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Reynold’s Number, Re Boundary Shear Stress at EXAMPLES.

NCE 423: HYDRAULICS


A dimensionless parameter the Wall of Pipe, o 1. Water having kinematic viscosity  = 1.3 x 10-6 m2/s
 representing the ratio of the flows in a 100 mm  pipe at a velocity of 4.5 m/s. Is
the flow laminar r turbulent?
Lecture 9:
inertia forces to the friction Where: Ans. Turbulent flow
2. Oil of SG = 0.80 flows in a 200 mm  pipe. Find the
forces.  = unit weight of fluid critical velocity. Use  = 8.14 x 10-2 Pa-s.
R = hydraulic radius Ans. vc = 1.0175 m/s
Learning Objectives. S = hf / L
After this lesson, students should be able to 3. Oil having SG = 0.869 and dynamic viscosity of 0.0814
1. Differentiate laminar from turbulent flow.
R = D/4 Pa-s flows through a cast iron pipe at a velocity of 1
But: m/s. The pipe is 50 m ling and 150 mm in diameter.
2. Understand the Reynold’s Number as a
parameter for the classification of flow types. a. Find the head lost due to friction.
For circular cross-section only: b. The shearing stress at the walls of pipes.
3. Derive the boundary shear stress formula.
Then: Ans. 0.6790 m, 4.3413 Pa
4. Solve problems for steady flow in pipes.

4. Determine
Required Knowledge in: a. The shear stress at the walls of a 12-in diameter
1. Continuity Equatiom pipe when water flowing causes a measured
2. Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
Where:
3. V = mean velocity Shear velocity or friction head loss of 15 ft in 300 ft of pipe length;
b. The shear stress 2 in from the centerline of the
D = diameter of the pipe velocity, Vs pipe;
 = kinematic viscosity c. The shear velocity;
d. The average velocity for an f value 0.05.
(m2/s, cm2/s, in2/s, stoke) Ans. 0.00542lb/in2, 0.00181 lb/in2, 0.634 fps,
Two Types of Flow 1 stoke = 1 cm2/s 8.02 fps

 = dynamic / absolute viscosity 5. Two tanks are connected by a pipe, 60 mm in


1. Laminar Flow, Re < 2000 (Pa-s, psi-s, poise) Critical Velocity diameter, 50 m long as shown. The fluid flowing has a
1 poise = 0.10 Pa-s density of 920 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity of 0.29 Pa-
The path of individual The velocity which ass s. The pressure in the closed tank is maintained at 200
 = relative / mass density of fluid kPa gage.
fluid particles do not cross or (kg/m3, slugs/ft3) turbulence are carried out a. What is the direction of flow?
b. What is the velocity in the pipe?
intersect. by the viscosity of the fluid. c. What is the Reynold’s number of the flow?
Friction factor, f (Re = 2000)
2. Turbulent Flow, Re > 2000 For laminar flow only.
The path of individual
fluid particles are irregular and
continuously cross each other.
EXERCISES. Lecture 10:
EXAMPLE. EXERCISES.
1. For a 300-mm diameter, concrete pipe, 3600 m 1. Convert the piping system shown to an
long, find the diameter of a 300 m long equivalent equivalent length of 6-in pipe.
1. What pipe should be installed to carry 0.785 cfs pipe. Assume the friction factor f be the same for Ans. 415 ft
of heavy fuel oil ( = 0.00221 ft2/s, SG = 0.912) both pipes.
at 60F. If the available head lost in the 1000-ft 1. Series connection Ans. 182.5 mm
length horizontal pipe is 22 ft?
Ans. 6.75 in 2. A 480-ft long, 18-in diameter concrete
pipe and a 590-ft long, 12-in diameter
2. If in Problem 4, the water is flowing through a concrete pipe are connected in series.
3-ft by 4-ft rectangular conduit of the same Find the equivalent pipe of 10-in
length with the same head lost, what is the diameter.
shear stress between the water and the pipe Ans. 280 ft
wall?
Ans. 0.0186 psi 3. Two pipes 1 and 2 are in series. If the
roughness coefficients n2=2n1 and the diameter
3. Medium lubricating oil (SG = 0.86) is pumped D1=500 mm, find the diameter D2 if the slopes of
through 1000 ft of horizontal 2-in pipe at the 2. Parallel connection their EGL are to be the same.
rate of 0.0436 cfs. If the dropped in pressure is Ans. 0.6484 m
30 psi, what is the absolute viscosity of the oil?
Ans. 0.00188 psf/sec 4. A pipe network consists of pipeline 1 from A to B,
then at B it is connected to pipelines 2 and 3,
where it merges again at joint C to form a single
pipeline 4 up to joint D. Pipelines 1,2 and 4 are in
series connection whereas pipelines 2 and 3 are 2. Three pipes A, B and C are interconnected as
parallel to each other. If the rate of flow from A shown. Find the rate at which water will flow in
to B is 10 L/s and assuming f = 0.02 for all pipes, each pipe. Find also the pressure at point P.
determine the flow in each pipe and the total Neglect minor losses.
head lost from A to D. Ans. QA=1.53 cfs, QB=0.490 cfs, QC=2.01 cfs,
Pp=1.95 psi

Equivalent Pipe

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