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SENSIBLE HEATING

Determine the load in Kw required to raise 0.5 m3/s of air at 10 deg C and 80% RH to 30 deg C.

GIVEN:

V = 0.5 m3/s

t1=10 °C

RH1=0.80

t2=10 °C

REQUIRED:

Load (q)

SOLUTION:

For q,

q=m(h2-h1)

For h2,h1;

At 10 C Dry-Bulb, 80 Percent Relative Humidity

h1 = 25.4 kJ/kg

W1 = 0.006 kg/kg

v1 = 0.81 m3/kg

At , 30 deg C Dry-Bulb, W1 = W2 = 0.006 kg/kg

From Psychrometric Chart,

h2 = 45.7 kJ/kg

For m,
0.5 m3/s
m= V/v = 0.81 m3/kg = .617 kg/s

Thus, q= (.617)(45.7-25.4) = 12.53 Kw Ans.

Calculate the heat added when heating of 1.2 m3/s of air at 15°C and 90% RH to 50°C without
the addition of moisture. Pt = 101.325 Kpa

Given:
V= 1.2 m3/s

t1 = 15°C

RH1 = 90%

t2 = 50°C

Required:

Heat added (q)

Solution:

For q;

q=m(h2-h1)

For h2,h1;

h1 = cpt + whg ; Ashrae Formula

For w1;
Pv
w1 = .622 Pt−Pv ; Pv = Pd(RH)

Where, Pd = Psat @ t1 = 15°C, Pd = 1.685 Kpa

Then, Pv = 1.5165 Kpa


Pv
Solving for w1 = .622 Pt−Pv ; Pv = 1.5165 Kpa

w1 = .00945 kg/kg

Then, h1 = (1.0062)(15) + (.00945)(1.84(15)+2501) = 38.988 kJ/kg

For h2; h2 = (1.0062)(50) + (.00945)(1.84(50)+2501) = 74.814 kJ/kg


RT .287(15+273)
For v1; v1 = Pt−Pv = 101.325−1.5165 = .828 m3 /kg

1.2 m3/s
For q; q = (74.814- 38.988) = 51.922 kW Ans.
.828 m3 /kg

SENSIBLE COOLING

Determine the cooling load produced when 800 liters/s of air is cooled from 50 deg C and 15 %
RH to 25 deg C and dew point temperature at the final condition.

GIVEN:

V = 0.5 m3/s
t1=50 °C

RH1=0.15

t2=25 °C

REQUIRED:

Load (q), tdp

SOLUTION:

For q,

q=m(h1-h2)

For h2,h1;

At 50 C Dry-Bulb, 15 Percent Relative Humidity

h1 = 80.3 kJ/kg

W1 = 0.0116 kg/kg

v1 = 0.93 m3/kg

tdp = 16.3°C

At , 25 deg C Dry-Bulb, W1 = W2 = 0.0116 kg/kg

From Psychrometric Chart,

h2 = 54.7 kJ/kg

tdp1 = tdp2 = 16.3 °C

For m,
.8 m3/s
m= V/v = 0.93 m3/kg = .86 kg/s

Thus, q= (.86)(80.3 -54.7) = 22.016 Kw Ans.

Tdp at the final condition, tdp2 = 16.3 °C Ans.

Determine the quantity of heat removed from 15 m3/min of air when cooled from 37℃ to 15℃.

Given:

From Psychrometric Chart

@ 37℃ DB and 21℃ WB


h1= 61 kJ/kg

W1= 0.009 kg/kg

v1= 0.889 m3/kg.

RH1= 23%

@ 15℃ DB and W1=W2= 0.009 kg/kg

h2= 38 kJ/kg

RH2= 85

q= m (h1-h2)
1𝑚𝑖𝑛
15 m3/ min 𝑥 .
60𝑠𝑒𝑐
m= V/v= = 0.281 kg/s
0.93 m3/kg

q= 0.281 kg/s (61-38) kJ/kg

q= 6.4 kW

HUMIDIFYING

Ninety cubic-ft of lumber is dried at 60°C (140°F) dry bulb temperature and 52°C (125.6°F) wet
bulb temperature. The drying rate of the lumber is 5.68 lb of water per hour. If outside air is at 27°C
(80.6°F) dry bulb temperature and 80% relative humidity, how much outside air is needed per minute to
carry away the evaporated moisture?

