Control Systems Anandkumar

Hall Ticket No: Question Paper Code: A3602
(AUTONOMOUS)
B. Tech V Semester Regular Examinations, November - 2017
(Regulations: VCE-R15)
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
(Computer Science and Engineering)
Date: 14 November, 2017 FN Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 75
Answer ONE question from each Unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
Unit – I
1. a) Explain the working of a refresh-cathode ray tube. 8M
b) Suppose an RGB raster system is to be designed using an 8 inch x 10 inch screen with a 7M
resolution of 100 pixels per inch in each direction. If we want to store 6 bits/pixel in the
frame buffer, how much storage (in bytes) do we need for the frame buffer?
2. a) Explain the working of flat-panel displays. 8M
b) Suppose we have a computer with 32 bits/word and a transfer rate of 1 million 7M
instructions/second (MIP). How long would it take to fill the frame buffer of a 300 dpi
laser printer with a page size of 8.5 inches x 11 inches?
Unit – II
3. a) Illustrate the procedure to draw a line using Bresenham Line Drawing algorithm. Write 8M
the steps involved in the same.
b) Trace the Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm for the endpoints (0, 0) and (-8, -4). 7M
4. a) Given a circle radius r =10, demonstrate the midpoint circle algorithm by determining the 8M
positions along the circle octant in the first quadrant from x=0 to x=y.
b) Illustrate the procedure to fill a polygon using Boundary fill Algorithm. Write the steps 7M
involved in the same.
Unit – III
5. a) Define Shear transformation. Write the transformation matrix for both X shear and Y 8M
shear in 2D.
b) If the Triangle A(1,1), B(2,1) and C(1,3) is scaled by factor of 2 in x and y directions, find 7M
the coordinates of the triangle.
6. a) Define the following: 8M
i. Clipping window
ii. Viewing-coordinate reference frame
iii. Viewport
iv. Workstation transformations
b) Use the Cohen Sutherland algorithm to clip line P1 (70, 20) and p2(100,10) against a 7M
window lower left hand corner (50,10) and upper right hand corner (80,40).
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the method of transformation from world to viewing coordinates. 7M
b) Explain: 8M
i. Polygon surfaces
ii. Quadric surfaces
iii. Polygon tables
iv. Vertex table
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
8. a) Explain the method of perspective projection transformation. 8M

b) Explain: 7M
i. Clipping based on viewport
ii. Clipping based on view volume
Unit – V
9. a) Write the Depth Buffer (Z-Buffer) Algorithm. Draw a diagram that shows three surfaces at 9M
varying distances along the orthographic projection line from position (x, y) on a view
plane.
b) What are different ways for Motion Specifications. Explain. 6M
10. a) Explain Keyframe Animation. 6M
b) With a diagram explain Scan-Line Method for detecting visible surfaces. 9M
(AUTONOMOUS)
SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGIES
Unit – I
1. a) Define software testing. Explain phases in tester’s mental life. 7M
b) Explain about the pesticide and the complexity barriers with first and second law. 8M
2. a) With the help of a block diagram, write the model of testing. 8M
b) With example explain Flow graph elements. 7M
Unit – II
3. a) With example describe dataflow testing strategies. 8M
b) Explain various transaction flow and mergers. Define a transaction with suitable 7M
example.
4. a) Discuss the Domain Bugs and how to test for them. 8M
b) Explain in details of Systematic boundaries and Orthogonal Boundaries. 7M
Unit – III
5. a) What is decision table? Explain with an example of Decision table. 8M
b) Define the following: 7M
i. Path predicate
ii. Path expression
iii. Loop
iv. Path sum
6. a) With suitable example explain the role of KV-charts in logic based testing. 8M
b) Discuss node reduction procedure in path, path expression and regular expression. 7M
Unit – IV
7. a) Define cyclomatic complexity and connection matrix. 8M
b) List the graph matrix applications and define partial ordering relation. 7M
8. a) Discuss about good and bad state graphs. 8M
b) Explain the principles of state testing. 7M
Unit – V
9. a) Describe Defect life cycle and Defect temptation. 8M
b) Explain the techniques for finding defects and reporting a defect. 7M
10. a) Differentiate between the advantages of using testing tool and disadvantage of using 8M
testing tool.
b) Explain the process of COTS. 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
COMPILER DESIGN
(Common to Computer Science and Engineering & Information Technology)
Unit – I
1. a) Briefly discuss the advantages of: 8M
i. A compiler over an interpreter
ii. An interpreter over a compiler
b) Test whether the given grammar is LL (1) or not, and construct a predictive parsing table 7M
for following grammar:
S iEtSS’| a
S’ eS’ | 
E b
2. a) Construct unambiguous context-free grammars for each of the following languages. In 8M
each case show that your grammar is correct.
i. Arithmetic expressions in postfix notation
ii. Left-associative lists of identifiers separated by commas
iii. Right-associative lists of identifiers separated by commas
iv. Arithmetic expressions of integers and identifiers with the four
binary operators +, -, *, /
b) Consider the context-free grammar. 7M
SSS+|SS*|a
Show how the string aa+a* can be generated by this grammar
Construct a parse tree for the above string.
Unit – II
3. a) Explain the schematic form of an LR parser with the help of block diagram. 7M
b) Illustrate the construction of an SLR parsing table by considering augmented grammar G' 8M
input and output an SLR parsing table functions action and goto for G'.
4. a) Write an YACC program to implement ubiquitous desk calculator. 8M
b) List and Briefly discuss the advantages of LR Parsers. 7M
Unit – III
5. a) Write the three address code for the following expression: 8M
a: = b+c*d
b) Explain about Abstract Syntax Tree. 7M
6. a) Explain about Quadruples, Triples and Indirect Triples in brief. 8M
b) Write short notes on: 7M
i. Restrictions of Translation schemes
ii. Syntax directed definitions
Cont…2
::2::
Unit – IV
7. a) What is the role of type system in type checker? Write the syntax directed definition for 8M
a simple type checker.
b) In a language that passes parameters by reference, there is a function f(x, y) that does 7M
the following:
x = x + 1;
y = y + 2;
return x+y;
If a is assigned the value 3, and then f(a, a) is called, what is returned?
8. a) What are the contents of a symbol table? Explain in detail the symbol table organization 8M
for Block-Structured languages.
b) Briefly discuss the effect on reference counts when the pointer from A to D in the below 7M
Fig.1 is deleted?
Fig.1
Unit – V
9. a) Generate code for the following three-address statements assuming all variables are 8M
stored in memory locations:
x=1
x=a
x=a+1
x=a+b
b) Explain the organization of the code optimizer with the help of diagram. 7M
10. a) What is code optimization? Explain about various levels and types of optimizations. 8M
b) Construct the DAG for the basic block and Simplify the three-address code assuming only 7M
variable a is live on exit from the block and a, b, and c are live on exit from the block.
d=b*c
e=a+b
b=b*c
a=e-d
(AUTONOMOUS)
COMPUTER NETWORKS
(Common to Computer Science and Engineering & Information Technology)
Unit – I
1. a) What is OSI Model? Explain all the layers of OSI model in detail. 9M
b) Explain various types of guided and unguided media in detail. 6M
2. a) What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packet-switched network? 6M
What advantages does TDM have over FDM in a circuit-switched network? Explain in
detail.
b) What are the five layers in the Internet Protocol Stack? What are the principal 9M
responsibilities of each of these layers?
