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Moth-flame optimization algorithm to

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DOI: 10.3139/120.111024

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 PRODUCTION-ORIENTED TESTING 425

Moth-flame optimization
algorithm to determine optimal
machining parameters in
manufacturing processes
Betül Sultan Yıldız and Ali Rıza Yıldız, In this research, a newly developed moth-flame optimiza-
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser - Library on May 4, 2017

Bursa, Turkey tion algorithm (MFO) is presented for solving optimization

Article Information problems in manufacturing industry. A well-known milling
Correspondence Address optimization problem is solved to emphasize the effective-
Prof. Dr. Ali Riza Yildiz ness of the MFO in the optimization of manufacturing
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bursa Technical University,
problems. In the optimization problem solved in this paper,
Bursa, Turkey the main aim is to maximize the profit rate for multi-tool
E-mail: Betulsultan.yildiz@gmail.com, milling operations considering difficult constraints. The
aliriza.yildiz@btu.edu.tr
For personal use only.

results demonstrate that the MFO is an effective optimiza-

Keywords
Moth-flame algorithm, optimization, tion method for the solution of manufacturing optimization
milling operation, manufacturing problems.

Milling and turning are two commonly
used machining operations in manufactur-
ing industry. Milling is a process of remov-
ing chips from a fixed workpiece using a
cutter that rotates about its axis. Determi-
nation of the optimum manufacturing pa-
rameters is very important in order to de-
velop the quality of the products and to
enhance the total profit rate in manufactur-
ing industry.
When the research works in the litera-
ture are examined in detail, it is seen that
the first study on optimal cutting parame-
ters was carried out in the 1900 s [1]. After
that, different optimization techniques [1-
10] have been preferred for defining opti-
mum machining parameters in literature.
When these optimization techniques are
used, they usually either get caught in the
local minimum or take a long time to find
an optimal result [11].
It is seen that population-based methods
are used in many applications instead of tra-
ditional techniques in recent years [14-36].
Tolouei-Rad and Bidhendi [15] have pre-
In this publication, the moth-flame opti-
mization algorithm (MFO) is used to opti-
mize cutting parameters in milling opera-
tions. The MFO is applied to a well-known
case study [15] to optimize the machining
parameters in milling operations. The re-
sults show that the MFO is more effective
than cuckoo search algorithm [2], ant col-
ony algorithm [7], handbook recommenda-
tions [13], feasible direction method [15],
hybrid particle swarm [22], genetic algo-
rithm [26] and hybrid immune algorithm
[26] to optimize the cutting parameters for
milling operations.
Optimization model of
multi-tool milling operations
Three parameters which are depth of cut,
feed rate and cutting speed have the big-
gest influence on the productivity of a cut-
ting operation and cost. First of the men-
m m
Cu = cmat + (cl + c0 )t s + ∑ i=1(cl + c0 )K1i Vi−1fi−1 + ∑ cti K3 i Vi(1/n)−1fi[(w+g)/n]−1 + ∑ (cl + c0 )
m
tioned parameters is related to the work-
piece geometry and process sequence. It is
recommended to machine the features in a
single pass at the desired depth to keep
machining time and cost low. For this rea-
son, the problem of determining machining
parameters is reduced in order to achieve
the appropriate combination of cutting
speed and feed rate [15]. In this research, a
mathematical model developed by Rad and
Bidhendi [15] is considered for optimiza-
tion of milling problems.
A case study related to milling operation
is presented in this paper. The aim of the
case study is to maximize the total profit rate
considering unit production time and unit
production cost. The unit cost used in this
problem is the sum of material cost, setup
cost, machining cost and tool changing cost.
The unit cost is defined as follows [15]:
see Equation 1 (1)

sented an important research effort on the i=1 i=1

optimization of multi-tool milling operations. Equation 1

59 (2017) 5  © Carl Hanser Verlag, München  Materials Testing

 426 PRODUCTION-ORIENTED TESTING

⎡ F F2,1 … … F1,d ⎤
The unit time is calculated as follows: The surface finish limitation for end mill- ⎢ 1,1 ⎥
m m ing should be defined as: ⎢ F F2,2 … … F2,d ⎥
Tu t s + ∑ K1i Vi−1fi−1 + ∑ t ci M = ⎢ 2,1 ⎥ (15)
(2) ⎢ ! ! ! ! ! ⎥
i=1 i=1 C6 f2 ≤ 1 (8) ⎢ F Fn,2 … … Fn,d ⎥
⎢⎣ n,1 ⎥⎦
The total profit rate is calculated as follows: with
318(4d)−1 It is also assumed that there is an array for
S p − Cu C6 =
Pr = (3) storing the corresponding fitness values as
R a(at)
Tu (9) follows:

