This video was sponsored by the great courses plus the universe is made of

matter 98% of this matter ignoring the dark matter is pure hydrogen and helium
but thankfully millions of years ago supergiant stars use the hydrogen and he and
into all the other elements that exploded them all over the universe mass way
chemistry came from these elements grouped together into a robust array of
different molecules and these molecules combined with each other in a
stupendous number of complicated ways chemistry is the subject of studies this
matter in all its forms and how it all interact goes from simple atoms right through
to complex biological molecules like proteins and DNA it's a huge fascinating and
complex subject in this video all of that condensed humans have had an interest
in chemistry for a very long time we would be what we are today if it was not for
the chemical reaction of fire we used this to develop other chemical techniques
from cooking food making metal from also making gloss amongst many others
since then many of ounces and human civilization of been built on the back of
advances in chemistry like metalworking or manufacturing fertilizer making you
materials and drugs is look at what falls under the umbrella of chemistry first as
matter at all the different things that Matt is made of the very smallest scale we
started atoms in the periodic table that organizes all of the different types of data
code chemical elements elements in each column have similar chemical
properties atoms are made of protons and neutrons in the nucleus with electrons
surrounding them and most of chemistry is due to have these electrons behave
by joining together Sims yet molecules different kind of molecule called chemical
compounds chemical compounds usually have very different chemical properties
to the elements that I made from think about it hydrogen is very exploding
oxygen is very Bernie but combine them together into H2O and get Walter the
least exploding but anything around commands don't have to be made of single
molecules many solids like metals assaults the crystal structure made of
repeating groups of atoms could unit cells if you have several substances
together you have a mixture like the air around you all are cake is move on to
have to stick together with a very important subject of bonding atoms bond
together in several different ways where they reduce the combined energy by
stealing or sharing electrons moving them into different configurations the
universal role in science is that everything is always trying to minimize their
energy bonding is one way that atoms achieve that understanding how energy
moves around the chemical substances is vital to understand when reactions will
or will not happen. The world won't react with oxygen to stop burning
spontaneously but if you get enough energy to begin with it well and others
software and it is very important this way you can speed up the reaction between
two other compounds by introducing a catalyst in the catalysts make it more
energetically favorable and so speed up the reaction energy also determines
when compounds will exist in the different forms solid liquid WHICH will now be
found in comes from the temperature of the rats and the pressure that there
under the values vary for each material but in general things is solid at low
temperature and all high pressure and gas at high temperature and low pressure
in a really interesting form of matter is a plasma which is way you ripped the
electrons of atoms in a gas to make them into ions this is was used to make neon
lights chemical reactions form the core of chemistry which compounds react with
each other why they react and what is left over after reaction there are many
different kinds of reaction which can be categorized in different ways for these
reactions are governed by a set of fundamental rules called chemical laws the
foundation of which is the conservation of mass and energy which means that no
matter or energy is created or destroyed in a chemical reaction they just changed
the different forms kinetics is the study of her foster reactions happen in the
things that control water reaction rates are a reaction where electrons are
transferred from one reactance to another is called an oxidation-reduction
reaction redox reaction for short oxidation means a loss of electrons from a
substance in a reduction means the gain of electrons may have to happen
together an example is sodium and chlorine chlorine is the reducing agent
sodium is the oxidizing agent another important property of substances that pH
whether they are an acid or a base there are several theories to model acid-base
reactions only to think about is that assets are substances that have a hydrogen
ion ready to give up in a chemical reaction in a basis substance that takes a
hydrogen ion is there a number of different chemical compounds which can react
with each other back and forth they can be swings between one substance and
another equilibrium is where the amount of each substance is constant even
though reaction may still be taking place this can also happen in phase changes
like from solid to liquid or liquid to gas so those are the basics of chemistry
researching chemistry looks at how these rules apply in different chemical
systems to now and going to move on to look at the different fields in the risk of
chemistry tends to explain the structures of atoms and molecules and how they
interact using mathematical methods very closely related to theoretical physics
and quantum chemistry and often uses techniques in computational chemistry
