5 - Availability & Irreversibility

Solution of UPSC Papers
Of
Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
Availability & Irreversibility
Prepared By
Brij Bhooshan
Asst. Professor
B. S. A. College of Engg. And Technology
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, (India)
Supported By:
Purvi Bhooshan
Please welcome for any correction or misprint in the entire manuscript and your
valuable suggestions kindly mail us brijrbedu@gmail.com.
1988
Problem: The expansion in a turbine is adiabatic and irreversible. The steam enters at
20 kgf/cm2, 450°C and the exhaust pressure is 0.07 kgf/cm2. The dryness fraction of the
exhaust is 0.91. Calculate, using steam tables only.
(i) the lost work due to irreversibility per kg of steam flowing through the turbine;
(ii) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine.
Take environmental temperature as 39°C.
[IAS-1988]
Solution: Given that: P1 = 20 kgf/cm2 = 1.961 MPa, T1 = 450°C + 273 = 723 K, P2 = 0.07
kgf/cm2 = 6.86 kPa, x2 = 0.91, T0 = 39°C + 273 = 312 K.
From steam table at P1 = 20 kgf/cm2, T1 = 723 K.
From interpolation
After solving, we get h1 = 3971.06 kJ/kg.
For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Brij Bhooshan Asst. Professor B.S.A College of Engg. & Technology, Mathura (India)
Copyright by Brij Bhooshan @ 2013 Page 1
2 Solution of UPSC Papers of Availability & Irreversibility
After solving, we ge S1 = 8.001kJ/kg-K.

From steam table at P1 = 6.86 kPa.
h2= hf + x.hfg
h2 = 1260.8 + 0.91 × 1510.1 = 2634.99 kJ/kg.
S2= Sf + x.Sfg
S2 = 3.1010 + 0.91 × 2.7124 = 5.5692 kJ/kg-K.
Lost work due to irreversibility
I = T0 (S1 – S2)
I = 312 (8.0011 – 5.5692) = 758.75 kJ/kg.
Isentropic efficiency: Now, = 2776.00 kJ/kg.
1992
Problem: 500 kJ of heat is removed from a constant temperature heat reservoir
maintained at 835 K. The heat is received by a system at constant temperature of 720 K.
The temperature of the surroundings, the lowest available temperature is 280 K.
Illustrate the problem by T-S diagram and calculate the heat loss of available energy as
a result of this irreversible heat transfer.
[Engg. Services-1992]
Solution: Given that: Q = 500 kJ, T0 = 280 K, i.e surrounding temperature, Tres = 835 K,
Tsystem = 720 K.
Availability for heat reservoir Ua1 = T0· ΔSres
Availability for system = T0 · ΔSsystem
Net loss of available energy = 167.67 – 194.44 = – 26.77 kJ/kg.

Loss of available energy = 26.77 kJ/kg.
1993
Problem: Steam flows through an adiabatic steady flow turbine. The enthalpy at
entrance is 4142 kJ/kg and at exit 2585 kJ/kg. The values of flow availability of steam at
entrance and exit are 1787 kJ/kg and 140 kJ/kg, respectively. If the dead state
temperature T0 is 300 K, determine, per kg of steam, the actual work, the maximum
possible work for the given change of state of steam, and the change in entropy of steam.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy.
Solution: Given that: h1 = 4142 kJ/kg, h2 = 2585 kJ/kg, 1 = 1787 kJ/kg, 2 = 140
kJ/kg, T0 = 300 K.
Here dead state is given as 300 K and the maximum possible work for given change of
state of steam can be estimated by the difference of flow availability as given under:

Solution of UPSC Papers of Basic and Applied Thermodynamics By Brij Bhooshan 3
Wmax = 1 – 2 = 1787 – 140 = 1647 kJ/kg