Maximum machine power, surface finish and for face milling ⎡ OF ⎤

⎢ 1 ⎥
requirement and maximum cutting force ⎢ OF ⎥
are important constraints considered in C7 f ≤ 1 (10) OF = ⎢ 2
⎥ (16)
this paper [15]. ⎢ ! ⎥
⎢ OF ⎥
The limitations related to required ma- with ⎣ n ⎦

chining should be defined as:

318[tan(la) + cot(ca)]−1 with: number of flames.
C7 (11)
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser - Library on May 4, 2017

C5 Vf0.8 ≤ 1 (4) R a(at) In the MFO, both moths and flames are
the solution. The moths are the real search
with The cutting force constraint can be defined as: agents who move around the search area,
while the flames represent the best posi-
0.78K p Wzarada
C5 = (5) C8 Fc ≤ 1 (12) tion of the moths obtained so far. In other
60πdePm words, flames can be seen as flags or pins
Moth-flame thrown by moths when looking for a search
The surface finish value for both plain mill- optimization algorithm space. For this reason, each moth searches
ing and end milling operations should be around a flag (flame) and updates it to find
defined as: Moth-flame optimizer is a newly developed a better solution. With this mechanism, a
For personal use only.

optimization method. It is first introduced moth keeps the best solution [36].
f2 by Mirjalili in 2015 [36]. In the MFO algo- More detailed information about MFO al-
R a = 318 (6)
4d rithm, candidate solutions are assumed to gorithm can be found in [36].
be moths and variables of a problem are as-
and for face milling sumed to be positions of moths in the search A case study for
space. For this reason, they can fly in a 1-di- milling operation
f mensional, 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional or
R a = 318 (7)
tan(la) + cot(ca) hyperdimensional area by changing the po- In this case study, a component shown in
sition vectors. The MFO algorithm is a popu- Figure 1 is produced using CNC milling.
lation-based algorithm. Therefore, the set of The aim of this process is to obtain the op-
moths is represented in a matrix as follows: timum machining parameters for maximiz-
ing the profit rate. Basic features of ma-
⎡ m m2,1 … … m1,d ⎤ chine, material and constants are given
⎢ 1,1 ⎥
⎢ m m2,2 … … m2,d ⎥ below [15]:
M = ⎢ 2,1 ⎥ (13)
⎢ ! ! ! ! ! ⎥
⎢ m Sp = $ 25
mn,2 … … mn,d ⎥ cmat = $ 0.50
⎢⎣ n,1 ⎥⎦
co = $ 1.45 per min
with: number of moths and d: number of cl = $ 0.45 per min
design variables. ts = 2 min
For all the moths, it is assumed that tct = 0.5 min
there is a set of proper fitness values ​​stored C = 33.98 for HSS tools
as follows: w = 0.28
C = 100.05 for carbide tool
⎡ OM ⎤ Kp = 2.24
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ OM ⎥ W = 1.1
OM = ⎢ 2
⎥ (14) n = 0.15 for HSS tools
⎢ ! ⎥ n = 0.3 for carbide tool
⎢ OM ⎥
⎣ n ⎦ g = 0.14

with: number of moths. Machine tool data:

The flames are another important com-
ponent of the MFO. A matrix for the flames Type: Vertical CNC milling machine
Figure 1: A workpiece as case study is ​​considered as: Pm = 8.5 kW, e = 95 %