atoms only fuels in reaction to simulated in the computer and simulating the
proper quantum behavior anything more complicated than a single hydrogen
atom is very difficult/impossible for multiple parties so many cutting-edge
techniques and computer sought to use to translate molecules and how they
interact with each other if I this is one of the most exciting applications of
quantum computers because they be able to directly stimulate chemical systems
might help with things like discovering novel materials and drugs and a whole lot
more physical chemistry studies chemical systems in terms of that physics to
things like energy force time motion thermodynamics quantum properties
amongst others there many subfields like looking at the electronic properties in
electrochemistry which is important for developing better batteries all material
science which is trying to create materials with new properties like extreme
strength and durability of self-healing this is a critical problem with building space
nuclear fusion reactors which are rely on you materials analytical chemistry is like
detective work to go someplace something you need to work out what it's made
of the amount to the different components chemists have developed a huge array
of techniques to probe and measure different properties of different materials
traditional techniques involve wet chemical techniques like precipitation with
separate compounds depending on what temperature they evaporate is also a
huge array among techniques like chromatography but different compounds
move at different speeds to resolution and so separate the many different kinds
of spectroscopy that can detect materials by shining light on them for mass
spectroscopy but the materials are flung through electrical magnetic fields to
separate them according to their masses and finally we get to the huge fails of
inorganic organic and biochemistry organic in biochemistry look at the chemistry
of living things in inorganic chemistry looks everything else although there is still
a large amount of crossover most of the inorganic compounds that a study to
man-made and all of the motivation is to find chemicals with new properties that
can be used in the chemical industry in the wider world in fact there are very few
areas of human endeavor where inorganic chemistry has not been used in some
way his medicine and agriculture special fluids like detergents or emulsifiers
special coatings materials pigments of fuels for many industrial purposes within
chemical production itself catalysts are very important as they speed up other
chemical reactions in organic chemistry also bleeds into material science making
solids with noble crystal structures like high-temperature superconductors for
example the list is his endless between inorganic and organic chemistry sets
organometallic chemistry this looks organic compounds which are bonded with a
metal attitude used in reactions in the chemical industry often is catalysts organic
chemistry looks at the structure and behavior of the molecules of life which is
typically built from a small set of different atoms carbon hydrogen oxygen and
nitrogen plus a few others organic chemists also look at making you organic
compounds with useful properties organic molecules all contain carbon and
carbon hydrogen bond is the most common structure in organic chemistry there
is huge number of applications of organic chemistry and industry fertilizers
pesticides lubricants polymers and plastics and in the consumer world as
fragrances flavorings and preservatives knuckles drugs in the pharmaceutical
industry is finally out of organic chemistry comes biochemistry which studies the
chemistry of living organisms biochemistry studies components that can be
inorganic like Walter or minerals but also looks in the biggest most complex
molecules like protein spots and DNA to the other in this field also blends into
molecular biology which looks in the finest detail of how life arises out of the
chemical processes inside cells within biochemistry there are four main classes
of molecules called biomolecules carbohydrates are used for structures and
storing energy lipids which make up facts proteins which are very large
molecules made from amino acids that of a huge array of different functions in
the body and you plan assets that are used to convey genetic information
research and biochemistry has had a huge impact on medicine helping us
understand infectious and genetic diseases improving organ and tissue
transplantation working I was wrong with you with clinical diagnostics and of
course understanding nutrition looking at the functions of vitamins and minerals
in our body biochemistry is also be very impulsive agriculture studying soils
fertilizers and pest controls as many other applications to so that is my attempt to
summarize all the chemistry and about twelve minutes no simple task if it's so
incredibly complicated it is always amazed me that something so complex as a
human is built on a foundation of a huge number of simple chemical reaction
your consciousness right now is a function of the chemistry going on in your brain
cells oxygen being parsed from your blood sugars being metabolized inside
chemistry spans a huge mansion of complexity from a single atom to the cells
that keep you alive and I find it endlessly fascinating like with all my other videos
as a poster available socially a hold of check out the links in the description
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interest otherwise thanks again for watching and for me it's back to the drawing
board