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Determine the load in Kw required to raise 0.5 m3/s of air at 10 deg C and 80% RH to 30 deg C.
GIVEN:
V = 0.5 m3/s
t1=10 °C
RH1=0.80
t2=10 °C
REQUIRED:
Load (q)
SOLUTION:
For q,
q=m(h2-h1)
For h2,h1;
h1 = 25.4 kJ/kg
W1 = 0.006 kg/kg
v1 = 0.81 m3/kg
h2 = 45.7 kJ/kg
For m,
0.5 m3/s
m= V/v = 0.81 m3/kg = .617 kg/s
Calculate the heat added when heating of 1.2 m3/s of air at 15°C and 90% RH to 50°C without
the addition of moisture. Pt = 101.325 Kpa
Given:
V= 1.2 m3/s
t1 = 15°C
RH1 = 90%
t2 = 50°C
Required:
Solution:
For q;
q=m(h2-h1)
For h2,h1;
For w1;
Pv
w1 = .622 Pt−Pv ; Pv = Pd(RH)
w1 = .00945 kg/kg
1.2 m3/s
For q; q = (74.814- 38.988) = 51.922 kW Ans.
.828 m3 /kg
SENSIBLE COOLING
Determine the cooling load produced when 800 liters/s of air is cooled from 50 deg C and 15 %
RH to 25 deg C and dew point temperature at the final condition.
GIVEN:
V = 0.5 m3/s
t1=50 °C
RH1=0.15
t2=25 °C
REQUIRED:
SOLUTION:
For q,
q=m(h1-h2)
For h2,h1;
h1 = 80.3 kJ/kg
W1 = 0.0116 kg/kg
v1 = 0.93 m3/kg
tdp = 16.3°C
h2 = 54.7 kJ/kg
For m,
.8 m3/s
m= V/v = 0.93 m3/kg = .86 kg/s
Determine the quantity of heat removed from 15 m3/min of air when cooled from 37℃ to 15℃.
Given:
RH1= 23%
h2= 38 kJ/kg
RH2= 85
q= m (h1-h2)
1𝑚𝑖𝑛
15 m3/ min 𝑥 .
60𝑠𝑒𝑐
m= V/v= = 0.281 kg/s
0.93 m3/kg
q= 6.4 kW
HUMIDIFYING
Ninety cubic-ft of lumber is dried at 60°C (140°F) dry bulb temperature and 52°C (125.6°F) wet
bulb temperature. The drying rate of the lumber is 5.68 lb of water per hour. If outside air is at 27°C
(80.6°F) dry bulb temperature and 80% relative humidity, how much outside air is needed per minute to
carry away the evaporated moisture?
Required:
Solution
w = drying rate/∆HR
v = w x specific volume
An airflow of 3000 m3/h at 25oC and 10% relative humidity (A) is humidified to 60% relative
humidity (B) by adding saturated steam at atmospheric pressure.
Using the Mollier diagram the process from (A) to (B) can be approximated by following the constant
temperature line 25oC to 60% relative humidity and approximately 25.5oC (a temperature increase less
than 1oC)
The humidity ratio at (A) is 0.002 kg/kg and at (B) 0.012 kg/kg.
mw = ((3000 m3/h) / (3600 secs/h)) (1.184 kg/m3) [(0.012 kg/kg) - (0.002 kg/kg)]
= 0.01 kg/s
= 35.5 kg/h
= 25 kJ/kg
The total heat added by the steam can be calculated as:
= 24.7 kJ/s or kW
DEHUMIDIFYING
In the production area of an industrial operation, to protect the machines and control cabinets
installed there, an ambient air humidity of max. 50% RH at a temperature of 20°C should be maintained.
There is an open water pool with a surface of 250 m2 to supply the fresh water required by some
production processes. The maximum temperature of the water is 15°C. The total area volume is 15,000
m3. In the facility, 15 people carry out exceptionally heavy physical activities. The area is supplied with
12,000 m3 /h of external air through a ventilation system. For the summertime, the design must cater for
extreme values of 32°C and 40% RH. Otherwise, there are no further internal moisture loads.