Actual work from turbine,
Wactual = h1 − h2 = 4142 – 2585 = 1557 kJ/kg
Change in entropy
I = T0Sgen = Wmax − Wactual
1996
Problem: A closed system contains 0.5 kg of air. It expands from 2 bar, 60⁰C to 1 bar,
40⁰C. During expansion it receives 2 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 100" C. Assuming
atmospheric conditions to be at 0.95 bar and 30⁰C, calculate (i) the maximum, work, (ii)
work done on atmosphere, and (iii) change in availability.
Solution: Given that: m = 0.5 kg, T1 = 60°C + 273 = 333 K, P1 = 2 bar, P2 = 1 bar, T2 =
40°C + 273 = 313 K, Q = 2 kJ, Tr = 100°C + 273 = 373 K.
Atmospheric conditions: P0 = 0.95 bar, T0 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K.
Let Cv = 0.718.
Maximum work done: We know that
Wmax = (U1 – U2) – T0 (S1 – S2) [1]
Now, U1 – U2 = mCv (T1 – T2)
U1 – U2 = 0.5 × 0.718 × (333 − 313) = 7.187 kJ/kg [2]
From the property relation,
TdS = dU + P.dV
Now, from ideal gas equation PV = mRT
then,
After solving, we get

S2 – S1 = 0.07084 kJ/kg-K [3]
Now, utilizing Eqns. (1), (2), and (3), we get
Wmax = 7.18 – 300 × 0.07084 = 28.43 kJ.
Work done on atmosphere: We know that
W0 = P0 (V1 – V2) = 0.95 × (0.23 – 0.44)
W0 = −19.95 kJ
(Negative sign indicates that work is done on the atmosphere)

Change in availability:
= Wmax + W0 = 28.43 – 19.19 = 8.48 kJ.
1997
Problem: Show that the irreversibility for an adiabatic steady state process is given by
[IAS-1997]
Q1 at temp. T1
1 2
m m
Solution: Let us assume changes in kinetic and potential energy to be negligible. Let us
use subscript 1 for inlet and 2 for outlet.
From first law of thermodynamics;
Q1 + m1h1 = m2h2, here m1 = m2 = m
or Q1 = m(h2 – h1) [1]
From second law of thermodynamics,
From availability considerations in control volume,
From Eqns. (1), and (3), then
From Eqns. (2), and (4), then

I = mT0 Sgen
I = mT0 (S2 – S1)
Problem: An adiabatic cylinder of volume 10 m3 is divided into two compartments A

and B, each of volume 6 m3 and 4m3 respectively, by a thin sliding partition. Initially the
compartment A is filled with air at 6 bar and 600 K, whilst there is a vacuum in the
compartment B. Suddenly the partition is removed, the fluid in compartment A expands
and fills both the compartments. Calculate the loss in available energy. Assume
atmosphere is at1 bar and 300 K.
A B
6 bar, 600 K, 6 m3 4 m3
Solution: Given that: T0 = 300 K, P0 = 1 bar, VA = 6 m3, VB = 4 m3, P1 = 6 bar, T1 = 600

K.
Initially, V1 = VA = 6 m3, and finally, V2 = VA + VB = 10 m3.
Expansion occurs in adiabatic conditions.
Temperature after expansion can be obtained by considering adiabatic expansion.

T2 = 489.12 K.
Mass of air, m
m = 20.91 kg
Change in entropy of control system,
After solving, we get S2 – S1 = − 2.01 × 10−3 kJ/K.

Here, there is no change in entropy of environment, ΔSe = 0
Total entropy change of combined system = ΔS = ΔSs + ΔSe = – 2.01 × 10–3 kJ/K
Loss of available energy = Irreversibility = T0 × ΔS = 300 × (–2.01 × 10–3)
= – 0.603 kJ
Loss of available energy = 0.603 kJ.
1998
Problem: Oil at 167° C is cooled to 47° C at the rate of 1600 kg/hr in a heat exchanger.
Water at 17° C is used at the rate of 6400 kg/hr for the cooling. The specific heat of the
oil is 2.1 kJ/kg K Assuming dead state as 17° C, determine the loss in available energy.
[IAS-1998]
Solution: Given that: T1 = 167°C + 273 = 440 K,
For oil T2 = 47°C + 273 = 320 K, m1 = 1600 kg/hr.
For water T3 = 17°C + 273 = 290 K, m2 = 6400 kg/hr.
Cv oil = 2.1 kJ/kg.K, T0 = 17°C + 273 = 290 K.
Suppose the heat exchanger is parallel flow type
1600 × 2.1 (440 – 320) = 6400 × 4.18 (T4 − 290)

T4 = 305.07 K.
Change in entropy of oil
After solving, we get S2 – S1 = − 0.297 kJ/K.

