle is shown above, where: P1=P4; P2=P3
The corresponding cycle on pressure-enthalpy coordinates is drawn below
Find enthalpies at all points using Table A-6 for saturated Refrigerant 22 and Table A-7 for superheated Refrigerant 22

From the saturated vapor table at 30oC we get the speci c enthalpy and pressure, respectively, at point 3 for saturated liquid:
h3 = hf = 236.664 kJ/kg
P3 = 1191.9 kPa

Since the throttle valve is isenthalpic the speci c enthalpy at point 4 is
h4 = h3 = 236.664 kJ/kg
From saturated vapor table at -5oC we get the speci c enthalpy and entropy at point 1 for saturated vapor:
h1 = hg = 403.496 kJ/kg
s1 = sg = 1.75928 kJ/(kgK)

Since the compressor is isentropic the speci c entropy at point 2 is
s2 = s1 = 1.75928 kJ/(kgK)

P2 = P3 = 1191.9 kPa

From superheated vapor table at saturation temperature 30oC we have the enthalpy and entropy near entropy 1.75928 kJ/(kgK):
h s

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Using linear interpolation we get the speci c enthalpy at point 2
h2 = 427.378+(431.549-427.378)*(1.75928-1.7534)/(1.7664-1.7534) = 429.265 kJ/kg
Now we get:
(a) The work of compression is given by
w = h2 - h1
which is
w = 429.265-403.496 = 25.769 25.8 kJ/kg
(b) The refrigerating e ect is given by

qin = h1 - h4
which is
qin = 403.496-236.664 = 166.832 167 kJ/kg
(c) The heat rejected in the condenser is given by

qout = h2 - h3
which is
qout = 429.265-236.664 = 192.601 193 kJ/kg

(d) The coe cient of performance is given by
COP = qin/w
Which is
COP = 166.832/25.769 = 6.47
REFERENCES
Publishers.

Sample problems and solutions in advanced dynamics

Question 1:
Derive the response of viscously damped SDOF system to the force F(t) by means of the convolution integral and plot the response for the
system.
Solution
The equation of motion of a single degree of freedom system is
Natural frequency:
Damping ratio:
The impulse response function when

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Given force ,
The response of the system is
Thus,
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The response of the system with given force is

Question 2
Plot the response of a viscously damped force free system.

(a) Given:
x(0) = 2 cm
x'(0) = 0
ω n = 5 rad/s = frequency of undamped oscillation
ς = 0.1 Privacy - Terms

Solution:
We have the di erential equation for oscillations
x'' + 2ςω nx' + ω n2x = 0 (1)

The general solution is given by
x(t) = Xo exp(-ςω nt) cos(ω n√(1- ς2) t + φ) (2)

Di erentiating gives
x'(t) = -Xoω n exp(ςω n-t) [ς cos(ω n√(1- ς2) t + φ) + √(1- ς2) sin(ω n √(1- ς2) t + φ)]

Substituting the initial conditions gives:

x'(0) = -Xoω n(ς cos φ + √(1- ς2 sin φ) = 0
x(0) = Xo cos φ = 2

From which we get:
The graph of x(t) for damping factor =0.1 is drawn below
(b) Now the formula (2) in part (a) gives the general solution for ς = 1
x(t) = (Xo cos φ) exp(-ω nt)

Substituting the initial conditions gives the system of equations:

x'(0) = -Xo ω n cos φ = 0
x(0) = Xo cos φ = 2

From the rst equation we get
cos φ = 0 Privacy - Terms

Substituting it into the second equation we get that the Xo is in nitely large. So the system of equations has no physical solution for the
given initial conditions

(c) Now the di erential equation (2) in part (a) gives for ς = 2 and ω n = 5
x'' + 20x' + 25x = 0

Find the solution in form

x = exp(-pt)

Put it into the above equation and get the equation for p
p2 - 20p + 25 = 0

Solving for p gives
p = 10± √(102-25) = 10 ± √75

Thus the general solution is
x(t) = X1exp[-(10 + √75)t] + X2exp[-(10 - √75)t]

The initial conditions give the system of equations:
x'(0) = -X1(10 + √75) - X2(10 - √75) = 0

x(0) = X1 + X2 = 2

Solving for X1 and X2 gives:

X1 = -0.155
X2 = 2.15

Thus the equation is
x(t) = -0.155exp[-(10 + √75)t] + 2.15exp[-(10 - √75)t]

The graph is drawn below
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References
Meirovitch, L., 2010, Fundamentals of Vibrations (http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00HSTA5RO/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?