Required Specification:
p = 1.2 kg/m3
V = 15,000 m3
Solution:
mVPRventilation = 1.2 kg/m3 x 15,000 m3 x 0.8 1/h x (12.1 – 7.36) gw/kg dry air
Apool = 250 m2
Ps = 17.04 mbar
Pp = 11.7 mbar
ε=5
= 76,581 gw/h
PD = 76.58 kg/h
In an area of a water supply facility with an area volume of 900 m3 , a temperature of 15°C and
an ambient air humidity of 80% RH, the pipes that are used for cold fresh water have to be prevented
from the occurrence of condensation. The water temperature is 9°C. The area is watertight, there are no
other moisture loads.
Required specifications:
VA= 900 m³; tA= 15°C; φA= 80% RH; tS= 9°C (pipe surface temperature)
Based on the h-x diagram (figure at the top), the following values are shown:
tDPA= 11.5°C (dew point temperature at tA= 15°C and φA = 80% RH)
xS= 7.2 gw/kgdry air (saturation content at tS = 9°C and φ=100% RH)
Thus, on the surface of the system parts the difference of xA – xS condensates from:
To avoid the water vapor turning into condensation on the system parts, dehumidification to a dew point
temperature of 2 K below the surface temperature is required.
Calculation:
xDP,TGT = 6.3 gw/kgdry air (saturation content at tDP,TGT = 7°C and φ = 100% RH.)
= 2,484 gw/h
PD = 2.48 kg/h.
Result: The chosen dehumidification system must feature a dehumidification performance of 2.48 kg/h
or 59.5 kg/d at 15°C and 80% RH.
A winter air-conditioning system adds for humidification 0.0025 kg/s of saturated steam at 101
kPa pressure to an airflow of 0.36 kg/s. The air is initially at a temperature of 15 C with a relative
humidity of 20 percent. What are the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air leaving the humidifier?
GIVEN:
m = 0.36 kg/s
t=15 °C
RH=0.20
REQUIRED:
dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the leaving air, tdb and twb
SOLUTION:
h1 = 20.021 kJ/kg
W1 = 0.0021 kg/kg
ms = 0.0025 kg/s
m = 0.36 kg/s
ms = m (W2 - W1)
W2 = 0.00894 kg/kg
h2 = 38.6 kJ/kg
W2 = 0.00894 kg/kg
h2 = 38.6 kJ/kg
Two and a half cubic meters of lumber is being dried at 60 °C dry bulb temperature and 52 °C
wet bulb temperature. The drying rate of the lumber is 12.5 kg of water per hour. If outside air is at 27 °
C dry bulb temperature and 80% relative humidity, how much outside air is needed per minute to carry
away the evaporated moisture?
GIVEN:
At point 1:
RH1=0.80
tdb=27 ° C
At point 2:
tdb=60 °C
twb=52 °C
REQUIRED:
Outside air needed per minute to carry away the evaporated moisture, ma
SOLUTION:
At RH1=0.80, tdb=27 ° C
Therefore,
ma1 = mw /∆W
Also,
ma =(ma1) (v1)
ma=2.45 m3/minute
Solution:
From the Psychrometric Chart it can be stated that the enthalpy in (A) is 70 kJ/kg, in (B) 38.5 kJ/kg and
in (C) 8.5 kJ/kg.
Air is cooled and dehumidified at constant pressure. The amount of water removed from the air
and the rate of cooling are to be determined.
The inlet and the exit states of the air are completely specified, and the total pressure is 1 atm.
The properties of the air at various states are determined from the psychrometric chart are:
RH= 100%
0.6 m3/s of gas is to be dried from a dew point of 294 K to a dew point of 277.5 K. How much
water must be removed and what will be the volume of the gas after drying? Vapour pressure of water at
294 K = 2.5 kN/m2. Vapour pressure of water at 277.5 K = 0.85 kN/m2.
Required:
Vapour pressure; P
Solution
When the gas is cooled to 294 K, it will be saturated and Pw0 = 2.5 kN/m2.
From Section 13.2:
When water has been removed, the gas will be saturated at 277.5 K, and Pw = 0.85 kN/m2.