Change in entropy of water
After solving, we get S4 – S3 = 0.3764 kJ/K.

Change in availability of oil
ΔA1 = −25.87 kJ/sec.

Change in availability of water
ΔA2 = 2.83 kJ/sec.

Loss of available energy = ΔA1 + ΔA2
= −25.87 + 2.83 = −23.04 kJ/sec.
Problem: A rigid tank contains air at 1.5 bar and 60° C. The pressure of air is raised at
2.5 bar by transfer of heat from a constanl temperature reservoir at 400° C. The
temperature of surroundings is 27° C. Determine per kg of air, the loss of available
energy due to heat transfer.
Solution: Given that: Let initial and final states be given by subscript 1 and 2.
T1 = 60°C + 273 = 333 K, T2 = ?, P1 = 1.5 bar, P2 = 2.5 bar, T0 = 27°C + 273 = 300 K.
Here heat addition process causing rise in pressure from 1.5 bar to 2.5 bar occurs
isochorically.
T2 = 555 K.
Heat addition to air in tank,
Q = mCp ΔT = 1 × 1.005 × (555 – 333) = 223.11 kJ/kg.
Change in entropy of system
ΔSS = 0.67 kJ/kg-K.

Change in entropy of environment/surroundings
ΔSe = −0.346 kJ/kg-K.

ΔS = ΔSS + ΔSe = 0.67 − 0.346 = 0.324 kJ/kg-K.
Loss of available energy = Irreversibility = T0 ΔS
I = 300 × 0.324 = 97.2 kJ/K.
1999
Problem: Exhaust gases leave an internal combustion engine at 800⁰C 1 atmosphere,
after having done 1050 kJ of work per kg of gas in the engine (CP of gas = 1.1 kJ/kg K).
The temperature of the surroundings is 30⁰C.
(i) How much available energy per kg of gas is lost by throwing away the
exhaust gases?
(ii) What is the ratio of the lost available exhaust gas energy to the engine work?
Solution: Given that: exhaust gas pressure P1 = 1 atm, T1 = 800°C + 273 = 1073 K , CP
= 1.1 kJ/kg-K, Surrounding temperature T0 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K.
Now we know that

if pressure is constant, then P1 = P2, then
Loss of available energy = CP(T1 – T0) − T0 (S1 – S0)
Loss of available energy = 425.54 kJ.

Ratio of lost available energy to engine work:
2000
Problem: A 200 kg iron block initially at 300 °C is allowed to cool in atmosphere at 30
°C. Determine the reversible work and irreversibility for the cooling process. If this iron
block is used to maintain a temperature of 30 °C within an enclosure having outside
surrounding temperature of 10 °C, determine the maximum amount of heat that can be
supplied to the enclosure space as the iron block cools from 300 °C to 30 °C. For iron Cp
= 0.45 kJ/kg-K.
[IAS-2000]
Solution: Given that: m = 200 kg, T1 = 300°C + 273 = 573 K, T2 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K,
T0 = 10°C + 273 = 283 K, CP = 0.45 kJ/kg-K.
Irreversibility: I = Wmax – Wact
Wmax = mCP(T1 – T2) − T0 (S1 – S2)
= 200 × 0.45 × (573 − 303) – 283 × 200 × 0.45 × ln (573/303)
Wmax = 32371.71 kJ.
Reversible Work:
Wrev = Wact = mCP(T1 – T2)
Wrev = 200 × 0.45 × (573 − 303) = 48600 kJ
Now I = Wmax – Wact
I = 32371.71 – 48600 = −16228.28 kJ.
Problem: A heat source at 627° C transfers heat at the rate of 3000 KJ/min to a system
maintained at 287° C. A heat sink is available at 27° C. Assuming these temperatures to
remain constant, find:
(i) change in entropy of source
(ii) Entropy production accompanying heat transfer
(iii) The original available energy
(iv) The available energy after heat transfer.

