Group Members: Jane Elsbeth S. Arabejo Locker no.

: 65
Hannah Mae M. Asino Section: YD
Gicil Kaye M. Barbac Date:08/31/19

EXPERIMENT 10
Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium
A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction where the reactants form products
that, in turn, react together to give the reactants back. Reversible reactions will reach
an equilibrium point where the concentrations of the reactants and products will no
longer change. A reversible reaction is denoted by a double arrow pointing both
directions in a chemical equation. For example, a two reagent, two product equation
would be written as A + B ⇆ C + D. In reversible reactions the forward reaction, the
conversion of reactants to products, and the reverse reaction, the conversion of
products to reactants, occur simultaneously. Equilibrium is reached when the forward
and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate. At equilibrium, the
concentrations of reactants and products do not change, but the forward and reverse
reactions continue to occur. It is important to note that the concentrations of reactants
and products need not be equal at equilibrium. If at equilibrium the concentration of
products is greater than the concentration of reactants, then it is said that the
equilibrium position favors the products or the right. If at equilibrium the concentration
of reactants is greater than the concentration of products, then it is said that the
equilibrium position favors the reactants or the left. Le Châtelier's principle applies to
systems in equilibrium. It states that if a stress is placed on a system at equilibrium,
the system (reaction) automatically shifts in position in the direction that relieves the
stress. This shift changes the relative amounts of reactants and products and
continues until a new equilibrium position is established. In this experiment, the
students will be able to interpret the observed changes in chromate-dichromate ions
in terms of the shifting equilibrium and write the equations involved, explain the
equilibrium equation and common ion effect of weak and acid bases, examine the
equilibrium resulting from the combination of iron(III), Fe3+, ions and thiocyanate, SCN-
, correlate Le Chatelier’s principle with the combination of iron(III), Fe3+, ions and
thiocyanate, SCN- whether or not the observed shift in equilibrium followed the
prediction of Le Chatlier's principle & explain the equilibrium equations involved in the
equilibria of saturated solutions.
Observations:
CONDITIONS REAGENTS DESCRIPTION OF EQUATION #
ADDED RESULTS
A.1) 3M K2CrO4 drops of H2SO4 color of solution: orange 1A
3M K2CrO4 + drops of 6M resulting color: yellow 1B
drops of 3M NaOH
H2SO4 Then drops of resulting color: partition of 1C
3M H2SO4 yellow (bottom part) &
orange (upper part)
a drop of M.O. color of solution: orange 2A
 2a) 3 mL 0.1M Then drops of color of solution: bright 2B
CH3COOH 1M CH3COONa orange
Explanation: decrease
(equilibrium is shifting right
to make up for less H3O+)
2b) 3 mL of Drops of H2Ph color of sol’n: colorless 2C
0.1M NH4OH Then drops of color of solution: colorless 2D
NH4Cl Explanation: The HCl will
react with the NH3 to
produce NH4Cl . The
[NH4Cl] increases and
[NH3] decreases.
Then drops of color of solution: colorless 2E
6M HCl Explanation: Increase
(equilibrium is shifting left
to use up additional H3O+)
3) 0.5mL 0.1M 0.5mL Fe(NO3)3 color of soln: red 3
KSCN + tap water
KSCN - 0.1M Fe(NO3)3 color of soln: bloody red 3A
Fe(NO3)3 mixture
KSCN - 0.1M KSCN color of soln: orange 3B
Fe(NO3)3 mixture
KSCN - 6M NaOH color of soln: cloudy red 3C
Fe(NO3)3 mixture
KSCN - Water cloudy 3D
Fe(NO3)3 mixture
B) 1mL of 0.1M drops of K2CrO4 yellow
BaCl2
BaCl2 - drops of 6M HCl Yellowish and oil like
K2CrO4 mixture mixture