Unit – II
3. a) What do you mean by Carrier Sense Protocol? Explain Persistent and Non-Persistent 9M
CSMA.
b) What do you mean by Connectionless and Connection Oriented Service? Explain in detail 6M
with example.
4. a) Explain the followings: 9M
i. Unacknowledged connectionless service
ii. Acknowledged connectionless service
iii. Acknowledged connection-oriented service
b) Briefly describe Go Back N and Selective Repeat. 6M
Unit – III
5. a) Enumerate four parameters/factors that determine quality of service. Briefly describe each 7M
parameter and name at least two applications for each parameter that requires High
Control to achieve good Quality of Service?
b) Use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest path between A and F for a graph with the 8M
following weights: (Assume that the weights are the same in both directions.)
A - B 3
B - C 3
A - G 2
B - D 3
G - H 7
D - E 2
C - F 4
E - F 4
H - F 4
C - E 1
D - G 3
E - H 1
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
6. a) Explain IPv4 datagram format with diagram in detail. 8M

b) In Datagram Subnets using Choke Packets is one of the methods that can be applied to 7M
Congestion Control.
i. Briefly describe this method in the case when destination node D is congested and the
sending node is A. Packets are routed from A, B, C to D as presented in Fig.1 bellow:
Fig.1
ii. How many hops does it take for the congested node to get relief (i.e., reduced flow)
from the source A?
iii. Is there a way to provide an immediate effect and reduced the flow to the destination
node? If yes explain how?
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain briefly the TCP segment header with a neat diagram. 9M
b) A TCP machine is sending full windows of 65535 bytes over a 1Gbps channel that has 6M
10ms one-way delay.
i. What is the maximum throughput achievable?
ii. What is the line efficiency?
iii. What should the window size be for 100% efficiency?
8. a) Consider a simple application-level protocol built on top of UDP that allows a client to 8M
retrieve a file from a remote server residing at a well-known address. The client first
sends a request with a file name, and the server responds with a sequence of data
packets containing different parts of the requested file. To ensure reliability and
sequenced delivery, client and server use a stop-and-wait protocol. Ignoring the obvious
performance issue, do you see a problem with this protocol?
b) Imagine that a two way handshake rather than a three way handshake were used to set 7M
up connections. In other words, the third message was not required. Are deadlocks now
possible? Give an example or show that none exist.
Unit – V
9. a) The number of companies with a Web site has grown explosively in recent years. As a 7M
result, thousands of companies are registered in the com domain, causing a heavy load
on the top-level server for this domain. Suggest a way to alleviate this problem without
changing the naming scheme (i.e., without introducing new top-level domain names). It
is permitted that your solution requires changes to the client code.
b) Sloth Bank wants to make on-line banking easy for its lazy customers, so after a 8M
customer signs up and is authenticated by a password, the bank returns a cookie
containing a customer ID number. In this way, the customer does not have to identify
himself or type a password on future visits to the on-line bank. What do you think of this
idea? Will it work? Is it a good idea?
10. a) Explain the steps how DNS name lookup resolver works. 6M
b) Explain what the use of MIME header is? 9M
(AUTONOMOUS)
WEB TECHNOLOGIES
Unit - I
1. a) Explain different types of lists with examples. 8M
b) What are the different style sheets used to apply styles to html elements? 7M
2. a) Create 3 frames A, B, C vertically, first frame and last frame (A, C) occupying 25%, middle 7M
frame with the rest. Display a table with 3 rows, 3 columns (name, age, sex) and display
it in frame A.
b) Design html form to take name and password from user and validate it using Javascript. 8M
Unit – II
3. a) Write a PHP script to insert data into database. 8M
b) What are the rules to be followed while naming XML Elements and attributes? 7M
4. a) Write a PHP script to validate a single checkbox. Display appropriate error messages. 8M
b) How XML documents are parsed using SAX? 7M
Unit – III
5. a) What is Java Bean? List out the 5 advantages of Bean. 9M
b) What is constrained property and persistence in java bean? 6M
6. a) What is a servlet? Explain the lifecycle of a servlet. 7M
b) Consider the following table in a database: 8M
Emp_details
Id Age Firstname lastname
101 34 Joey tribbiani
102 33 rachel green
103 33 monica geller
Write a servlet program to access these data and display it in the following form
ID: 101, Age: 34, First: joey, Last: tribbiani
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain about <jsp: include> action tag with an example. 8M
b) Write a JSP program to read username, password, first-name, last-name and email of a 7M
person and store it in the database.
8. a) Explain about different JSP actions. Explain about ID attribute and Scope Attribute. 8M
b) What is the purpose of MVC? How is the MVC Paradigm supported in JSP actions? 7M
Unit – V
9. a) Explain the steps in JDBC process with an example. 7M
b) What is AJAX? Explain XMLHttpRequest Object Methods. 8M
10. a) Explain how to create a new table using JDBC application with an example? 12M
b) Explain 3 XMLHttpRequest Object Properties. 3M
(AUTONOMOUS)
OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Unit – I
1. a) Explain the Software Development Life Cycle to get the most benefit from the UML. 8M
b) Explain the Five different types of Views of a System’s Architecture. 7M
2. a) What are Structural things? Explain with suitable examples. 7M
b) Explain the following with examples: 8M
i. Generalization
ii. Association
iii. Aggregation
iv. Multiplicity
Unit – II
3. a) What is a package? What are the two kinds of dependencies between packages? How 7M
does a package differ from class?
b) Consider the following information description of the Hospital Information System. 8M
"The system is a hospital information system. A hospital has doctors and patients. Each
patient is assigned to one doctor, but a doctor can have any number of patients. Patients
check in to the hospital and assigned a doctor if they don't already have one. While in the
hospital, doctors record various observations about each patient at various times.
Examples of observations are blood pressure and temperature. The hospital keeps track
of all the observations for a given patient until they check out of the hospital."
Draw a class diagram for the same.
4. a) Assume that you have been given four classes EMPLOYEE, TEAM, AIRPLANE and 7M
COMPONENT. Identify and represent the relationship between these four in terms of
association, aggregation and composition. Note, the finial diagram must include
multiplicities and roles.
b) A customer decides to upgrade her PC and purchase a DVD player. She begins by calling 8M
the sales department of PC vendor and they tell her to contact customer support. She
then calls customer support and they put her on hold while talking to engineering
department. Finally, customer support tells the customer about several supported DVD
options. The customer chooses a DVD and it is shipped by the mail department. The
customer receives the DVD, installs it satisfactorily and then mails her payment to
accounts department. Draw a collaboration diagram for this scenario.
Unit – III
5. a) What is an activity diagram? What are its uses? Explain with suitable example. 7M
b) Draw Use case diagram for Online Shopping with use case description. 8M
6. a) Draw state diagram for chess game. 7M
b) What is swimlane? Create an Activity Diagram with swimlane for online shopping order. 8M
The swimlane should clearly show the customer, sale and warehouse involvement in the
entire process.
Cont…2
::2::
Unit – IV
7. a) How to model API? Explain with suitable example. 7M
b) What is component? Explain the three different kinds of components with an example? 8M
8. a) How to model Executables and Libraries? Explain with suitable diagram. 8M
b) What is the relationship between component and Interface? Explain in detail. 7M
Unit – V
9. a) Draw a sequence diagram for the process of online flight ticket booking. 7M
b) Draw a class diagram for Library Management System. 8M
10. a) Explain sequence diagram in UML? Draw a sequence diagram showing the process of 8M
ordering a food in restaurant.
b) What is Deployment Diagram? Draw a Deployment Diagram for Online Shopping Web 7M
Application.
