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Primary Hazards
Electrocution
(Electric Shock)
Hazards of Electricity
• Falls
–Flash – jerk reaction
Burn
Examples Examples
• Contact with current carrying parts • Contact with current carrying parts
inadvertently inadvertently
– Inadequate insulation – Inadequate insulation
Exposed conductor
Exposed Conductors
Examples Examples
• Contact with current carrying parts • Contact with current carrying parts
inadvertently inadvertently
– Inadequate insulation (Fray wire) – Unsafe design
Exposed conductor
Prevention of Electrocution
Principles/Means:
• Safe Electrical System
– Protective Devices in the electrical supply system
– Required by local code and regulations
Prevention of Electrocution – Required for fixed installation and portable
equipment
Goal: • Safe Equipment
Prevent people from contact with – Use of Safe Equipment (with adequate protection)
electric current directly or • Proper Maintenance
indirectly.
indirectly • Safe Work Practices
– Safe use of equipment (Proper Use)
Hazardous Condition
Potential Difference (P.D.) is dangerous • Safeguard
– Use an earth wire to limit the “Touch Voltage” under
P.D. between the metal casing and ground is 220V, fault conditions
and hence the “Touch Voltage” for the person.
• Hence the current flowing through the human body
Current Current
leakage leakage
0.1 ohm
Earth Wire
• Safeguard
– Use an earth wire to limit the “Touch Voltage” under
fault conditions
• Hence the current flowing through the human body
Ensure that Earth Connection is
V=IR
Continuous
Current
leakage =200x0.1
=20Volts
0.1 ohm
V=Touch Voltage
Fault Current=200A
Earth Wire
Earth wire
Proper Wiring Proper Wiring
Cable Grip
Fatal Contact
Connections at
terminals bear all the
pulling force during
use Loose earth wire
accidentally
touches the live
terminal Metal case
electrically
Flexible cable charged
not firmly
Cable not firmly gripped
gripped
Pulling force
Grounding of Conductive Surfaces Automatic Protection Device
• Metallic conductive surfaces may be
• Automatic disconnection of power when
electrically charged accidentally
an electricity leak is detected
– e.g. Work benches on which electrical • Devices
equipments are placed – Residual Current Device (RCD)
– (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
(ELCB)
– Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
RCD
Fuse Protection
Test Button
• Class I apparatus:
– protection against electric shock achieved
by providing proper earthing for the
apparatus
– Earth wire required
• Class II apparatus (double insulated): Class I Class II
– protection against electric shock achieved
by double insulation or reinforced insulation.
There is no provision for protective earthing.
– Earth wire not required
• Electrical/Mechanical System
Maintenance
Specific Safety Procedures
ÎLockout / Tagout Procedures
Safeguard against
Stored Energy
Hazards of Stored Electrical Stored Energy
Energy
• Still be there after power cut out – Stored • Capacitors
Up.
Up – Store up electrical
energy
• Can cause nasty shocks or kill people
– Energy dissipates
very slowly
– Memory effect
– Have to be
discharged and
grounded.
Stored Energy
Fire
• Batteries &
– Can cause fire
and explosion Explosion Hazards
when shut-
circuited.
Common Causes for Fire & Common Causes for Fire &
•
Explosion
Cable with insufficient size
Explosion
– Abused use of adaptors and
– Abused use of adaptors and
extension socket boards
Common Causes for Fire & Common Causes for Fire &
Explosion Explosion
– Poor electrical contacts
– Improper wiring (poor connection)
– Improper wiring (poor connection)
• Plugs are loosely fitted to socket (poor
– Substandard plugs/adaptors electric contact) -- esp. for two pin plugs
MCB Box
Electricity (Registration)
Regulations
• Requirements and procedures for registering:
– Electrical Workers
Other Regulations – Electrical Contractors
• Types of electrical works (demanding for
different qualification and experience):
– Grade A – 400A low voltage fixed installation
– Grade B – 2500 A
– Grade C – Any capacity low voltage
– Grade H – High voltage electrical installatin
– Grade R – electrical work in neon sign/air conditioning/
generating facility installation etc.