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Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

How braking system works?


A common misconception about brakes is that brakes squeeze against a drum or disc, and the
pressure of the squeezing action slows the vehicle down. This is in fact a part of the reason for
slowing down a vehicle.
•Actually brakes use friction of brake shoes and drums to convert kinetic energy developed by
the vehicle into heat energy.

•When we apply brakes, the pads or shoes that press against the brake drums or rotor convert
kinetic energy into thermal energy via friction.

Thus brakes are essentially a mechanism to change energy types


Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
How braking system works?

Kinetic energy is the force that keeps the vehicle moving. This energy is provided by the engine
in order to accelerate the vehicle from a standstill to desired speed. Kinetic energy is dissipated
as heat by the brakes during application of breaks. The kinetic energy of a vehicle during braking
is given by

Thus, the kinetic energy doubles as the weight doubles, but it increases four times as speed doubles.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
How braking system works?
Frictional force opposes the motion of the vehicle. Consequently it consumes power and produces heat.
Frictional force occurs between the sliding tire and the road surface when wheel rotation is locked by brakes.
The ability of a vehicle to stop depends on the coefficient of friction between the contacting surfaces.
Maximum useable coefficient of friction occurs between the tyre and road surface. Passenger car brakes have
coefficient of friction 0.3 to 0.5.

The amount of energy that can be absorbed by the brakes depends upon the coefficient of friction of the
brake materials, brake diameter, brake surface area, shoe geometry, and the pressure used to actuate the
brake. Stopping a car suddenly means very high friction, resulting in high brake temperature.

The braking of a vehicle occurs at ground level, so affective braking force acts on the ground.Vehicle weight
and kinetic energy of the vehicle act through center of gravity, which are above ground level. This causes the
vehicle to pitch forward as the brakes are applied. As a result of this action some of the vehicle weight is
effectively transferred from the rear wheels to the front wheels. Consequently, the front brakes must absorb
more kinetic energy than the rear brakes.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
How braking system works?

The braking of a vehicle occurs at ground level, so affective braking force acts on the ground.
Vehicle weight and kinetic energy of the vehicle act through center of gravity, which are above
ground level. This causes the vehicle to pitch forward as the brakes are applied. As a result of this
action some of the vehicle weight is effectively transferred from the rear wheels to the front
wheels. Consequently, the front brakes must absorb more kinetic energy than the rear brakes.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

Types of Braking System


Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

Brake design requirements


• Equal forces must be applied to both the left and right sides of the vehicles to assure straight stops.
• Hydraulic valves must be incorporated into the hydraulic system to permit the maximum possible forces but still
prevent undesirable wheel lock-up.
• The hydraulic fluid must not evaporate or freeze and has to withstand under extreme temperature without boiling
and must not damage the rubber pad or metal parts.

• The frictional materials (i.e. braking lining or brake pads) must be designed to provide adequate friction between the
stationary axles and rotating drum or rotor. It should be environmentally friendly.
• The design of the braking system should secure the brake lining solidly to prevent the movement of the frictional
material during braking.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

Braking Fluid
• Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic brake and hydraulic clutch applications in automobiles. It is
used to transfer force into pressure, and to amplify braking force. It works because liquids are not appreciably
compressible.
• Most brake fluids used today are glycol-ether based, but mineral oil (LHM)) and silicone-based (DOT 5) fluids are
also available.

• Brake fluids must meet certain requirements as defined by various standards set by organizations such as the Society
of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The SAE has published standards J1703, J1704, and J1705, reflecting progressively
higher performance for brake fluids.

• Most brake fluid sold in North America is classified by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) under its own
ratings such as "DOT 3" and "DOT 4" and these are widely used in other countries.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
Characteristics of Braking Fluid
• Viscosity: For reliable, consistent brake system operation, brake fluid must maintain a constant viscosity under a
wide range of temperatures, including extreme cold. This is especially important in systems with an anti-lock braking
system (ABS), traction control, and stability control (ESP), as these systems often use micro-valves and require very
rapid activation.

• Boiling point: Brake fluid is subjected to very high temperatures, especially in the wheel cylinders of drum brakes
and disk brake callipers. It must have a high boiling point to avoid vaporizing in the lines. This vaporization creates a
problem because vapor is highly compressible relative to liquid, and therefore negates the hydraulic transfer of
braking force - so the brakes will fail to stop the vehicle.

• Corrosion: Brake fluids must not corrode the metals used inside components such as callipers, wheel cylinders,
master cylinders and ABS control valves. They must also protect against corrosion as moisture enters the system.
Additives (corrosion inhibitors) are added to the base fluid to accomplish this. Silicone is less corrosive to paintwork
unlike glycol-ether based DOT fluids.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
Characteristics of Braking Fluid
• Compressibility: Brake fluids must maintain a low level of compressibility, even with varying temperatures to
accommodate different environmental conditions.This is important to ensure consistent brake pedal feel.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)
How does ABS Work?
Typically ABS includes a central electronic control unit (ECU), four wheel speed sensors, and at least two hydraulic
valves within the brake hydraulics.

• The ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel; if it detects the wheel rotating significantly
slower than the speed of the vehicle, a condition indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates the valves to
reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel, thus reducing the braking force on that wheel; the
wheel then turns faster.

• Conversely, if the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others, brake hydraulic pressure to the
wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied, slowing down the wheel. This process is repeated
continuously and can be detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

What is traction control?

• Traction control is an active vehicle safety feature designed to help your vehicle make effective use of all the
traction available on the road when accelerating in slippery conditions.
• Traction control monitors the wheels on the vehicle for potential “wheel slip”. When a vehicle’s wheels are
slipping, you will feel like your tires are “spinning” but are unable to catch any grip on the road.

• When vehicle wheels are spinning, there is little chance of a controlled acceleration. When your traction
control system senses that one or more of your wheels is about to slip, it corrects the problem by applying
the appropriate amount of brake to that wheel.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

When would traction control be useful?

Traction control is useful whenever you are trying to accelerate in low-friction conditions. These conditions
include when roads are wet, snowy, icy, uneven, or poorly maintained. Some concrete examples of when traction
control would be useful include the following:
• You are attempting to accelerate up a hill where the surface is loose and gravelly.

• You hit a patch of slushy road that causes your wheels to lose traction.
• Two of your wheels cross an icy section of road, causing them to spin and lose traction. As a result, your car
turns sharply out of your control.
• You lose traction driving through a puddle. As a result, your vehicle cannot maintain its speed, leaving you in
danger of being hit by other vehicles.
• You are trying to accelerate at a green light on a slick road with traffic approaching you from behind.
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

How does traction control work?


Traction control uses individual wheel-speed sensors to measure differences in the rotational speed of each
wheel. These sensors are located on each wheel. When the ECU senses that one wheel is spinning faster
than the others (an indicator that the wheel is losing traction), it sends a message to the hydraulic brake-
modulator (attached to the ECU) and automatically reduces the speed of that wheel which lessens the slip.

Components of TCS:
Generally, the main hardware for traction control and ABS are mostly the same. In many vehicles traction
control is provided as an additional option to ABS.
• Each wheel is equipped with a sensor which senses changes in its speed due to loss of traction.
• The sensed speed from the individual wheels is passed on to an electronic control unit (ECU).
• The ECU processes the information from the wheels and initiates braking to the affected wheels via a
cable connected to an automatic traction control (ATC) valve.
In all vehicles, traction control is automatically started when the sensors detect loss of traction at any of the
wheels

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