At this stage, mass of vapour = (0.85 x 18)/(8.314 x 277.5) = 0.0066 kg/m3 gas
Assuming the gas flow, 0.6 m3/s, is referred to 273 K and 101.3 kN/m2, 0.00708 kg/s of water is
equivalent to (0.00708/18) = 3.933 x 104 kmol/s.
and:
v = (0.60 - 0.00881).
0.08 m3/s of air at 305 K and 60% humidity is to be cooled to 275 K. Calculate, using a
psychrometric chart, the amount of heat to be removed for each 10 deg K interval of the cooling process.
What total mass of moisture will be deposited? What is the humid heat of the air at the beginning and
end of the process?
Required:
Mass of moisture
Humid heat
Solution:
At 305 K and 60% humidity, from Fig. 13.4, the wet-bulb temperature is 299 K and H = 0.018 kg/kg.
Thus, as the air is cooled, the per cent humidity will increase until saturation occurs at 299 K and the
problem is then one of cooling saturated vapour from 299 K to 275 K.
Considering the cooling in 10 deg K increments, the following data are obtained from Fig. 13.4:
At
305
K:
the
spe
cific volume of dry air = 0.861 m3/kg
and hence the specific volume at 60% humidity = [0.861 + (0.908 - 0.861)60/100]
= 0.889 m3/kg
From Fig. 13.4, specific heat of dry air (at H = 0) = 0.995 kJ/kg K.
∴ enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995) (299 273) + (0.018 x 0.0884) x [4.18(299 – 273) + 2435] +
0.090 x 1.032(305- 299) = 6.89 kW
At 295 K: Enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995)(295- 273) + (0.017 x 0.0884) x [4.18(295- 273) +
2445] = 5.75 kW
At 285 K: Enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995)(285 - 273) + (0.009 x 0.0884) x [4.18(285- 273) +
2468] = 3.06 kW
At 275 K: Enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995)(275 –273) + (0.0045 x 0.0884) x [4.18(275-273) +
2491] = 1.17 kW
and hence
The humid heats at the beginning and end of the process are:
Air at 20°C, 40% relative humidity is missed adiabatically with air at 40°C, 40% RH in the ratio
of 1kg of former with 2kg of latter (on dry basis). Find the final condition (humidity and enthalpy) of
air.
GIVEN:
𝑚1 1
=
𝑚2 2
SOLUTION:
m1 + m2 = m3 ------------ (1)
By energy balance,
𝑚1 𝑊 −𝑊
= 𝑊3 −𝑊2 ------------- (4)
𝑚2 1 3
1 𝑊3 −0.0187
=
2 0.0058−𝑊3
Similarly,
𝑚1 ℎ −ℎ
= ℎ3 −ℎ2 ------------ (5)
𝑚2 1 3
From psychrometry,
h1 = 35kJ/kg
h2 = 90kJ/kg
1 3ℎ −90
= 35−ℎ
2 3
h3 = 71.67kJ/kg
Two airstreams are mixed steadily and adiabatically. The first stream enters at 32°C and 40
percent relative humidity at a rate of 20 m3/min, while the second stream enters at 12°C and 90 percent
relative humidity at a rate of 25 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing process occurs at a pressure of 1 atm,
determine the specific humidity, the relative humidity, and the dry-bulb temperature
GIVEN:
P=1 atm
At point 1,
t1=32°C
RH1=40%
v1=20 m3/min
At point 2,
t2=12°C
RH2=90
v2=25 m3/min
REQUIRED:
t3, RH3
SOLUTION:
and
𝑉1 20 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎1 = = 3
= 22.7
𝑣1 0.882 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉2 25 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎2 = = 3
= 30.5
𝑣2 0.819 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎3 = 𝑚𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2 = 22.7 + 30.5 = 53.2
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Also,
𝑚𝑎1 𝑊2 − 𝑊3 ℎ2 − ℎ3
= =
𝑚𝑎2 𝑊3 − 𝑊1 ℎ3 − ℎ1
RH3 =63.4%
t3 = 20.6 C
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)
NAME OF STUDENTS:
BALATAYO, JOSE II R.
CARI, GRACE JOY D.
CELON, DANNA MICAH F.
CRUZ, AARON S.
TUBLE, ALEXANDER G.