Required:

Volume flow rate of air; v

Solution

From the chart:


w2 = 0.092 lb/lb dry air

w1= 0.0185 lb/lb dry air

∆HR = [w2 – w1] lb/lb dry air

∆HR = (0.092 – 0.0185) lb/lb dry air

∆HR = 0.0735 lb/lb dry air

w = drying rate/∆HR

w = (5.68 lb/hour)/ (0.0735 lb/lb dry air) = 77.28 lb dry air/hour

v = w x specific volume

v = (77.28 lb dry air/hour) x (13.95 ft3 /lb dry air)

v = 1078 ft3 /hour x 1hour/60 mins

v = 17.97 ft3/hr - Answer

An airflow of 3000 m3/h at 25oC and 10% relative humidity (A) is humidified to 60% relative
humidity (B) by adding saturated steam at atmospheric pressure.

Using the Mollier diagram the process from (A) to (B) can be approximated by following the constant
temperature line 25oC to 60% relative humidity and approximately 25.5oC (a temperature increase less
than 1oC)

The humidity ratio at (A) is 0.002 kg/kg and at (B) 0.012 kg/kg.

The amount of water added can be calculated as:

mw = ((3000 m3/h) / (3600 secs/h)) (1.184 kg/m3) [(0.012 kg/kg) - (0.002 kg/kg)]

= 0.01 kg/s

= 35.5 kg/h

The enthalpy change can be estimated from the Mollier diagram.

The enthaply at (A) is 30 kJ/kg and at (B) 55 kJ/kg.

The enthalpy difference is

∆h = (55 kJ/kg) - (30 kJ/kg)

= 25 kJ/kg
The total heat added by the steam can be calculated as:

q = ((3000 m3/h) / (3600 s/h)) (1.184 kg/m3) (55 kJ/kg - 30 kJ/kg)

= 24.7 kJ/s or kW

DEHUMIDIFYING

In the production area of an industrial operation, to protect the machines and control cabinets
installed there, an ambient air humidity of max. 50% RH at a temperature of 20°C should be maintained.
There is an open water pool with a surface of 250 m2 to supply the fresh water required by some
production processes. The maximum temperature of the water is 15°C. The total area volume is 15,000
m3. In the facility, 15 people carry out exceptionally heavy physical activities. The area is supplied with
12,000 m3 /h of external air through a ventilation system. For the summertime, the design must cater for
extreme values of 32°C and 40% RH. Otherwise, there are no further internal moisture loads.

Required Specification:

p = 1.2 kg/m3

V = 15,000 m3

n = 12,000 m3 / 15,000 m3 = 0.8

xEXT = 12.1 gw/kg dry air

xTGT = 7.36 gw/kg dry air

Solution:

mVPRventilation = 1.2 kg/m3 x 15,000 m3 x 0.8 1/h x (12.1 – 7.36) gw/kg dry air

mVPRventilation = 68, 256 gw/h

mVPRperson @ 20°C = 110 gw/(h x person) x 15 people = 1,650 gw/h

Apool = 250 m2

Ps = 17.04 mbar

Pp = 11.7 mbar

ε=5

mVPRpool = 5 g/(h x mbar x m2 ) x 250 m2 x (17.04 – 11.7) mbar = 6675 gw/h


PD = mVPRtotal

= (mVPRventilation + mVPRperson + mVPRpool)

= (68,256 + 1,650 + 6,675) gw/h

= 76,581 gw/h

PD = 76.58 kg/h

Result: The dehumidification system to be selected must feature a dehumidification performance of


76.58 kg/h or 1,838 kg/d at 20°C and 50% RH.

In an area of a water supply facility with an area volume of 900 m3 , a temperature of 15°C and
an ambient air humidity of 80% RH, the pipes that are used for cold fresh water have to be prevented
from the occurrence of condensation. The water temperature is 9°C. The area is watertight, there are no
other moisture loads.

Required specifications:

VA= 900 m³; tA= 15°C; φA= 80% RH; tS= 9°C (pipe surface temperature)
Based on the h-x diagram (figure at the top), the following values are shown:

xA = 8.6 gw/kgdry air

tDPA= 11.5°C (dew point temperature at tA= 15°C and φA = 80% RH)

xS= 7.2 gw/kgdry air (saturation content at tS = 9°C and φ=100% RH)

Thus, on the surface of the system parts the difference of xA – xS condensates from:

Δx = xA – xS = (8.6 – 7.2) gw/kgdry air = 1.4 gw/kgdry air

To avoid the water vapor turning into condensation on the system parts, dehumidification to a dew point
temperature of 2 K below the surface temperature is required.