TS = T1
Q1
Q2
TSys = T2
Solution: Given that: T1 = 627°C + 273 = 900 K, T2 = 287°C + 273 = 560 K, T0 = 27°C +
273 = 300 K, Q2 = 3000 kJ/min.
Suppose every process is reversible
Now, we know that
After solving, we get Q1 = 4821.42 kJ/min.

(i) Change in entropy of source:
After solving, we get ΔS1 = −5.357 kJ/min-K.

(ii) Entropy production:
After solving, we get ΔS2 = 5.357 kJ/min-K.

Now, ΔSgen = ΔSuni = ΔS1 + ΔS2 + ΔSengine
ΔSgen = −5.357 + 5.357 + 0 = 0
Hence, entropy production is zero. This means that our assumption for reversible
process is valid.
(iii) Original available energy:
Wmax = 3214.28 kJ/min

(iv) Available energy after heat transfer:
= 1392.85 kJ/min
2001
Problem: What is the available energy i.e., the maximum amount of work that can be
obtained from 1 kg of air at state point 1 in the figure. The dead state is also marked '0'
in the figure?

T
P1 = 10 atm
1
600 K
P0 = 1 atm
2
300 K
[IAS-2001]
Solution: Given that: mass (m) = 1 kg.
Available energy: Now we know that
Now, Wmax = 92.42 kJ.
Problem: 3 kg of gas initially at 2.5 bar and 400 K receives 600 kJ of heat under
constant volume process from a source at a temperature of 1200 K. If the surrounding
temperature is 290 K, find the loss in available energy due to the heat transfer process.
Assume CV = 0.81 kJ/kg-K for gas.
[IFoS-2001]
Solution: Given that: m = 3 kg, P = 2.5 bar, T1 = 600 K, volume is constant, source
temperature (T) = 1200 K, T0 = 290 K, CV = 0.81 kJ/kg-K.
Now, change is entropy is
S2 – S1 = mCV ln (T2/T1)
Loss of available energy:
I = T0(S2 – S1) = 290 × 3 × 0.81 × ln (1200/600)
I = 487.2 kJ/kg.
2002
Problem: Define availability. Explain the difference between useful work and the
maximum useful work done in the context of availability of a closed system.
[IAS-2002]
Solution: Availability: The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum
useful work [total work (−P.dV)], that is obtainable in a process in which the system
comes to equilibrium with its surroundings.
Useful work: It is defined as the actual work delivered by a system less the work
performed on the atm.
Problem: Heat flows through a wall at the rate of 3 × l05 kJ/h. The temperature of the
two faces of the wall are 327°C and 207°C. If the surroundings are at 270°C, what is the
loss in available energy?
[IAS-2002]
Solution: Given that: T1 = 327°C + 273 = 600 K, T2 = 207°C + 273 = 480 K, T0 = 270°C +
273 = 543 K, Q = 3 × l05 kJ/h.
Now, Q = mCV (T2 − T1)
3 × l0 = mCV (600 − 480)
5
After solving, we get mCV = 1500 kJ/hr-K.

Loss of available energy:

I = T0 ΔS = T0 mCV ln (T2/T1) = 543 × 1500 × ln (480/600)
I = 181747.53 kJ/hr-kg-K.
2003
Problem: Calculate the decrease in available energy when 25 kg of water at 97°C is
mixed with 35 kg of water at 47°C, the pressure being constant and temperature of
surrounding is 25°C. Specific heat of water is Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg-K.
[IAS-2003]
Solution: Given that: m1 = 25 kg, m2 = 35 kg, T1 = 97°C + 273 = 370 K, T2 = 47°C + 273
= 320 K, CP = 4.2 kJ/kg-K, T0 = 25°C + 273 = 298 K.
Available energy of 25 kg of water
Now, ϕ1 = 788.54 kJ.

Available energy of 35 kg of water
Now, ϕ2 = 113.80 kJ.