(AUTONOMOUS)
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
(Information Technology)
Unit – I
1. a) What do you mean by Software Myth? Explain Management Myths and Customer Myths. 7M
b) Explain how both the waterfall model of the software process and the prototyping model 8M
can be accommodated in the spiral process model.
2. a) Explain a generic process framework for software engineering activities. 8M
b) What is Team Software Process and what are its objectives? 7M
Unit – II
3. a) What is Scrum Process? Explain Agile Project Management in detail. 7M
b) What do you mean by Extreme Programming (XP)? What are the task associated with XP 8M
process?
4. a) Briefly Explain the Agility principles. 8M
b) What do you mean by Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)? How it is 7M
different from other software development methods?
Unit – III
5. a) Suggest how an engineer responsible for drawing up a system requirements specification 6M
might keep track of the relationships between functional and non-functional
requirements.
b) The department of public works for a large city has decided to develop a Web-based 9M
pothole tracking and repair system (PHTRS). A description follows:
Citizens can log onto a website and report the location and severity of potholes. As pot-
holes are reported they are logged within a “public works department repair system”
and are assigned an identifying number, stored by street address, size (on a scale of 1 to
10), location (middle, curb, etc.), district (determined from street address), and repair
priority (determined from the size of the pothole). Work order data are associated with
each pothole and include pothole location and size, repair crew identifying number,
number of people on crew, equipment assigned, hours applied to repair, hole status
(work in progress, repaired, temporary repair, not repaired), amount of filler material
used, and cost of repair (computed from hours applied, number of people, material and
equipment used). Finally, a damage file is created to hold information about reported
damage due to the pothole and includes citizen’s name, address, phone number, type of
damage, and dollar amount of damage. PHTRS is an online system; all queries are to be
made inter- actively:
Draw a UML use case diagram for the PHTRS system. You’ll have to make a number of
assumptions about the manner in which a user interacts with this system. Develop a
class model for the PHTRS system.
Cont…2
::2::
6. a) Discover six ambiguities and / or omissions in the following statement of requirements 7M

for part of a ticket-issuing systems:
An automated ticket-issuing system sells rail tickets. Users select their destination and
input a credit card and a personal identification number. The rail ticket is issued and their
credit card account charged. When the user presses the start button, a menu display of
potential destinations is activated, along with a message to the user to select a
destination. Once a destination has been selected, users are requested to input their
credit card. Its validity is checked and the user is then requested to input a personal
identifier. When the credit transaction has been validated, the ticket is issued.
b) How do analysis classes manifest themselves as elements of the solution space? 8M
Unit – IV
7. a) What do you mean by Design Model? Explain in short Interface Design, Architecture 7M
Design and Data/Class Design.
b) Explain the User Interface Design Steps. 8M
8. a) Explain the following: 8M
I. Abstraction
II. Design Patterns
b) Explain why it may be necessary to design the system architecture before the 7M
specifications are written.
Unit – V
9. a) What do you mean by software quality? Explain the attributes which can be used to 7M
measure the software quality.
b) Explain the concept of Top-Down integration and Bottom-Up integration testing. 8M
10. a) What are the various debugging strategies for software? Explain. 7M
b) Assume that a project requirements model contains 18 UML diagrams as part of 32 8M
overall pages of descriptive materials. The review uncovers 18 minor errors and 4 major
errors. Compute the Error density per UML diagram and also for per requirements model
page.
(AUTONOMOUS)
OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGIES
Unit – I
1. a) What do you mean by open source, give two examples and four disadvantages? 7M
b) Mention five features of MySQL. How do you set up a MySQL user account? 8M
2. a) Mention any six datatypes in MySQL, using appropriate datatypes, create a table with 10M
the following consideration:
i. Table name: EMPLOYEE _DETAILS
ii. Columns: EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, EMAIL, SALARY, JOIN_DATE, PH_NO
iii. Make EMP_ID auto increment, initially starting from 10
b) Why are set operators used in MySQL? List and explain very briefly all the set operations 5M
in MySQL.
Unit – II
3. a) Illustrate the different ways of Error Handling in PHP. 7M
b) Explain Sessions and Cookies in PHP. 8M
4. a) Discuss about five string handling functions in PHP with description and examples. 5M
b) Develop a PHP program to upload a file to the server. 10M
Unit – III
5. What is prepared statement? How does it work? Write a PHP script that does the following 15M
Create a table “MYguests” with firstname, lastname, email as columns. Do the insertion of
the values for 3 rows using a prepared statement. Explain the first parameter of the
bind_param statement.
6. a) Design an html form for user registration, read the form data and insert to MySQL 8M
table(Dupliacte user name are not allowed).
b) What is ajax? How does it work? 7M
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain types of error and exception handling mechanisms in Python. 8M
b) Develop a python script that will prompt the user for a string and a file name, and then 7M
print all lines in the file that contains the string entered by the user.
8. a) How to create access, update and remove tuples? 7M
b) Explain the control structures in python. 8M
Unit – V
9. a) What are events with respect to jQuery? Discuss some common DOM events with syntax. 8M
b) How AngularJS expression play with numbers and strings? Illustrate. 7M
10. a) How does jQuery helps to get content and attributes for manipulation? Explain. 8M
b) How do you create AngularJS module and add controllers and directives to it? 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
E-COMMERCE
Unit – I
1. a) What is E-Commerce? Illustrate Technology behind the Web. 8M
b) Discuss in details the Elements of electronic commerce applications. 7M
2. a) Illustrate Electronic commerce conceptual framework. 8M
b) Discuss World Wide Web (WWW) as the Architecture. 7M
Unit – II
3. a) With suitable example discuss Consumer-Oriented services. 8M
b) Discuss the payment transaction sequence in an electronic check system. 7M
4. a) Explain in details about credit card based electronic payment systems. 8M
b) Illustrate the Risk in electronic payment systems in online shopping. 7M
Unit – III
5. a) What is EDI? Discuss about the layered architecture of EDI. 8M
b) What is SCM? Discuss on the three primary elements of SCM model. 7M
6. a) How information flow with EDI? Explain. 8M
b) Explain work-flow automation and coordination. 7M
Unit – IV
7. a) Mention the types of Documents? Explain Document imaging in detail. 8M
b) Discuss about the types of online Advertisements. 7M
8. a) What is a Data Warehouse? What are the various types of Data Warehouse? 7M
b) Discuss the guidelines for internet advertising. 8M
Unit – V
9. a) Discuss Information search and retrieval. 8M
b) With suitable example discuss the Information filtering. 7M
10. a) Explain any two Desktop video conferencing. 8M
b) Discuss white pages through X.500. 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Analyze and explain the working of noncoherent detection of standard amplitude 7M
modulation using envelope detector and also give the selection criteria for RC time
constant.
b) Consider the message signal m(t)=20cos2πt volts and the carrier wave c(t)=50cos100πt: 8M
Give the time domain expression for the resulting conventional AM wave for 75%
modulation. Find the power developed across a load of 100Ω due to this AM wave.
2. a) Explain the working of switching modulator with relevant mathematical equation and 8M
spectrum and also find its sensitivity factor.
b) A 600W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 percent; calculate the total power in the 7M
modulated wave in the following forms:
i. Standard AM
ii. DSBSC
iii. SSBSC
Unit – II
3. a) Derive the time domain expression for VSB modulated wave. 6M
b) Explain and analyze with suitable block diagram how a single carrier frequency can be 9M
used to send two signals simultaneously over the same channel.