Calculation:

xDP,TGT = 6.3 gw/kgdry air (saturation content at tDP,TGT = 7°C and φ = 100% RH.)

ΔxTGT = xA – xDP,TGT = (8.6 – 6.3) gw/kgdry air

= 2.3 gw/kgdry air

This gives a dehumidifier performance of

PD = 1.2 kg/m3 x 900 m3 x (8.6 – 6.3) gw/kgdry air

= 2,484 gw/h

PD = 2.48 kg/h.

Result: The chosen dehumidification system must feature a dehumidification performance of 2.48 kg/h
or 59.5 kg/d at 15°C and 80% RH.

HEATING AND HUMIDIFYING

A winter air-conditioning system adds for humidification 0.0025 kg/s of saturated steam at 101
kPa pressure to an airflow of 0.36 kg/s. The air is initially at a temperature of 15 C with a relative
humidity of 20 percent. What are the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air leaving the humidifier?

GIVEN:

ms = 0.0025 kg/s at 101 kPa

m = 0.36 kg/s

t=15 °C

RH=0.20
REQUIRED:

dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the leaving air, tdb and twb

SOLUTION:

At 15 C Dry-Bulb, 20 Percent Relative Humidity

h1 = 20.021 kJ/kg

W1 = 0.0021 kg/kg

At 101 kPa steam,

hfg = 2675.85 kJ/kg

ms = 0.0025 kg/s

m = 0.36 kg/s

ms = m (W2 - W1)

0.0025 = 0.36(W2 - 0.002)

W2 = 0.00894 kg/kg

m (h2 - h1) = mshg

(0.36) (h2 - 20.021) = (0.0025) (2675.85)

h2 = 38.6 kJ/kg

From Psychrometric Chart,

W2 = 0.00894 kg/kg

h2 = 38.6 kJ/kg

Dry-Bulb Temperature, tdb = 16.25 °C


Wet-Bulb Temperature, twb = 13.89 °C

Two and a half cubic meters of lumber is being dried at 60 °C dry bulb temperature and 52 °C
wet bulb temperature. The drying rate of the lumber is 12.5 kg of water per hour. If outside air is at 27 °
C dry bulb temperature and 80% relative humidity, how much outside air is needed per minute to carry
away the evaporated moisture?

GIVEN:

At point 1:

RH1=0.80
tdb=27 ° C

Drying rate of the lumber, mw=12.5 kg of water per hour

At point 2:

tdb=60 °C

twb=52 °C

REQUIRED:

Outside air needed per minute to carry away the evaporated moisture, ma

SOLUTION:

From Psychometric Chart,

At RH1=0.80, tdb=27 ° C

W1= 18.0 g/kg dry air

v1= 0.87 m3/kg dry air

At tdb=60 °C, twb=52 °C

W2= 92.0 g/kg dry air

Therefore,

∆W = (92.0 – 18.0) g/kg dry air = 74.0 g/kg dry air

ma1 = mw /∆W

= (12.5 kg/hour)/ (0.074 kg/kg dry air)

= 168.9 kg dry air/hour

Also,

ma =(ma1) (v1)

= (168.9 kg dry air/hour) (0.87 m3/kg dry air)

= 147 m3/hour = 2.45 m3/minute

ma=2.45 m3/minute

COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING


1 m3/s of air at 30 ℃ (86 ℉) and relative humidity 60% (A) is cooled down to 15 ℃ (59 ℉) (B).
The surface temperature of the cooling coil is 0 ℃ (32 ℉) (C). The density of the air at 20 ℃ is 1.205
kg/m3.

Solution:

From the Psychrometric Chart it can be stated that the enthalpy in (A) is 70 kJ/kg, in (B) 38.5 kJ/kg and
in (C) 8.5 kJ/kg.