_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1), Waveland Pr Inc

Sample problems in mechanical Engineering

(/subjects/sub/49/Mechanical-Engineering)
Traditionally mechanical engineering is considered to be made of three mainstream engineering aspects: manufacturing engineering,
thermal engineering and design engineering. To excel in the domain a thorough knowledge of all of these is essential. A practicing
mechanical engineer must solve many problems every day in all these subdomains.

Shaper (http://me.emu.edu.tr/me364/ME364_machining_PSB.pdf) cutting time

Consider a shaper machine is working to smooth a surface plate of length 400mm. Assume the feed of the shaper tool is 2mm/stroke and
it is working at a speed of 50 strokes per minute. Determine the time it takes for the shaper to complete machining of the surface of the
shaper machine.
The length of the travel needed on the job, Lw is 400mm
Assuming a reasonable approach (A) and overrun (O) as 2 mm each, the length of cut required for shaper machine is Lw+A+O = 400 + 2+ 2
= 404 mm.
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The feed of the shaper (So) is 2mm/stroke
The speed of the shaper is (Ns) = 50 strokes/minute, hence the time it takes to complete the cutting process = (Lw+A+O)/Ns*So = 404/2*50
= 4.04 minutes.

Milling (http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/bme059unit-1.pdf) cutting time calculation
Determine the milling time required for milling a rectangular plate of length 100mm, width 50mm by a helical uted plain HSS milling
cutter of diameter 60mm and length 75mm and 6 teeth.

Assume A = O = 5mm, Vc = 40m/min and So = 0.1mm/teeth.

Cutting time Tc = Length of travel (Lc)/Table Feed (Sm)
Length of travel (Lc) = Length of work piece (Lw) + Approach (A) + Overrun (O) + (1/2 x Diameter of the rod)
Table feed(Sm) = So x Zc x N
So = Feed per teeth
Zc = Number of teeth on the cutter
N = Speed of the cutter
Lc = 100mm + 5mm + 5mm + 30mm = 140mm

Sm = 0.1 x 6 x N
N = (1000 x Vc)/(∏ x Dc) = (1000 x 40)/(∏ x 60) = 212.31rpm or ~213rpm
Sm = 0.1 x 6 x 213 = 127.8mm/min

Hence the Cutting time = Lc/Sm = 140/127.88 = 1.09minutes.
Casting (http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112107144/13) and metal ow problems

Consider the case of a metal mold with a sprue length of 20cm and a cross sectional area at the base of the sprue of 2.5 cm2. If the sprue
feeds a horizontal runner leading into a mold cavity whose volume is 1560 cubic centimeter. Determine
1. a) the velocity of the molten metal at the base of the sprue;
2. b) volume ow rate of the molten metal; and
3. c) the time it takes to ll the mold.
For determining the ow rate of the molten metal at the bottom of the sprue pin, Bernoulli’s principle is required. As per Bernoulli’s
principle the pressure at the top of the sprue should be converted to the velocity at the bottom of the sprue, so it will be given by the
equation:
V = sqrt (2*g*h), where h is the height of the sprue, V is the velocity of the molten metal at the bottom of the sprue,

So in the given problem
9. A) Flow velocity of the molten metal, V = sqrt (2*9.81*100*20) = 198.1 cm/s

10. B) The ow rate of the molten metal at the bottom of the sprue pin is given by Q = A * V
Where A is the area of cross section of the sprue pin and V is the velocity of the molten metal, Privacy - Terms
dQ/dt = 2.5 * 198.1 = 495.25 cubic centimeters/s.
495. C) Time it takes to ll the mold = Q’/(dQ/dt) = 1560/495.25 = 3.15 seconds

Thermal engineering
Steady ow Energy Equation (http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_ les/sfee.htm) ( rst law of thermodynamics) and the principle
of energy conservation
0.5 kg/s of uid ows in a steady state process. The properties of uid at the entrance are measured as
p1 = 1.4bar, and the density of the uid is 2.5kg/m3.
Ui = 920kJ/kg while at exit the properties are P2 = 5.6bar, density = 5kg/m3, U2 = 720KJ/kg.
The velocity at entrance is 200m/s, while at exit it is 180m/s. It rejects 60KW of heat and raises through 60m during the ow process.
Determine the change of enthalpy as well as the work done during the process.

The key to the solution is the fact that the total energy remains constant during the process.