4. a) Explain the coherent detection of VSBSC waves. 7M
b) The two stage SSB modulator has input frequency range of 0.3 to 3.4KHz. The two 8M
oscillator frequencies have values f1=50kHz and f2=500kHz. Specify the following:
i. Sidebands of DSBSC modulated waves appearing at the outputs of the product
modulator
ii. Sidebands of SSB modulated waves appearing at two BPF outputs
iii. The pass bands and guard bands of the BPFs
Unit – III
5. An angle modulated signal is represented by 15M
s(t)=10cos[2  *106t+5sin2000  t+10sin3000  t]volts. Find the following:
i. The power in the modulated signal
ii. The frequency deviation
iii. The deviation ratio
iv. The phase deviation
v. Transmission Bandwidth
6. a) Explain the demodulation of FM waves using PLL method. 6M
b) Determine the instantaneous frequency in HZ for each of the following signals: 9M
i. s(t)=10cos[200  t+  /3]
ii. s(t)=10cos[200  t+  t^2]
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the concept of Noise in AM receivers. 8M
b) Write a short note on AM threshold effect. 7M
8. a) With a neat block diagram, explain the generation of PWM signals. 8M
b) Discuss pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in detail. 7M
Unit – V
9. a) Explain the different types of radio broadcasting. 7M
b) Write the block diagram of an FM receiver of super heterodyne type. 8M
10. Explain in detail about the concept of choice of intermediate frequencies. 15M
(AUTONOMOUS)
MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
(Common to Information Technology & Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Differentiate between minimum and maximum mode of operations in 8086. 8M
b) What is timing diagram? Explain the concept of timing diagram in 8086 by highlighting t- 7M
state, machine cycle and instruction cycle.
2. a) Briefly discuss different addressing modes in 8086 with an example for each. 8M
b) Explain the process of adding segment register and effective address to produce physical 7M
address.
Unit – II
3. a) Write the 8086 Assembly Language Program to find maximum in the array. 7M
b) What are the differences between a MACRO and PROCEDURE? And define MACRO for 8M
initialization of segment registers.
4. a) Write a 8086 Assembly Language Program to move a byte string, 16 bytes long, from the 7M
offset 0200 H to 0300 H in the segment 7000 H.
b) What do you mean by assembler directives? Explain the following assembler directives: 8M
i. ALIGN
ii. PROC and ENDP
iii. ASSUME
iv. EXTRN and PUBLIC
Unit – III
5. a) Explain the hardware interrupt operation of the 8086 processor from the time the 7M
interrupt pin is activated to the time the interrupt routine starts executing.
b) With a neat block diagram explain the 8259A interrupt controller. 8M
6. a) Explain the differences between BIOS and DOS interrupts. 7M
b) With a neat block diagram, explain Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver 8M
Transmitter (USART).
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the following modes of operation of timer/counter with relevant block diagrams. 8M
i. Mode0
ii. Mode1
b) Briefly explain the basic memory structure for 8051 microcontroller with relevant 7M
diagrams.
8. a) Write an Assembly Language Program to arrange the given ten 8-bit numbers in the 8M
ascending order.
b) Write a program to add 10 BCD numbers stored in successive memory locations starting 7M
from 20H in internal RAM locations and store the result at address 40H and 41H.
Unit – V
9. a) Briefly discuss the process of Interfacing of 8255 PPI to 8086. 7M
b) Write a Program to interface 8051 with a stepper motor to rotate in clockwise and 8M
anticlockwise directions.
10. a) Explain basic working modes of operation in 8255 that can be selected by the system 8M
software.
b) Write a program for 8051 to interface a seven segment display to display the numbers 0 7M
to 9 continuously.
(AUTONOMOUS)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS ANALYSIS
Unit – I
1. a) Mention the Ideal and Practical characteristics of an operational amplifier (Op-Amp). 8M
b) Calculate the DC operating point values and the output voltage for the circuit shown in 7M
Fig.1 below. Assume VBE= 0.7V for both the transistors.
Fig.1
2. a) Sketch and analyze the internal circuit of an op-amp. 7M
b) Design a suitable direct coupled non-inverting amplifier circuit for closed loop voltage 8M
gain of 50 and the input voltage of 10mV. Assume bias current IB=500nA, sketch the
circuit with designed values.
Unit – II
3. a) Sketch and explain Instrumentation Amplifier using op-amp. 7M
b) Design a RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of 4KHz and supply voltage of ±15 volts. 8M
Sketch the circuit with designed values.
4. a) With a circuit diagram and waveforms briefly explain the operation of Sample and Hold 8M
circuit.
b) For the comparator shown in Fig.2 below plot the transfer curve if the op-amp is an ideal 7M
one and VZ1 = VZ2 = 9V and also plot if the open loop gain of op-amp is 50,000.
Fig.2
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – III
5. a) With a neat circuit diagram, show how an op-amp can be used as series regulator. 7M
b) Design a first order active low pass filter using 741 op-amp having a cut-off frequency of 8M
1KHz [IB(MAX)=500nA].
6. a) Draw the functional diagram of 723 general purpose regulator and explain it. 6M
b) Design a second order low pass filter circuit to have a cut-off frequency of 2KHz. Draw 9M
the circuit and indicate the frequency response of the filter. [IB(MAX)=500nA, VBE=0.7V].
Unit – IV
7. a) With the help of neat circuit diagram explain the working of Monostable Multivibrator 8M
using op-amp
b) Using a 741 op-amp with a supply of ±12v, design an inverting Schmitt trigger circuit to 7M
have trigger points of ±2v. Sketch the circuit with designed values.
8. a) With a block diagram explain Monolithic Phase-Locked Loop. 8M
b) Design an Astable Multivibrator for a duty cycle of 60% for time period of 1milli sec using 7M
555 timer.
Unit – V
9. a) Explain the following performance parameters of DAC: 8M
i. Resolution
ii. Accuracy
iii. Conversion time
iv. Stability
b) Find out step size and analog output for 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC. When input is 1000 and 7M
1111. Assume Vref=+5V.
10. a) With a neat sketch explain the parallel comparator ADC and also mention its advantages. 9M
b) For a dual slope ADC, VR=100mV, t1=50mSec and the clock frequency is 12KHz. Find the 6M
digital output for an input voltage of 200mV.
(AUTONOMOUS)
DIGITAL DESIGN THROUGH VERILOG HDL
Unit – I
1. a) Explain the following with suitable examples: 7M
i. Difference between wire and reg
ii. Difference between $display and $monitor
iii. Difference between logical equality and case equality operator
b) With a flow chart briefly explain the ASIC design flow in IC design and also explain the role 8M
of HDL.
2. a) Briefly explain the compiler directives with examples: 7M
i. ‘define, ‘undef
ii. ‘timescale
b) Discuss the components of a verilog module and briefly explain the port connection rules 8M
used in verilog.
Unit – II
3. a) Design verilog modules to implement the NAND gate based SR Latch using gate level 7M
modeling style and write the stimulus module for the same.
b) Design a 2:1 multiplexer using bufif0 and bufif1 gates. Delay specifications for gates b1 8M
and b2 are given in the table. Write verilog module using gate level abstraction with delay
modeling.
Rise Fall Turnoff
Min 1 3 5
Typical 2 4 6
Max 3 5 7
4. a) Write a verilog module for 4:1 Multiplexer in gate level and also write the stimulus for 8M
the same.
b) Explain the following declarations of gate delays: 7M
i. Rise, Fall, and Turn-off delays
ii. Minimum, Typical and Maximum Values
Unit – III
5. a) With an example, briefly explain the inter and intra assignment delays. 6M
b) Design a 4-bit Full-Adder using data flow modelling description in verilog and write the 9M
test bench module for the same.