Total available energy
ϕ = ϕ1 + ϕ2 = 788.54 + 113.80 = 902.34 kJ.
After mixing final temperature is
25 × 4.2 × (370 − Tf) = 35 × 4.2 × (Tf – 320)
After solving, we get Tf = 340.83 K.
Final available energy
Now, ϕf = 708.49 kJ.

Decrease in available energy due to mixing = Total available energy before mixing −
Total available energy after mixing
= 902.34 – 708.49 = 193.85 kJ.
2004
Problem: A perfectly insulated chamber is divided in two parts by a diaphragm. 1.0 kg
of oxygen is stored in one part while 7.0 kg of hydrogen is stored in another part. Both
the gases are at the same temperature and pressure of 450 K and 1.0 bar respectively.
They are mixed together by removing the diaphragm. Determine the loss in availability
after mixing if the surrounding temperature is 290 K.
The value of universal gas constant R0 = 8314 J/kg-mol-K.
[IAS-2004]

Solution: Given that: mO2 = 1 kg, mH2 = 7.0 kg, P = 1.0 bar, T = 450 K, T0 = 290 K, R0 =
8314 J/kg-mol K.
Now,
Volume of oxygen
PV = m T
Volume of hydrogen
Volume after mixing

Vf = + = 1.16 + 130.94 = 132.10 m3.
Entropy change in oxygen
= 1230.23 J/kg-K.
Entropy change in hydrogen
= 36.66 J/kg-K.
total change in entropy
ΔS = + = 1230.23 + 36.66 = 1266.89 J/kg-K.
Loss of availability = T0 ΔS
= 290 × 1266.89 = 367.39 kJ/kg.
2005
Problem: 6 kg of air at 600 K and 50 bar is enclosed in a closed system.
(i) Determine the availability of the system if the surrounding pressure and
temperature are 10 bar and 300 K.
(ii) If the air is cooled at constant pressure to the atmospheric condition, determine
the availability and effectiveness.
For air take, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
[IAS-2005]
Solution: Given that: m = 6 kg, P = 5 bar, T = 600 K, T0 = 300 K, P0 = 1.0 bar.
Availability of the system:
We get ΔS = 0.234 kJ/kg-K.

Now availability is
AE = m[CP(T1 – T0) − T0ΔS]
AE = 6[1.005 × (600 – 300) – 300 × 0.234] = 1387.8 kJ
Availability and effectiveness:
Change in entropy during cooling
We get ΔS = 4.1796 kJ/kg-K.

Now availability of system is
AES = mCP(T1 – T0) − T0ΔS
AES = 6 × 1.005 × (600 – 300) – 300 × 4.1796 = 555.12 kJ.
Now, effectiveness is
Problem: What do you understand by the term Availability? 6 kg of air at 600 K and 5
bars is enclosed in a closed system.
(i) Determine the availability of the system if the surrounding pressure and
temperature are 10 bar and 300 K.
(ii) If the air is cooled at constant pressure to the atmospheric temperature,
determine the availability & effectiveness.
[IFoS-2005]
Solution: See the solution of IAS 2005.
Problem: 4 kg of water at 40°C are mixed with 6 kg of water at 100°C in a steady flow
process. Calculate:
(i) the temperature of resulting mixture,
(ii) the change in entropy, and
(iii) the unavailable energy with respect to the energy receiving water at 40°C.
Solution: Given that: m1 = 4 kg, m2 = 6 kg, T1 = 40°C + 273 = 313 K, T2 = 100°C + 273 =
373 K, T0 = 40°C + 273 = 313 K.
(i) Temperature of resulting mixture:
Then, we get Tf = 349 K.

(ii) Change in entropy:
Change in entropy before mixing
Change in entropy before mixing
(iii) Unavailable energy:

I = T0 ΔS
I = 313 × 4.18 = 1425.15 kJ.
2006
Problem: A counterflow heat exchanger acting as a recuperator, of gas turbine receives
compressed air operating at steady state at 650 K, 12 bars and exits at 850 K, 11.6 bars.