Analysis____________________________________________________________
A.
The Chromate-Dichromate Ions Equilibrium:
The equilibrium between chromate ion (CrO42-) and dichromate ion (Cr2O72)
was studied. The indication for which way the reaction shifts when changes were made
in the system is based on the color of these two ions in solution: chromate ion is bright
yellow in solution, whereas dichromate ion is bright orange. So, if the solution turned
orange when you added something to it, the equilibrium was shifted to the right; if the
solution turned yellow, the equilibrium was shifted to the left.
CrO42- (yellow) + 2H+ = Cr2O72 - (orange) + H2O
Upon adding H2SO4 (transparent) to a sample of K2CrO4 (yellow) it turned to
color orange. With this, the sulfuric acid is a source of H+: any source of H+ would have
caused the same shift in this equilibrium. The "stress" applied to the system is not the
addition of sulfuric acid. The "stress" must be explained only in terms of the species
present in the equilibrium reaction equation: sulfuric acid is a source of hydrogen
ions and it is an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration that causes the equilibrium
to shift.
After adding H2SO4 to K2CrO4, several drops of 6M NaOH was added to the
mixture. Then, the color turned into yellow. Although NaOH is not part of the
equilibrium above itself, NaOH reacts with one of the components of the equilibrium,
effectively removing that species from the equilibrium. NaOH is a strong base and
reacts with acids: NaOH reacts with the hydrogen ion in the equilibrium system and
removes it. If the H+ is removed from the equilibrium system, the system will have to
react in the direction that replaces some of the H+ to restore equilibrium.
H+ (from the equilibrium) + OH- (from the NaOH)  H2O
The change in the system occurred when you added the NaOH, but the "stress" to the
system must be described in terms of the equation for the equilibrium
CrO42- (yellow) + 2H+ = Cr2O72- (orange) + H2O
So, since NaOH effectively removes hydrogen ion from the system by converting it to
water, the "stress" from the equilibrium's point of view would be a decrease in the
hydrogen ion concentration.
With the mixture of H2SO4, K2CrO4 and NaOH, H2SO4 was added again. This
time, the color yellow and orange partitioned in the test tube.
CrO4]2- + 2H+ <---------> [Cr2O7]2- + H2O [CrO4]2- => Chromate Ion (Yellow)
[Cr2O7]2- => DiChromate Ion (Orange)

Weak Acid and Weak Base

Metal hydroxides such as NaOH and Mg(OH)2 are considered bases because
they contain hydroxide ions, OH-. In the solid, however, the hydroxide ion is bound to
a positive metal ion and has no tendency to accept a proton. Therefore, the solids
themselves are not basic according to the Brønstead-Lowry definition.
Insert Chemical Equations
Metal hydroxides that dissolve easily in water release many hydroxide ions
and so are strong bases, while insoluble or slightly soluble metal hydroxides do not
release many OH- ions into solution and are considered weak bases.
NaOH and KOH are the only two strong metal hydroxide bases we will
encounter. All other metal hydroxides are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water,
and so are considered weak bases. Note that this definition of base strength has
nothing do do with the tendency to accept a proton – the Brønsted-Lowry concept.
Rather, it is based on Arrhenius’s idea that bases from hydroxide ions in water.
Thus, strong bases are those that can dissolve readily and release many hydroxide
ions into the solution, while weak bases are those that release only a few hydroxide
ions into solution. This way of categorizing metal hydroxide bases focuses on the
basicity of the solution they form, not on the intrinsic basicity of their hydroxide ions.
The Thiocyanato-iron (II) Complex Ion
Fe3+ ion and SCN- react with each other to form a red complex ion, [FeSCN]2+.
In this experiment, a much more concentrated solutions (0.1 M) were used, and so the
product solution is a deep red (almost the color of blood).
Fe3+(colorless) + SCN- (colorless) = [FeSCN]2+ (blood red)
In this system, we can tell in which direction the equilibrium shifts when a
change is made by monitoring the intensity of color of the system. If the system gets
darker red in color, then the equilibrium must be shifting to the right (toward producing
more of the colored product). If the color of the system gets fainter (or disappears
altogether), the equilibrium must be shifting toward the left (toward the colorless
components). In this part of the experiment, there are 4 separate procedures wherein
portions of the mixture will be divided into 4 to observe some changes.
Before having the other 4 separate procedures, the students was just setting
up the equilibrium system: mixed some Fe(NO3)3 and some KSCN to generate the
system in the equation above. Ionic reactions are very fast, and the system came to
equilibrium within a few seconds, which was indicated by the appearance of the deep
red color. Since this color is so deep, they were told to divide the mixture into several
wells, and to add water to it until it had been diluted enough that you would be able to
see color changes in the system.
The first 1 mL portion of the mixture, a little 0.1M Fe(NO 3)3 was added. When
additional Fe3+ was added to the system which was already in equilibrium, there have
been too much Fe3+ present in the system. The system would have to react (either to
the left or to the right) to remove some of the additional Fe3+ from the mixture.
(To be answered: In which direction would the system react to remove Fe 3+?
If the system reacted to remove the excess Fe3+, would the net result be more or less
of the colored product? Based on your observation (Page 158) as to whether the
mixture turned darker or lighter when the additional Fe 3+ was added, which way did
the equilibrium shift? Was your color observation consistent with the idea that the
system would have to remove some of the additional Fe3+? You should realize that the
change in the system would have been taken with the first drop of additional
Fe3+ added: if you were not observant, you might have missed the color change!)
Then, for the 2nd 1 mL portion of the mixture, an additional KSCN dropwise to
one of the wells containing the colored equilibrium mixture was added. When
additional SCN- were added to the system which was already in equilibrium, there
have been too much SCN- present in the system. The system would have to react to
remove some of the additional SCN- from the system. Based on this discussion, and
your observations of the system from Page 158, which way did the equilibrium shift:
toward the right (more product, more color) or to the left (less product, less color).
Then for the 3rd 1 mL portion of the mixture, 6M NaOH was added. NaOH
is not part of the equilibrium reaction given. However, Fe(OH)3 is insoluble in water.
If Fe(OH)3 is insoluble in water, then adding NaOH to the equilibrium system should
cause the reaction below to take place: adding NaOH precipitates Fe 3+ as
Fe(OH)3 from the equilibrium system. If Fe3+ is removed from the equilibrium system,
then the system will no longer be in equilibrium and will have to react in the direction
that restores some Fe3+. Based on your observations (Page 158) and this discussion,
which way would the equilibrium shift if Fe3+ is removed from the system? Would the
amount of colored complex increase or decrease?
Fe3+ (from the equilibrium) + 3OH- (from the NaOH) ⇌ Fe(OH)3 (solid
precipitate)
B. THE EQUILIBRIA OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS
In this portion of the experiment, the students were able to generate the equilibrium
by mixing BaCl2 and K2CrO4 solutions. A yellow solid had precipitated, with a clear
yellow solution above it. The clear yellow solution is a saturated BaCrO4 solution.