6. a) With an example, explain how time delays are associated with switch primitives. 7M
b) Design an encoder for use in a domestic burglar alarm that has sensors for each of eight 8M
zones. Each sensor signal is 1 when an intrusion is detected in that zone and 0 otherwise.
The encoder has three bits of output, encoding the zone as follows:
i. Zone 1: 000 Zone 2: 001 Zone 3: 010 Zone 4: 011
ii. Zone 5: 100 Zone 6: 101 Zone 7: 110 Zone 8: 111
iii. Use data flow modelling
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the structured procedures are used in verilog with example. 7M
b) Write the verilog modules for 4 to 1 line Mux and 1 to 4 line De-Mux using case 8M
statement.
8. a) Design a priority encoder using case and casex statements in verilog and write the test 9M
bench for the same.
b) Distinguish between Sequential block (begin-end) and Parallel block (fork-join) with 6M
example.
Unit – V
9. a) Write the user-defined primitive for AND-Gate considering all possible conditions. 7M
b) Explain the sequential UDP by taking edge sensitive D-Flip Flop with clear. 8M
10. a) List out the differences between combinational and sequential UDPs in verilog. 6M
b) Design a sequence detector in verilog to detect the sequence 1011 by using Moore Finite 9M
State Machine.
(AUTONOMOUS)
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
Unit – I
1. a) Define quantization error and derive an expression for maximum signal to noise ratio in 7M
PCM systems that use linear quantization.
b) With the help of neat diagrams explain the transmitter and receiver of pulse code 8M
modulation.
2. a) What is slope overload distortion and granular distortion in delta modulation and how it 8M
is removed in ADM.
b) A DM system is tested with a 10KHz sinusoidal signal with 1V peak to peak at the input it 7M
is sampled at 10 times the Nyquist rate:
i. What is the step size required to prevent slope overload
ii. What is the corresponding SNR
Unit – II
3. a) Tabulate and compare the performance of different binary digital modulation schemes. 7M
b) Illustrate the working of QPSK modulation and demodulation with a neat figure of its 8M
receiver and phasor diagram.
4. a) What is matched filter? State and prove properties of matched filter. 8M
b) Binary data has to be transmitted over a telephone link that has a usable bandwidth of 7M
3000Hz and a maximum achievable signal-to-noise power ratio of 6 dB at its output.
Determine the maximum signaling rate and Pe if a coherent ASK scheme is used for
transmitting binary data through this channel. If the data rate is maintained at
300bits/sec, calculate the error probability.
Unit – III
5. a) Consider a discrete memory less source with source alphabet S  s0, s1, s 2 with source 7M
statistics 0.7,0.15,0.15 calculate the entropy of the source and calculate the entropy of
the second order extension by listing all the elements of second order extension.
b) Compute H  X  , H  Y  , H  X,Y  , H  X/Y  , H  Y/X  and I  X, Y  for the Joint Probability 8M
Matrix given below:
0.05 0 0.20 0.05
0 0.10 0.10 0
0 0 0.20 0.10
0.05 0.05 0 0.10
6. a) A discrete memory less source has an alphabet of eight symbols with probabilities of 8M
output as described below: 0.25, 0.25, 0.125, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0625, 0.0625 and 0.0625.
Compute code efficiency by using Shannon-fano algorithm.
b) Consider a zero memory source with S={S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7} 7M
P   0.4, 0.2, 0.1.0.1, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05 . Find code efficiency by using Huffman coding
procedure.
Cont…2
::2::
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the operation of Single error-correcting Hamming codes with examples. 7M
b) The parity check bits of a (8,4) block code are generated by 8M
C5=d1+d2+d4
C6=d1+d2+d3
C7=d1+d3+d4
C8=d2+d3+d4 where d1 d2 d3 and d4 are message bits
i. Find the generator matrix and parity check matrix for this code
ii. Find the code vectors and find the minimum hamming weight
8. a) Illustrate the error detection and error correction capabilities of Linear block codes with 7M
relevant theorems and examples.
b) Consider a (7,4) block code generated by: 8M
Find all the code vectors, parity check matrix?

Unit – V
9. a) Illustrate the features and working procedure of Viterbi algorithm with an example. 8M
b) For a (212) convolution encoder draw the state table, state transition table and state 7M
diagram:
Fig.1
10. a) Illustrate the need, features and working of Trellis coding with suitable figure and 8M
examples.
b) What are convolutional codes? Explain its features and illustrate encoding operation of 7M
convolutional codes with a neat figure and an example.
(AUTONOMOUS)
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
Unit – I
1. a) Define the effective area of the antenna. Formulate an expression for effective area of the 7M
antenna in terms of its gain ' G’.
b) Explain the different antenna parameters associated with a typical power pattern given 8M
by a polar plot.
2. a) Explain the following parameters with Mathematical equations: 7M
i. Directivity
ii. Gain
b) With Mathematical equations, explain the steps in the evaluation of radiation fields of 8M
short electric dipole.
Unit – II
3. a) Define antenna array, array factor and briefly explain the application of antenna array 7M
b) With Mathematical equation and diagram explain how the array factor for N element 8M
uniform linear array is calculated.
4. a) Derive an expression for array factor for 2 Isotropic point source with identical amplitudes 8M
and opposite phases and spaced one half wavelengths apart. Calculate the maxima,
minima, half power points, null points and show in radiation pattern.
b) What is the broadside array and end fire array derive the expression for array factor of 7M
linear broadside array of ‘N’ elements.
Unit – III
5. a) Describe the Helical Antenna. Explain its two modes of operation with relevant diagrams. 8M
b) Explain in detail the importance and working on a long wire antenna. 7M
6. a) Explain in detail the practical considerations for Monofilar axial mode helical antenna. 8M
b) Explain the working of travelling wave antenna. 7M
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the necessity of flaring of walls of waveguide in case of Horn antennas. 8M
b) Explain in detail the working of Folded dipole antenna and their characteristics. 7M
8. a) Explain the working on Lens antenna. Also, discuss on the non-metallic dielectric lens 8M
antenna.
b) Explain the working of Yagi-uda antenna. 7M
Unit – V
9. a) Explain field Strength at a distance in ground wave Propagation (Surface) waves with Neat 8M
diagrams.
b) Explain Sky wave Propagation with Multipath sky wave Propagation. 7M
10. a) Explain the following: 6M
i. Maximum Usable frequency
ii. Radiation Pattern with Interference
b) Evaluate the expression for resultant field strength at a point due to space wave 9M
propagation. A radio wave of 1GHz frequency is making an angle of 60 in ionosphere of
electron concentration 2x1020e/m3. Estimate critical frequency and MUF.
