Assessing Impact of Provision of Synthetic Inertia on the

Small Signal Stability of a Power System

MSC WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS 2018/19
Author: Higor Galao Alves E-mail: higor.galao-alves.2018@strath.ac.uk
Supervisor: Prof Olimpo Anaya-Lara 2nd Supervisor: Dr David Campos-Gaona

Poster Outline Key Objectives / Main Areas:

1. Key Objectives / Main • Power System dynamics and Small-Signal
Areas Stability analysis
2. Background / Description • Typical control loops of DFIG WTG
of the problem proposed for provision of synthetic inertia.
3. Methodology • MATLAB/Simulink transient models
development for simulating various
4. Investigated Scenarios proposed scenarios.
5. Simulation Results • Qualitative and quantitative assessment of
impacts of synthetic inertia on small-signal
6. Conclusions and stability, particularly the electromechanical
Recommendations oscillations and damping ability.
1
 Power Systems Dynamics and Small-Signal Stability

Background / Description
Study of how small disturbances (power
imbalances) can affect system stability,
particularly angle-stability (Fig. 1)
Linearization of high-order differential
equations at specific operating condition.
State-space representation of the complete
system in the format of admittance matrix.
Figure1 – Power System Stability characteristics
Eigenvalues 𝜆 (poles of the characteristic
equation) analysis allow to infer about the State-space Eq. Admittance matrix
∆𝐱ሶ 𝒊 = 𝐀𝒊 ∆𝐱𝒊 + 𝐁𝒊 ∆𝐯 −1
overall system’s small-signal stability. 𝑽 𝒔 = 𝐘𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝐬 𝑰(𝒔൯
∆𝐢𝒊 = 𝐂𝒊 ∆𝐱𝒊 − 𝐘𝒊 ∆𝐯 −𝟏
det 𝐘𝒔𝒚𝒔 (𝐬) = 0
Eigenvalue negative real 𝜎𝒊 component
means the system is stable. Positive is ∆𝐢𝒋 = 𝐘𝒋 ∆𝐯
unstable.
Participation factor Eigenvalues
Participation factor gives the dominant 𝜕𝜆𝑖 𝜓𝑘𝑖 𝜙𝑘𝑖 𝜆𝒊 = 𝜎𝒊 ± 𝑗𝜔𝒊
modes (state-variables) for each 𝑝𝑘𝑖 = =
𝜕𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝜓𝑖 𝑡 𝜙𝑖 𝜔
𝑓 = 2𝜋 𝜉 =
−𝜎
eigenvalue. 𝜎2 +𝜔2
2
Synthetic Inertia Capability of DFIG: What’s aimed at?

Enhance power system

resilience to cope with frequency
oscillations via the provision of
additional active power output
during events (Fig.3)
Reduce RoCoF and Nadir
minimum levels (Fig.2)
Requires a supplementary control
loop to be added on to DFIG WTG
control systems (Fig.4)
Figure 2 – Frequency Response of a Power System

Figure 4 – Supplementary Synthetic Inertia Control loop of a WTG

3
Figure 3 – Synthetic Inertia Capability of a DFIG
 System Modelling and Investigated Scenarios

IEEE type-2 speed governor

Local Area 1 Local Area 2 Investigated Scenarios

Main Synch Gen.
1. Base Case (No SI)
4-th order with
Governor control 2. High Wind Penetration
3. SI Controller Type
4. Grid Connection Point
DFIG 5-th order
dynamic model
Inter-Area Synchronous Gen 4-th
order dynamic model

4
 Simulation Results

Synthetic
Scenario (75%) Base Case
Inertia
Damping ratio 𝜁 𝜁
Local Area 0.1390 0.1395
Inter-Area 0.1469 0.1472
Frequency 𝑓 𝑓
Local Area 2.03 2.02
Inter-Area 1.81 1.81

Eigenvalue Real Imaginary Frequency Damping Dominant states

𝜆1,2 -0.073 ± 367.67 58.5 0.0002 𝜆𝑑𝑠 , 𝜆𝑞𝑠
𝜆3,4 -6.575 ± 160.17 25.5 0.0410 𝜆𝑑𝑟 , 𝜆𝑞𝑟
𝜆5,6 -1.693 ± 11.35 1.81 0.1473 Δ𝛿, Δ𝜔 (G1,G2,G3)
𝜆7,8 -1.791 ± 12.71 2.02 0.1395 Δ𝛿, Δ𝜔 (G2,G3)
𝜆9,10 -2.587 ± 2.651 0.42 0.6976 𝐸𝑑𝑝 , 𝐾𝑖_𝑃
𝜆11,12 -0.069 ± 2.285 0.36 0.302 Δ𝜔 (G1)
𝜆13 -4.890 - - - 𝐸𝑑𝑝 (G1)
𝜆14 -1.322 - - - Δ𝜔𝑟𝑚
𝜆15 -0.427 - - - 𝐸𝑞𝑝 (G1)
𝜆16 -0.315 - - - 𝐸𝑞𝑝 (G2,G3)
𝜆17 -1.276 - - - Δ𝛿(G1)
𝜆18 -0.040 - - - 𝑇𝑓2
𝜆19 -0.100 - - - 𝑇𝑓1
𝜆20 -4.909 - - - 𝐸𝑑𝑝 (G2,G3) 5
𝜆21 -0.283 - - - 𝐸𝑞𝑝 (G2,G3)
 Conclusions and Recommendations
Findings
• System small-signal stability is weaken
as more synthetic inertia is introduced
onto the Grid for all the investigated
scenarios.
• The greater the wind power penetration
level (75%) the lesser
electromechanically damped is the
power system.
• The more complex the SI controller is (ie,
two-loop design) the greater the
reduction in the damping ratio is
observed.
• Synthetic Inertia has greater impact on
stability of inter-area generators, but
almost negligible on local-area damping
ratio.
• The weaker is the network capacity
between the DFIG connection point and
the main grid, the lower is its influence to
the damping of system
electromechanical oscillations.
Future Work
• Increase the complexity of the testing system,
by adding HVDC lines as well as dynamic
loads, such as heavy motors and SVCs and
STATCOMs.
• Upgrade the model to incorporate hybrid
systems, including solar PV and energy
storage system (ESS), aimed at drawing
more realistic performance in practical
applications.
• Simulate the SI impact from more advanced
controllers, like adaptative (fuzzy-based logic)
or autonomous AI-based controllers, on to
damping ability of the system
Assumptions
• Wind speed at turbine is constant (fixed).
• Synchronous Gen. are not fitted with PSS and
have constant excitation field (no AVR)
• Phase-locking loop (PLL) is deemed ideal
• Network topology does not change. 6