Ba2+ (in solution) + CrO42- (in solution; yellow) = BaCrO4 (yellow solid)
In this experiment, in 1mL of 0.1M BaCl2, drops of K2CrO4 was added and it became
a cloudy solution. After the step above, few drops of concentrated HCl was added to
the mixture.
Yellow solution is the effect of the excess chromate present.Cl- doesn't play
any role here. It would be obvious if you will write net ionic equation. The most
important part is chromate/dichromate equilibrium. BaCrO4 should be converted to
BaSO4 - that is, yellow solution and white precipitate. Precipitate can be yellowish, but
lack of color change of the solution doesn't look right This is not much different from
the first reaction. Solubility of the barium nitrate doesn't play any role here, just like
solubility of chloride wasn't important in the first case. Try to describe all these
reactions in terms of net ionic reactions. And don't abuse bold in your posts, they are
perfectly readable with standard text.
Conclusion
Le Chatelier's Principle states that if a system is at equilibrium and something
is changed so that it is no longer at equilibrium, the system will respond to counteract
that change. If more reactant is added, the equilibrium will shift forward in order to
consume some of the extra reactant (since there are more ions available for reaction),
resulting in more product. If some of the product is removed from the system, the
equilibrium will shift forward to produce more of that product. The equilibrium can be
shifted reverse by either adding product to or removing reactant from the system.
Yellow chromate ion and orange dichromate ion are in equilibrium with each
other in aqueous solution. The more acidic the solution, the more the equilibrium is
shifted to favour the dichromate ion. As nitric acid is added to the potassium chromate
solution, the yellow colour turns to orange. When sodium hydroxide is added to the
potassium chromate solution, the orange colour turns back to yellow. The sodium
hydroxide reacts with hydrogen ions, removing them from the solution. When one
reactant is removed from an equilibrium system, the equilibrium shifts reverse, in this
case forming the yellow chromate ion again.
Barium reacts with chromate ions (but not dichromate ions) to form an insoluble
salt. Solid barium chromate can be converted to soluble barium dichromate by adding
a source of H+ ions to the solution. This reaction can be reversed again by adding
OH- ions, which decreases the H+ concentration, thus favouring barium chromate.

References:
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-reversible-reaction-and-examples-605617
http://faculty.uml.edu/james_hall/84124/19.htm
http://faculty.cbu.ca/chowley/chem1101/EquilibriumHO.pdf
http://www.digipac.ca/chemical/equilibrium/dichromate/lcp_procedurep.htm
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/experimental-
procedure-system-1-cro-cr20-2-lon-equilibrium-1-measure-3-ml-01m-k2cro4-solut-
q18276854
http://employees.oneonta.edu/viningwj/chem112/exploring_equilibria_2010.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/doc/175800779/EXP8-Le-Chatelier
https://www.slideshare.net/pieferrer/chromate-dichromate-equilibrium
https://depts.washington.edu/chem/facilserv/lecturedemo/ChromateDichromateEquili
brium-UWDept.ofChemistry.html
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/barium-chromate-chemical-
equilibria.534287/
https://www.quora.com/If-this-reaction-CH3COOH-+-NH4OH-produce-
CH3COONH4-and-NH4OH-as-the-remainders-how-can-I-determine-the-PH-Is-it-
Hydrolysis
Source https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/barium-chromate-chemical-
equilibria.534287/