The Contact Factor can be calculated as

β = ((70 kJ/kg) - (38.5 kJ/kg)) / ((70 kJ/kg) - (8.5 kJ/kg))= 0.51

The total heat flow can be calculated as

q = (1 m3/s) (1.205 kg/m3) ((70 kJ/kg) - (38.5 kJ/kg)) = 38 kW

The sensible heat flow can be calculated as

q = (1 m3/s) (1.205 kg/m3) (1.01 kJ/kg.℃) (30℃ - 15℃) = 18.3 kW

Air is cooled and dehumidified at constant pressure. The amount of water removed from the air
and the rate of cooling are to be determined.

The inlet and the exit states of the air are completely specified, and the total pressure is 1 atm.
The properties of the air at various states are determined from the psychrometric chart are:

h1= 79.6 kJ/kg

W1= 0.0202 kg/kg

v1= 0.881 m3/kg

RH= 100%

h2= 51.0 kJ/kg

W2= 0.013 kg/kg


Solution:

COOLING AND HUMIDIFYING

0.6 m3/s of gas is to be dried from a dew point of 294 K to a dew point of 277.5 K. How much
water must be removed and what will be the volume of the gas after drying? Vapour pressure of water at
294 K = 2.5 kN/m2. Vapour pressure of water at 277.5 K = 0.85 kN/m2.

Required:

Volume of water removed;

Vapour pressure; P

Solution

When the gas is cooled to 294 K, it will be saturated and Pw0 = 2.5 kN/m2.
From Section 13.2:

mass of vapour = Pw0Vw/RT = (2.5 x 18)/(8.314 x 294) = 0.0184 kg/m3 gas.

When water has been removed, the gas will be saturated at 277.5 K, and Pw = 0.85 kN/m2.

At this stage, mass of vapour = (0.85 x 18)/(8.314 x 277.5) = 0.0066 kg/m3 gas

Hence, water to be removed = (0.0184 - 0.0066) = 0.0118 kg/m3 gas

or: (0.0118 - 0.6) = 0.00708 kg/s

Assuming the gas flow, 0.6 m3/s, is referred to 273 K and 101.3 kN/m2, 0.00708 kg/s of water is
equivalent to (0.00708/18) = 3.933 x 104 kmol/s.

1 kmol of vapour occupies 22.4 m3 at STP,

and:

volume of water removed = (3.933 X 104 x 22.4) = 0.00881 m3/s - Answer

Assuming no volume change on mixing, the gas flow after drying

v = (0.60 - 0.00881).

v = 0.591 m3/s at STP - Answer

0.08 m3/s of air at 305 K and 60% humidity is to be cooled to 275 K. Calculate, using a
psychrometric chart, the amount of heat to be removed for each 10 deg K interval of the cooling process.
What total mass of moisture will be deposited? What is the humid heat of the air at the beginning and
end of the process?

Required:

Amount of heat; h @10K interval

Mass of moisture

Humid heat

Solution:

At 305 K and 60% humidity, from Fig. 13.4, the wet-bulb temperature is 299 K and H = 0.018 kg/kg.
Thus, as the air is cooled, the per cent humidity will increase until saturation occurs at 299 K and the
problem is then one of cooling saturated vapour from 299 K to 275 K.

Considering the cooling in 10 deg K increments, the following data are obtained from Fig. 13.4:
At
305
K:

the
spe
cific volume of dry air = 0.861 m3/kg

the saturated volume = 0.908 m3/kg

and hence the specific volume at 60% humidity = [0.861 + (0.908 - 0.861)60/100]

= 0.889 m3/kg

Thus, mass flow of moist air = (0.08/0.889) = 0.090 kg/s

Thus, the flowrate of dry air = 0.090/(1 + 0.018) = 0.0884 kg/s.

From Fig. 13.4, specific heat of dry air (at H = 0) = 0.995 kJ/kg K.

∴ enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995) (299 273) + (0.018 x 0.0884) x [4.18(299 – 273) + 2435] +
0.090 x 1.032(305- 299) = 6.89 kW

At 295 K: Enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995)(295- 273) + (0.017 x 0.0884) x [4.18(295- 273) +
2445] = 5.75 kW

At 285 K: Enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995)(285 - 273) + (0.009 x 0.0884) x [4.18(285- 273) +
2468] = 3.06 kW

At 275 K: Enthalpy of moist air = (0.0884 x 0.995)(275 –273) + (0.0045 x 0.0884) x [4.18(275-273) +
2491] = 1.17 kW

and hence

in cooling from 305 to 295 K, heat to be removed = (6.89 - 5.75) = 1.14 kW

in cooling from 295 to 285 K, heat to be removed = (5.75 -3.06) = 2.69 kW

in cooling from 285 to 275 K, heat to be removed = (3.06 -1.17) = 1.89 kW

The mass of water condensed = 0.0884(0.018 -0.0045) = 0.0012 kg/s.