Mass ow rate of uid in the process = mf = 0.5kg/s
Pressure at the inlet to the process = 1.4bar

Density of the uid = 2.5kg/m3
Initial internal energy of the uid = 920KJ/kg
Final pressure of the uid = 5.6bar

Final density at the exit = 5kg/m3
Final internal energy of the uid =720kJ/kg
Velocity of the uid at the entrance = 200m/s

Velocity of the uid at the exit = 180m/s
The amount of the heat given to the uid during the process = 60KW
The rise in height of the uid during the process = 60m
Enthalpy change during the process (h2-h1) = ∆(U2-U1) + ∆PV

Therefore, ∆PV = p2/ρ2 – p1/ρ1.
Speci c enthalpy change = (720 - 920) x 103 + (5.6/5 - 1.4/2.5) x 105 = -144KJ/kg
Hence Enthalpy change = ∆H = mf x (h2-h1) = 0.5 x (-144) = -72 KJ/s
The steady ow energy equation (SFEE) can be applied as:

SFEE - Q - WS = mf [(h2 – h1) + ½( V22 –V12) + g(Z2 –Z1)]
60 x 103 - Ws = 0.5 x (-144 + 0.5 x (1802 -2002) + 9.81 x 60)
Hence Ws = 13605.7W = 136.1KW Privacy - Terms

Principle of energy conservation

0.25kg/s of water is heated from 30oC to 600C by hot gasses that enter at 1800C and leave at 800C. Calculate the mass ow rate of gases
when its speci c heat at constant pressure is 1.08 KJ/kg - K. Find the entropy change of water and of hot gases. Take the speci c heat of
water as 4.186KJ/kg - K

The total energy entering the system should be equal to the energy leaving the system. The system is being heated by the hot gases
entering and it is being cooled by the water leaving the system.
The temperature of the exhaust gas entering into the system = 180 degree Celsius
The temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the system = 80 degree Celsius.
The speci c heat at constant pressure of the exhaust gases = 1.08KJ/kg - K
The speci c heat of water = 4.1868KJ/kg - K
Water ow rate = 0.25kg/s

The heat intake from the exhaust gases = mg x Cpg x (Tg1-Tg2) (1)
.mg is the mass of the exhaust gases entering into the system
Cpg is the speci c heat of the exhaust gases
Tg1 is the temperature of the exhaust gases entering into the system
Tg2 is the temperature of the exhaust gases leaving the system
The heat carried away by water = mw x Cpw x (Tw2 - Tw1) (2)

Mw is the mass of water = 0.25kg/s
CPw is the speci c heat of water = 4.1868KJ/kg-K
Tw1 = 30oC
Tw2 = 600C
Equating equations 1 and 2, Mg x 1.08 x (180-80) = 0.25 x 4.1868 x (60 - 30), which yields that the mass ow rate of exhaust gases =
0.291kg/s.

Entropy change of hot water is calculable by: mw x Cpw x ln(Tw2/Tw1) = 0.25 x 4.1868 x ln(273 + 60/273 + 30)
S2 – S1 = 0.25 x 4.186 x ln(Tw2/Tw1) = 0.099KJ/kg-K

Entropy change of Exhaust gases = 0.291 x 1.08 x ln(80+273)/(180+273) = -0.0783KJ/kg-K.

Machine Design
You are required to design a pulley, B, given that the diameter of a pulley A is 300mm and the speed of rotation of pulley A is 250rpm. The
belt thickness is 6mm. Determine the diameter of the pulley B, if it is rotating at a speed of 750rpm
For the belt drive to function the surface velocity of the pulley A should be same as the surface velocity of the pulley B.

The surface velocity of the pulley A = ∏ x 0.3 x 250/60 = 3.925m/s
Considering the surface velocity of the pulley as same, its diameter will be given by ∏ x D x 750/60 = 3.925m/s, where D = 100mm. Privacy - Terms

Suppose a shaft is made of a material with shear stress of 50Mpa and if the maximum torque that can act on the shaft is 200N-m, design
the shaft diameter considering a factor of safety of 3.

Let T be the torque of the shaft = 200N-m,
The shear stress of the shaft material (fs) will be given by, T = ∏/16 x fs x d3
In the given scenario diameter d is 2.73cm = 3 cm.
Considering the factor of safety of 3, diameter of the shaft = 3 x 3 = 9cm.

References:
Grote, K.H. and Antonsson, E.K., 2009. Springer handbook of mechanical engineering (Vol. 10). Springer Science & Business Media.
Kreith, F., 1999. Mechanical engineering handbook.
Jain, R.K., 1995. Machine design. Khanna Publishers.

Ballaney, P.L., 1981. Thermal Engineering. Khanna.