(AUTONOMOUS)
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Unit – I
1. a) Define control system. Mention the merits and demerits of open loop control systems. 7M
Give two examples for open loop systems.
b) For the mechanical system shown below: 8M
i. Write the analogous electrical network using F-V analogy
ii. Write the analogous electrical network using F-I analogy
Fig.1
2. a) Explain the effects of feedback in control systems. Give examples. 7M
b) For the rotational mechanical system .Write the differential equations and find the 8M
W3  s 
transfer function T.F 
T s 
Fig.2
Unit – II
3. a) Consider the following block diagram. 8M
Convert it to a Signal Flow Graph and evaluate (i.e. compute) the closed loop transfer
function:
Fig.3
b) Analyse the signal flow graph shown below, apply Mason’s gain rule and obtain all 7M
possible transfer functions:
Fig.4
Cont…2
::2::
4. a) For a unity feedback system, derive the steady state errors for a step and parabolic input 8M
when the plant transfer function is of type0, 1 and 2.
b) Derive the transfer function of a simple DC servo motor. 7M
Unit – III
5. a) Derive an Expression for peak time and Maximum overshoot for a second order system 8M
excited by unit step signal.
b) Determine the step, ramp, and parabolic error constants of the following unit feedback 7M
control systems.
1000
I. G s 
1  0.1S1  10S
100
II. G s  
S S  10s  100 
2
6. a) Sketch the root locus for the system. Comment on stability. 10M
K
G s  H s   .
s  s  1  s  2   s  3
b) For a system with characteristic equation: 5M
F  s   s  3S  4S  6S  5s  3s  2  0 examine stability.
6 5 4 3 2
Unit – IV
7. a) Describe the importance of basic elements used in the construction of a Bode plot. 7M
Describe (mathematically) any three basic elements used in the construction of Bode
plots; and compute their corresponding phase and magnitudes. Analyze the asymptotic
values of each of the basic elements, and sketch their magnitude and phase plots.
b) Describe the concepts of gain and phase margin through illustrative sketches in the 8M
Nyquist setting.
8. a) Describe mathematically the Nyquist stability criterion, using the Cauchy principle. 8M
b) Sketch the Bode plot of the stable system modeled by the transfer function: 7M
1
G s H s 
S  2S  1
2
and for the unstable system modeled by the transfer function:

1
G s H s  .
S  2S  1
2
Unit – V
9. a) Derive the state space model for the following RLC circuit: 7M
Fig.5
b) Derive the state space model for the following electrical circuit 8M
Fig.6
Cont…3
::3::
10. a) Obtain the transfer function for the system described in the state space model: 7M
 x1   0 1   x1  0
 x    6 5  x   1  u  t 
 2   2  
x 
y  8 1  1 
 x2 
b) Prove that the Eigen values of a state space matrix are the same as the poles of a transfer 8M
function. And demonstrate the same with the following example of a differential equation
d 3 y (t ) d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
 5   2 y(t )  u (t )
dt 3 dt 2 dt
(AUTONOMOUS)
ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEMS
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) A system is governed by the following differential equation: 8M
d3 y / dt 3  6d 2 y / dt 2  11dy / dt  10y  8u  t  where y is the output and u is the input
to the system. Obtain state space representation of the system.
b) Obtain the state equations and output equations for the system shown in Fig.1. 7M
Fig.1
2. a) Obtain the state model in Jordan Canonical form, for given transfer function 7M
Y  S  s  s  2  s  3

R  S   s  12  s  4 
b) Obtain the state model for the electrical network. 8M
Fig.2
Unit – II
3. a) State the limitations of analyzing nonlinear systems by describing function and phase 5M
plane methods.
b) Determine whether the given system is controllable: 10M
Fig.3
4. a) What are the characteristics of non-linear systems? Name the types of non-linearities. 9M
b) Define observability. What is the need for observability test? State the conditions for 6M
observability.
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – III
5. a) Define phase plane and phase trajectory. Draw the phase portrait of systems with 8M
various types of singular points.
b) Explain the construction of phase trajectory by isoclines method. 7M
6. a) Discuss the stability analysis of non-linear systems using phase trajectories. 7M
b) A linear second order servo is described by the equation: 8M
d 2 x / dt 2  2 w n dx / dt  w n 2 x  0 where   0.15, w n  1 x  0   1.5 and
d  x  0   / dt  0. Determine the singular point and construct the phase trajectory
using the method of isoclines.
Unit – IV
7. Consider the regulator system given by the plant model: 15M
1 2 1 1 
x  t   0 1 3 x  t   0 u ;
 
1 1 1 1 
By use of the state feedback control u  kx, it is desired to place the closed loop poles at
1  j, 1  j,  3. Find feedback gain matrix k by pole placement method.
8. a) What is an observer? Mention the difference between full order observer and reduced 7M
order observer. Draw the block diagram of full order observer.
b) How control system design is carried in state space? What are the advantages of 8M
control system in state space? Define control law.
Unit – V
9. a) Take a standard regulator problem and explain aspects of optimal control in it. 8M
b) What is meant by linear optimal control? Explain its significance. 7M
10. a) Discuss linear quadratic regulator problems. 8M
b) What is meant by tracking problem? Discuss in detail. 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Unit – I
1. a) With a neat block diagram and any typical instruction explain the operational concepts of 8M
a digital computer.
b) Explain various register, bus and memory transfer instructions used in computers. 7M
2. a) Explain the logic and shift micro operations. 8M
b) Explain single bus structures used in computer design. Mention any technique used to 7M
smooth out the differences in timing among processors, memories and external devices.
Unit – II
3. a) Write the instruction code formats with an example demonstrate direct and indirect 8M
addressing modes used in computer.
b) Explain the following Memory-Reference instructions with examples: 7M
i. AND to AC
ii. ADD to AC
iii. LDA
iv. BUN
4. a) Explain RISC processor. List the major characteristics of a RISC processor. 6M
b) An instruction is stored at location 300 with its address field at location 301. The address 9M
field has the value 400. A processor register R1 contains the number 200. Evaluate the
effective address if the addressing mode of the instruction is:
i. Direct
ii. Immediate
iii. Relative
iv. Register Indirect
v. Index with R1 as the Index register
Unit – III
5. a) With a block diagram explain the general configuration of a microprogrammed control 8M
unit.
b) Briefly explain the microprogram sequencer for a control memory. 7M
6. a) With a flow chart explain the algorithm for adding and subtracting two binary numbers in 8M
signed 2’s Complement representation and also mention the hardware need for it.
b) Design an array multiplier that multiplies two 4-bit numbers. Use AND gates and binary 7M
adders.
Unit – IV
7. a) Write short notes on: 7M
i. PROM
ii. EPROM
iii. EEPROM
b) Explain: 8M
i. Virtual memory
ii. Secondary memory
Cont…2
::2::
8. a) Explain the process involved in direct memory access. 8M

b) Explain the need and working of cache memory. 7M
Unit – V
9. a) Explain the structure of a general purpose multi processor. 7M
b) Explain any two interconnection networks in multi processor systems. 8M
10. a) Define cache coherence and explain Write - Through and Write- Back protocol. 8M
b) Explain the memory organization in multi processors. 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Unit – I
1. a) Briefly explain the following general characteristics of negative feedback amplifier: 9M
i. Non-linear distortion
ii. Frequency distortion
b) Derive an expression for frequency of oscillation of Hartley Oscillator. 6M
2. a) With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of an RC Phase-Shift Oscillator. 8M
b) A feedback amplifier has a gain of 1000 without feedback. Find the gain with feedback 7M
and the amount of feedback in dB for a negative feedback of 10%.
Unit – II
3. a) Sketch the output response of the High Pass RC circuit for the pulse input and step voltage 9M
input.
b) With a neat circuit diagram and waveform explain the diode clipping circuit that operate 6M
with two independent clipping levels.
4. a) Explain the Low-Pass RC Circuit as integrator. 7M
b) Explain the low pass RC circuit. Sketch the output response of the low-pass RC circuit for 8M
the square wave input.