The humid heats at the beginning and end of the process are:

1.082 and 1.001 kJ/kg K respectively.


AIR MIXING

Air at 20°C, 40% relative humidity is missed adiabatically with air at 40°C, 40% RH in the ratio
of 1kg of former with 2kg of latter (on dry basis). Find the final condition (humidity and enthalpy) of
air.

GIVEN:

Dry bulb temperature, td1 = 20°C

Relative humidity, Ø 1 = 40%

Dry bulb temperature, td2=40°C R

Relative humidity, Ø 2= 40%

𝑚1 1
=
𝑚2 2

REQUIRED: Enthalpy of air, h3

SOLUTION:

We know that mass balance,

m1 + m2 = m3 ------------ (1)

mW1 + m2W2 = m3W3 ------------ (2)

By energy balance,

m1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3

Substituting the value of m3 in equation (2),

m1W1 + m2w2 = (m1 + m2) W3

m1W1 - m1W3 = m2W3 – m2W2

m1 (W1 - W3) = m2 (W3 - W2)

m1W1 - m2W3 = m2W3 + m2W3

𝑚1 𝑊 −𝑊
= 𝑊3 −𝑊2 ------------- (4)
𝑚2 1 3

From psychrometry chart,

W1 = 0.0058kg/kg of dry air


W2 = 0.0187kg/kg of dry air

1 𝑊3 −0.0187
=
2 0.0058−𝑊3

W3 = 0.01440187kg/kg of dry air

Similarly,

m1h1 + m2h2 = (m1 + m2) h3

m1h1 – m1h3 = -m2h2 + m2h3

𝑚1 ℎ −ℎ
= ℎ3 −ℎ2 ------------ (5)
𝑚2 1 3

From psychrometry,

h1 = 35kJ/kg

h2 = 90kJ/kg

1 3ℎ −90
= 35−ℎ
2 3

h3 = 71.67kJ/kg

Two airstreams are mixed steadily and adiabatically. The first stream enters at 32°C and 40
percent relative humidity at a rate of 20 m3/min, while the second stream enters at 12°C and 90 percent
relative humidity at a rate of 25 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing process occurs at a pressure of 1 atm,
determine the specific humidity, the relative humidity, and the dry-bulb temperature

GIVEN:

P=1 atm

At point 1,

t1=32°C

RH1=40%

v1=20 m3/min

At point 2,

t2=12°C

RH2=90
v2=25 m3/min

REQUIRED:

t3, RH3

SOLUTION:

From the psychrometric chart,

v1=0.882 m /kg dry air

W1=0.0119 kg water/kg dry air

h1=62.7 kJ/kg dry air

and

v2=0.819 m /kg dry air

W2=0.0079 kg water/kg dry air

H2=31.9 kJ/kg dry air

Mass flow rate of dry air in each stream,

𝑉1 20 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎1 = = 3
= 22.7
𝑣1 0.882 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑉2 25 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎2 = = 3
= 30.5
𝑣2 0.819 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛

From the conservation of mass,

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎3 = 𝑚𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2 = 22.7 + 30.5 = 53.2
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Also,

𝑚𝑎1 𝑊2 − 𝑊3 ℎ2 − ℎ3
= =
𝑚𝑎2 𝑊3 − 𝑊1 ℎ3 − ℎ1

22.7 0.0079 − 𝑊3 31.9 − ℎ3


= =
30.5 𝑊3 − 0.0119 ℎ3 − 62.7

h3=45.0 kJ / kg dry air


W3=0.0096 kg water / kg dry
air
Therefore, from the psychrometric chart,

RH3 =63.4%

t3 = 20.6 C
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)

Activity 3: Example Problems on


Basic Air Conditioning Processes

NAME OF STUDENTS:
BALATAYO, JOSE II R.
CARI, GRACE JOY D.
CELON, DANNA MICAH F.
CRUZ, AARON S.
TUBLE, ALEXANDER G.

ENGR. BILLY DELA DRUZ


INSTRUCTOR

SEPTEMBER 20, 2019

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