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Sample problems and solutions

Consider the two systems as described above:

The COP for the combined system is:

We see that because:

By comparing equations 1 and 3, we derrive that COP2 < COP1

Rajput, R.K., 2000. Thermal Engineering (https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Thermal_Engineering.html?id=TEjZFUcVTbgC). S.Chand

Point 6. The throttle valve is isenthalpic, so the enthalpy is

Point 2. The high-stage compressor is isentropic so the entropy at point 2 is

The pressure at point 2 is

h = 1636.7+(1633.1-1636.7)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 1635.6 kJ/kg

s = 5.9907+(5.8744-5.9907)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 5.9563 kJ/(kg*K)

h = 1682.8+(1679.8-1682.8)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 1681.9 kJ/kg

s = 6.1179+(6.0031-6.1179)*(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 6.0839 kJ/(kg*K)

= (h2real - h1)/(h2 - h1)

From which we get

h2real = 1388.8+0.85*(1635.8-1388.8) = 1598.8 kJ/kg

Point 4. The low-stage compressor is isentropic so the entropy at point 4 is

The pressure at point 4 is

s = 5.3916+(5.2994-5.3916)*(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 5.3223 kJ/(kg*K)

s = 5.5325+(5.4443-5.5325)*(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 5.4662 kJ/(kg*K)

h4 = 1600.8+(1653.0-1600.8)*(5.3309-5.3223)/(5.4662-5.3223) = 1603.9 kJ/kg

h4real = h3 + *(h4 - h3)

h4real = 1442.2+0.85*(1603.9-1442.2) = 1579.64 kJ/kg

m2 = Q2/(h1 - h8) = 250/(1388.8-180.36) = 0.20688 kg/s

m2*h2real + (mh - m1)*h6 = m2*h7 + (mh - m1)*h3

Solving for mh gives the answer

mh = 0.13693+0.20688*(1598.8-180.36)/(1442.2-346.8) = 0.4048 kg/s

Rajput, R.K., 2000. Thermal Engineering (https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Thermal_Engineering.html?id=TEjZFUcVTbgC). S.Chand

Now using linear interpolation nd the speci c enthalpy at point 5

h5 = hf = 248.361+(249.686-248.361)*(1500-1496.5)/(1533.5-1496.5) = 248.486 kJ/kg

The saturated table gives near 600 kPa

Using linear interpolation we get for 600 kPa:

hg = 407.143+(407.489-407.143)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 407.446 kJ/kg

hf = 205.899+(207.089-205.899)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 206.942 kJ/kg

sg = 1.74463+(1.74324-1.74463)*(600-583.78)/(602.28-583.78) = 1.74341 J(kgK)

Now we get he enthalpy and entropy at point 3, and enthalpy at point 7:

The throttle valve at point 8 is isenthalpic, so the speci c enthalpy at point 8 is

The ash-gas compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 4 is

h = (427.155+425.871)/2 = 426.513 at s = (1.7365+1.7287)/2 = 1.73260

h = (431.568+430.374)/2 = 430.971 at s = (1.7501+1.7426)/2 = 1.74635

= (h4real - h3)/(h4 - h3)

From which we get

h4real = 407.446+0.85*(430.018-407.446) = 426.63 kJ/kg

The evaporator compressor is isentropic, so the speci c entropy at point 2 is

h = (448.703+447.771)/2 = 448.237 at s = (1.8008+1.7940)/2 = 1.7974

h = (452.901+452.019)/2 = 452.46 at s = (1.8127+1.8061)/2 = 1.8094

h2 = 448.237+(452.46-448.237)*(1.80329-1.7974)/(1.8094-1.7974) = 450.301 kJ/kg

The speci c enthalpy at point 2 for a real evaporator compressor is given by

h2real = h1 + *(h2 - h1) which is

h2real = 393.138+ 0.85*(450.301-393.138) = 441.73 kJ/kg

m1 = Qin/(h1 - h8) = 180/(393.138-206.942) = 0.96672 kg/s

(m1 + m2)*h6 = m1*h7 + m2*h3

From which we get m2

m2 = 0.96672*(248.486-206.942)/(407.446-248.486) = 0.25265 kg/s

Now we can nd the total power required by two compressors

Rajput, R.K., 2000. Thermal Engineering (https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Thermal_Engineering.html?id=TEjZFUcVTbgC). S.Chand

Using linear interpolation nd the speci c enthalpy at point 3:

s = 5.9907+(5.8744-5.9907)(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 5.9563 kJ/(kgK)

s = 6.1179+(6.0031-6.1179)(429.6-400)/(500-400) = 6.0839 kJ/(kgK)

s = 5.3916+(5.2994-5.3916)(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 5.3223 kJ/(kgK)

s = 5.5325+(5.4443-5.5325)(1.3504-1.2)/(1.4-1.2) = 5.4662 kJ/(kgK)

m2h2real + (mh - m1)h6 = m2h7 + (mh - m1)h3

(m1 + m2)h6 = m1h7 + m2*h3

W = wM = 36.44900.266686 = 9.72044 9.72 kW

v4 = (1 - x4m)vf + x4mvg = (1-0.29124)0.76253+0.2912461.0958 = 18.3340 L/kg

9. A) Flow velocity of the molten metal, V = sqrt (29.81100*20) = 198.1 cm/s