Unit – III
5. a) Briefly explain the working of fixed bias bistable n-p-n transistor multivibrator with the 7M
help of neat diagram.
b) Design a collector-coupled monostable multivibrator using an n-p-n silicon transistor 8M
with h = 40, V =0V and I =1.5 I Given that: V =10V, I =5mA,
FE(min) BE (cut off) B(sat) B(min). CC C(sat)
R =R =R , V =0.2V and V =0.7V. If the pulse width required is 1 ms, calculate the
C1 C2 C CE(sat) BE(sat)
value of C.
6. a) With a help of a neat circuit diagram and waveforms, explain Emitter-Coupled Astable 8M
Multivibrator.
b) The Schmitt trigger circuit shown in the Fig.1 has two stable states as a function of the 7M
input signal level. The transistors are a matched pair and have an hfe=50. Calculate:
The input threshold voltage V1 and V2 respectively:
Fig.1
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – IV
7. a) Design the triangular wave generator so that frequency of oscillation f 0 = 10KHz and 10M
V0(P-P)=10V. Use 741 op-Amp with a supply voltage of + 15V. Draw the circuit diagram
with component values mentioned on the circuit. Also sketch the expected waveform
b) Bring out the ideal characteristics of an Op-amp. 5M
8. a) With circuit diagram explain the operation of practical non inverting comparator and also 10M
draw the transfer characteristics.
b) With the help of a circuit diagram explain the working of a differentiator and draw its 5M
input voltage waveform and output voltage waveform.
Unit – V
9. a) Draw the block diagram of phase locked and explain the functionality of each block. 7M
b) Explain the functional diagram of IC 555 timer in detail. 8M
10. a) Write a note on positive and negative fixed voltage regulator. 7M
b) Design a free running ramp generator using 555 timer for a free running frequency of 5.16 8M
KHz. Assume Vcc=5V and VBE=0.7V. Sketch the circuit with component values mentioned
on it.
(AUTONOMOUS)
POWER SYSTEM TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
Unit – I
1. a) Derive an expression for inductance of three phase symmetrically spaced transmission 7M
line.
b) A three phase transmission line has conductor diameter of 1.8cm each, the conductors 8M
being spaced as shown in Fig.1. The loads are balanced and the line is transposed. Find
the inductance per phase of 50km long transmission line.
Fig.1
2. a) Derive an expression for capacitance of three phase line with hexagonal spacing. 9M
b) A single 3-phase line operated at 50Hz is arranged with 2m, 2m and 3m sides. The 6M
conductor diameter is 0.6 cm. Find the inductance and capacitance per/km. The line is
regularly transposed.
Unit – II
3. a) Why do we analyze a three phase transmission line on single phase basis? Explain. 3M
b) A 3-phase, 50Hz, 100km long transmission line has the following per phase parameters: 12M
r=0.1Ω/km; x=0.2Ω/km; Yc=0.04x10-4mho/km. If the line is represented by nominal–T,
determine:
i. Sending end current
ii. Sending end voltage
iii. Sending end power factor
iv. Transmission efficiency
When supplying a balanced load of 10,000 kW at 66 kV with p.f. of 0.8 lagging.
4. a) Why ABCD constants are used to evaluate the performance of a transmission line. 5M
b) A 3 phase transmission line is 400km long and caters a load of 450MVA, 0.8p.f. lag at 10M
345kV. The ABCD constants are:
A=D=0.81811.30, B=172.284.20, C=1.933x10-390.40mho.
Calculate sending end current and percentage voltage drop. Also calculate receiving end
line to neutral voltage at no load and the sending end line to neutral voltage.
Unit – III
5. a) What is Ferranti effect? Derive the raise in receiving end voltage with the help of Phasor 10M
diagram.
b) A 132kV, 3-phase line with 1.956cm diameter conductors in equilateral, so that corona 5M
takes place, if the line voltage exceeds 210kV (rms). If the value of potential gradient at
which ionization occurs can be taken as 30kV per cm, find the spacing between the
conductors.
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
6. a) Derive an expression for the sag of an overhead line supported at same levels. 5M
b) An overhead line is erected across a span of 250m on level supports. The conductor has 10M
a diameter of 1.42cm and has a dead weight of 1.09kg/m. The line is subjected to a wind
pressure of 37.8 kg/m2 of the projected area. The radial thickness of ice is 1.25cm. The
line is carried by insulator string 1.43m long. Calculate:
i. Sag in an inclined direction
ii. Sag in a vertical direction
iii. The height of lowest cross arm to give a minimum ground clearance of 7.62m under
bad weather conditions
Assume one cubic metre of ice weight 913.5kg and a maximum stress of 1050kg/cm 2.
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain different types of insulators used in overhead lines. 6M
b) A string of suspension insulator consists of four units. The voltage between each pin and 9M
earth is 1/10th of the self-capacitance of the unit. The voltage between the line
conductor and earth is 132kV. Find:
i. The voltage distribution across each unit
ii. The string efficiency
8. a) Derive an expression for electrostatic stress in a cable. 6M
b) A 66kv concentric cable with two intersheaths has a core diameter of 2.3cm, dielectric 9M
material of thickness constitutes three zones of insulation. Determine the maximum
stress in each of the three layers, if 22kV is maintained across each of the inner two
layers.
Unit – V
9. a) With necessary diagram, explain D.C distributor with concentrated loads fed at one 5M
end.
b) A 2 wire DC ring main is fed at A and load is tapped at point B, C and D. The distributor 10M
length is 400m long and point B, C and D are 150m, 250m and 375m from point A. The
loads are 150A, 40A and 200A respectively. If the resistance per 100m of single
conductor is 0.04Ω and voltage at feeding point A is 240V, calculate:
i. Current in each section of distributor
ii. Voltage at point B, C and D
10. a) What are the additional factors which need to be kept in mind when performing A.C. 3M
distribution calculations as compared to D.C. distribution?
b) A single phase two-wire feeder, 1500m long, supplies a load of 60A at 0.8pf; 40A at 12M
0.85pf; and 50A at 0.88 pf lagging at distances of 600, 1200 and 1500 metres
respectively from the feeding point. The resistance and reactance of the feeder per km
length are 0.06 and 0.1Ω, respectively. If the voltage at the far end is to be maintained
at 220V, calculate the voltage at the sending end, and its phase angle with respect to
the receiving end voltage. Assume all the load p.f. are referred to far end voltage
Fig.2
(AUTONOMOUS)
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Unit – I
1. a) What Is the Environmental Impact of Solar Energy? 8M
b) Discuss about Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface. 7M
2. a) Discuss the potential of renewable energy sources with reference to the present energy 7M
scenario.
b) Explain in detail any one instrument used for solar radiation measurement 8M
Unit – II
3. a) Explain the constructional differences of horizontal and vertical axis wind mills. 7M
b) Explain the principle of bio mass energy conversion. Also discuss the challenges involved 8M
in the implementation of a bio mass plant.
4. a) Explain the working of different types of bio gas digesters. Also compare them. 8M
b) Write short notes on: 7M
i. Betz criteria
ii. Power available in wind energy
Unit – III
5. a) With the help of a sketch explain the tidal turbine. 8M
b) What is geothermal energy? Write briefly about harnessing geothermal energy from dry 7M
steam plants.