Hot combustion from the exhaust of gas turbine enters as a separate stream at 1000 K,
1.1 bars and comes out at 1 bar. The mass flow rate of each stream is 200 kg/s. The heat
transfer from the outer surface of the heat exchanger to surroundings may be neglected.
The change in kinetic and potential energy are negligible.
Take T0 = 228 K and P0 = 1 bar.
Assume ideal gas model for combustion gas. Work out the following:
(i) Draw the system and show the temperature distribution for each stream
(ii) The exit temperature of combustion gas
(iii) The net change in the flow energy rate from inlet to outlet for each stream
(iv) The energy distribution rate
(v) Comment on the results.
[IAS-2006]
T
Th1
Tc2
Th2
Tc1
A0 or L
Solution: Given that: Ta1 = 650 K, Pa1 = 12 bar, Ta2 = 850 K, Pa2 = 11.6 bar, Ts1 = 1000
K, Ps1 = 1.1 bar, Ps2 = 1 bar, P0 = 1 bar, m = 200 kg/s.
Exit temperature of combustion gas: Let Cpa = 1.005 kJ/kg-K, Cps = 1.005 kJ/kg-K.
Now from energy balance
mCpa (Ta1 − Ta2) = mCps (Ts2 – Ts1)
1.005 × (650 − 850) = 1.09 × (Ts2 − 1000)
Then we get Ts2 = 815.59 K.
Net change in the flow energy rate:
Then, we get φa = 56289.69 kJ/sec.
Then, we get φs = −51420.48 kJ/sec.

Net change in the flow energy rate
φ = φa − φs
φ = 56289.69 – 51420.48 = 107710 kJ/sec.


5 - Availability & Irreversibility

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

5 - Availability & Irreversibility

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Solution of UPSC Papers

After solving, we get h1 = 3971.06 kJ/kg.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

After solving, we ge S1 = 8.001kJ/kg-K.

Availability for system = T0 · ΔSsystem

Net loss of available energy = 167.67 – 194.44 = – 26.77 kJ/kg.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Wmax = 1 – 2 = 1787 – 140 = 1647 kJ/kg

Now, from ideal gas equation PV = mRT

After solving, we get

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

From availability considerations in control volume,

From Eqns. (1), and (3), then

From Eqns. (2), and (4), then

Problem: An adiabatic cylinder of volume 10 m3 is divided into two compartments A

Solution: Given that: T0 = 300 K, P0 = 1 bar, VA = 6 m3, VB = 4 m3, P1 = 6 bar, T1 = 600

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

After solving, we get S2 – S1 = − 2.01 × 10−3 kJ/K.

1600 × 2.1 (440 – 320) = 6400 × 4.18 (T4 − 290)

After solving, we get S2 – S1 = − 0.297 kJ/K.

After solving, we get S4 – S3 = 0.3764 kJ/K.

ΔA1 = −25.87 kJ/sec.

ΔA2 = 2.83 kJ/sec.

ΔSS = 0.67 kJ/kg-K.

ΔSe = −0.346 kJ/kg-K.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

if pressure is constant, then P1 = P2, then

Loss of available energy = CP(T1 – T0) − T0 (S1 – S0)

Loss of available energy = 425.54 kJ.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Now, we know that

After solving, we get Q1 = 4821.42 kJ/min.

After solving, we get ΔS1 = −5.357 kJ/min-K.

After solving, we get ΔS2 = 5.357 kJ/min-K.

Wmax = 3214.28 kJ/min

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Now, Wmax = 92.42 kJ.

After solving, we get mCV = 1500 kJ/hr-K.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Loss of available energy:

Now, ϕ1 = 788.54 kJ.

Now, ϕ2 = 113.80 kJ.

Now, ϕf = 708.49 kJ.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Volume after mixing

We get ΔS = 0.234 kJ/kg-K.

We get ΔS = 4.1796 kJ/kg-K.

Then, we get Tf = 349 K.

Change in entropy before mixing

(iii) Unavailable energy:

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Then, we get φa = 56289.69 kJ/sec.

Then, we get φs = −51420.48 kJ/sec.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Você também pode gostar