59 (2017) 5

Material data:
Quality: 10L50 leaded steel
Hardness = 225 BHN
The speed and feed rate limits for five op-
eration types in the case study are listed in
Table 1.
The part shown in Figure 1 includes four
machining features which are step, pocket
and two slots. Five operations listed in Ta-
ble 2 are required in order to produce the
part shown in Figure 2.
The tool types for each operation and the
required data for the tools are presented in
Table 3.
The results given in Table 4 show that
Materials Testing downloaded from www.hanser-elibrary.com by Hanser - Library on May 4, 2017
the maximization of the total profit rate in
milling operation is achieved by the MFO.
Operation No. Operation type Speed limits (m × min-1)
1 Face milling
2 Corner milling
3 Pocket milling
4 Slot milling 1
For personal use only.
5 Slot milling 2
Table 1: Speed and feed rate limits
Operation No. Operation type Tool No.
1 Face milling
2 Corner milling
3 Pocket milling
4 Slot milling
5 Slot milling
Table 2: Required machining operation
Tool No. Tool type Quality D (mm)
1 Face mill Carbide 50
2 End mill HSS 10
3 End mill HSS 12
Method
Handbook [13]
Method of feasible direction [15]
Genetic algorithm [26]
Ant colony algorithm [12]
Hybrid immune algorithm [26]
Cuckoo search algorithm [2]
Hybrid particle swarm immune algorithm [22]
Moth-flame optimization algorithm (MFO)
Table 4: Comparison of the optimum results for different methods
59 (2017) 5
PRODUCTION-ORIENTED TESTING 427
The results show that the MFO is more operation problem. The results of moth-
effective than cuckoo search algorithm flame algorithm, cuckoo search algo-
[2], ant colony algorithm [7], handbook rithm, hybrid immune algorithm, ant col-
recommendations [13], feasible direction ony algorithm, genetic algorithm, feasible
method [15], hybrid particle swarm [22], direction method and handbook recom-
genetic algorithm [26] and hybrid im- mendations are compared. The results
mune algorithm [26] in milling opera- show that the MFO is an important alter-
tions. native in the optimization of manufactur-
ing problems.
Conclusions
References
In this publication, the moth-flame opti-
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Nomenclature
The notation used in the machining model is
defined as follows:
A Chip cross sectional area (mm²)
a, arad Axial depth of cut, radial depth of
cut (mm)
C Constant in cutting speed equation
ca Clearance angle of the tool (degrees)
Ci (i = 1-8) Coefficients carrying constants values
cl, co Labor cost, overhead cost ($∙min-1)
cm, cmat, ct Machining cost, cost of raw material
per part, cost of a cutting tool ($)
Cu Unit cost ($)
d Cutter diameter (mm)
e Machine tool efficiency factor
F feed rate ( mm × min-1)
f Feed rate (mm per tooth)
Fc, Fc(per) Cutting force, permitted cutting
force (N)
FF, FR, FT Feed, radial and tangential forces
resulting from all active cutting teeth
G, g Slenderness ratio, exponent of slen-
derness ratio
K Distance to be travelled by the tool
to perform the operation (mm)
Ki (i = 1-3) Coefficients carrying constant values
Kp Power constant depending on work-
piece material
la Lead (corner) angle of the tool
m Number of machining operations
required to produce the product
N Spindle speed (rev × min-1)
n Tool life exponent
P, Pm Required power for the operation,
motor power (kW)
Pr Total profit rate ($ × min-1)
Q Contact proportion of cutting edge
with workpiece per revolution
R Sale price of the product excluding
material, setup and tool changing
costs ($)
Ra, Ra(at) Arithmetic value of surface finish,
and attainable surface finish (µm)
Sp Sale price of the product ($)
T, Tu Tool life (min), unit time (min)
tm, ts, ttc Machining time, setup time, tool
changing time (min)
V, Vhb, Vopt Cutting speed, recommended by
handbook, optimum (m × min-1)
w Exponent of chip cross-sectional area
W Tool wear factor
z Number of cutting teeth of the tool
Bibliography
DOI 10.3139/120.111024
Materials Testing
59 (2017) 5, pages 425-429
© Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
ISSN 0025-5300
The authors of this contribution
Dr. Betül Sultan Yıldız completed her BSc and
MSc degrees at Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
andreceived her PhD in Mechanical Engineering
from Bursa Technical University, Turkey. Her re-
search interests are optimal design, shape optimi-
zation, topology optimization, topography optimi-
59 (2017) 5
 PRODUCTION-ORIENTED TESTING 429

zation, structural optimization methods and Abstract

meta-heuristic optimization algorithms as well as
applications to industrial problems.
Ali Rıza Yıldız is Professor in the Department Moth-Flame-Algorithmus zur Bestimmung optimaler Maschinenpara-
of Mechanical Engineering, Bursa Technical Uni- meter in Bearbeitungsprozessen. In der diesem Beitrag zugrunde lie-
versity (BTU), Bursa, Turkey. In 2015, he was a
winner of TÜBA-GEBİP Young Scientist Outstand-
genden Forschungsarbeit wurde ein neuentwickelter Moth-Flame-Opti-
ing Achievement Award given by the Turkish mierungsalgorithmus (MFO) zur Lösung von Optimierungsaufgaben in
Academy of Sciences (TÜBA). He has served as der Fertigungsindustrie eingesetzt. Hierzu wurde eine wohlbekannte
Associate Editor of Elsevier’s Information Sci-
ences Journal and as Associate Editor of Spring- Optimierungsaufgabe beim Fräsen gelöst, um die Effektivität des MFO
er’s Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. His re- in der Optimierung von Bearbeitungsprozessen herauszustellen. Bei die-
search interests are vehicle design, vehicle crash-
worthiness, shape, topology, topography
ser Aufgabe bestand das Hauptziel darin, die Profitrate für Multi-Werk-
optimisation of vehicle components, optimization zeug-Fräsoperationen unter Berücksichtigung schwieriger Bedingungen
algorithms and sheet metal forming. zu maximieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der MFO ein effektives Op-
timierungsverfahren für die Lösung von Optimierungsaufgaben in der
Fertigung darstellt.
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