6. a) What are the resources of geothermal energy and write notes on Magma resources. 8M
b) How could we economize mini-hydel plants? Write about innovations to reduce costs. 7M
Unit – IV
7. a) Write short notes on solar distillation and drying. 7M
b) Discuss solar vapour absorption system for cooling/refrigeration. 8M
8. a) Explain: 8M
i. Photo voltaic energy conversion
ii. Latent heat storage methods
b) Discuss the working principle of solar ponds. 7M
Unit – V
9. a) What is meant by Direct Energy Conversion? Mention the Challenges and opportunities 8M
of DEC.
b) Explain any two direct energy conversion equipments. 7M
10. a) Explain in general various direct energy conversion equipments. 8M
b) Discuss direct energy conversion by taking a thermionic converter device as an example. 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Unit – I
1. a) Explain how the range of Ammeter and voltmeter can be extended. 7M
b) Explain the working principle of moving iron type instruments. Show that deflection is 8M
proportional to the square of the RMS value of the operating current in moving iron type
instruments.
2. a) With the help of a neat diagram, explain the construction of PMMC instrument and also 8M
prove that deflection is directly proportional to the current passing through the meter in
PMMC instrument.
b) Write neat diagrams of current transformers and potential transformers and explain. 7M
Mention the advantages of Instrument Transformers.
Unit – II
3. a) Explain the errors in dynamo meter type wattmeter due to method of connection of 10M
current coil and pressure coil.
b) An energy meter is designed to make 100 revolutions of disc for one unit of energy. 5M
Calculate the number of revolutions made by it when connected to a load carrying 10A
at 230V and o.8 pf for an hour. If it actually makes 180 revolutions, find the percentage
error.
4. a) Write a brief note on the errors in induction type energy meter and their compensation. 7M
b) By stating the importance of each of the special features incorporated, explain how a low 8M
power factor meter is realized.
Unit – III
5. a) Explain the construction of Crompton’s potentiometer. Mention the steps that as to be 8M
followed to make measurements with Crompton’s potentiometer.
b) Write a neat block diagram of Heterodyne wave analyzer and explain. 7M
6. a) Explain the measurement of Resistance using DC potentiometer. 7M
b) Write circuit diagram of Q meter and explain its operation. 8M
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the measurement of Low resistance using Kelvin Double bridge method. Derive 8M
the expression for unknown resistance.
b) Find the equivalent parallel resistance and capacitance that causes a Wein’s bridge to 7M
null with the following component values:
R1=3.1KΩ, C1=5.2µF, R2 = 25KΩ, f=2.5KHz, R4=100KΩ.
8. a) Explain Loss of charge method for the measure of high resistance using necessary 7M
diagrams and equations.
b) Sketch a neat circuit of Schering’s bridge and explain. Obtain the expression for unknown 8M
resistance, capacitance and Dissipation factor.
Cont…2
::2::
Unit – V
9. a) What is a thermistor? Explain the different configurations and highlight the advantages 8M
and disadvantages of thermistors.
b) Define transducer. Describe the factors that are to be considered while selecting a 7M
transducer.
10. a) Differentiate between photo voltaic cell, photo conductive cell and photo diodes. 9M
b) A strain gauge is bonded to a beam o.1m long and has area of cross-section 4.4sqcm. 6M
Young’s modulus is 2017GN/m2. The strain gauge has an unrestrained resistance of 240Ω
and gauge factor of 2.2. When load is applied, the resistance of the gauge changes by
0.016Ω. Calculate the change in length of the steel beam.
(AUTONOMOUS)
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
(Mechanical Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Define OR? State its advantages. 8M
b) A Manufacture produces two types of models M1 and M2 each model of the type M1 7M
requires 4 hrs of grinding and 2 hours of polishing, where as each model of the type M 2
requires 2 hours of grinding and 5 hours of polishing. The manufactures have 2 grinders
and 3 polishers. Each grinder works 40 hours a week and each polishers works for 60
hours a week. Profit on M1 model is Rs. 3.00 and on Model M2 is Rs 4.00. Whatever
produced in week is sold in the market. How should the manufacturer allocate is
production capacity to the two types models, so that he may make max in profit in
week?
2. a) List some OR Applications? State its merits and demerits. 8M
b) Egg contains 6 units of vitamin A per gram and 7 units of vitamin B per gram and cost 12 7M
paise per gram. Milk contains 8 units of vitamin A per gram and 12 units of vitamin B per
gram and costs 20 paise per gram. The daily requirements of vitamin A and vitamin B are
100 units and 120 units respectively. Formulate the optimal product mix.
Unit – II
3. a) State the methods of solving transportation problems. 5M
b) Solve the following transportation problem by Least Cost method: 10M
Factories W1 W2 W3 W4 Supply
F1 6 4 1 5 14
F2 8 9 2 7 16
F3 4 3 6 2 05
Demand 6 10 15 4
4. a) State the steps involved in the Hungarian algorithm. 3M

b) Solve the assignment problem: 12M
I II III IV V
1 11 17 8 16 20
2 9 7 12 6 15
3 13 16 15 12 16
4 21 24 17 28 26
5 14 10 12 11 15
Cont…2
::2::
Unit – III
5. a) Explain the steps involved in Sequencing of n jobs through 2 machines. 7M
b) A machine operator has to perform 3 operations, Turning, Threading & Knurling on three 8M
machines A, B and C in the order ABC. Find the optimum sequences when the time in
hours are given.
Turning Threading Knurling
Job
Ai Bi Ci
1 3 8 13
2 12 6 14
3 5 4 9
4 2 6 12
5 9 3 8
6 11 1 13
6. a) At what rate must the clerk of a super market work in order to ensure a probability of 0.9 8M
that the Customer will not have to wait longer than 12mins in the system. It is assumed
that the arrivals follows a Poisson fashion at the rate of 15/hr. The length of service by the
clerk has an exponential distribution.
Also find the average number of customers queuing for service
The Prob. of having more than 10 customers in the system
b) There is congestion on the platform of a railway station. The trains arrive at a rate of 7M
30/days. The service time for any train is exponential distribution with an average of
36mins.
Calculate:
i. Mean queue size
ii. Probability that there are more than 10 trains in the system
Unit – IV
7. Machine A costs Rs 9000/- annual operating cost is Rs 200/- for the first year and then 15M
increases by Rs 2000/- every year. Determine the best age at which the machine should be
replaced and what would be the average cost of owning is operating cost of the machine?
Machine B costs Rs 10000/- annual operating cost is Rs 400/- for the first year and then
increased by Rs. 800/- every year you now have a machine A which is one year old. Should
you replace it with B? If so when? Assume machines have no resale value and that the future
costs are not discounted.
8. a) A company buys a machine for Rs 6000/-. The maintenance cost are expected to be Rs 8M
300/- in each year for the first 2 years and go up annually as follows 700, 1000, 1500,
2000, and 2500. Assume the money is worth of 20% per year. When the machine
should be replaced. Make assumptions if needed.
b) A machine cost Rs 10000/- the operating cost is Rs 500/- for the first 5 years and then 7M
increased by Rs 100/- every year subsequently from the 6th year onwards. Assuming the
money is worth of 10% per year. Find the optimal length of time to hold the machine
before replacement.
Unit – V
9. a) What are the limitations of game theory 5M
b) Solve the following game graphically: 10M
1 2 3 4 5
A 1 -5 5 0 -1 8
2 8 -4 -1 6 -5
10. a) What is dynamic programming? State its applications. 7M

b) Explain the limitations of capital budgeting. 8M
(AUTONOMOUS)
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
Unit – I
1. a) What is gyroscope? 3M
b) A ship is propelled by a rotor of mass 2000kg rotates at a speed of 2400rpm. The radius 12M
of gyration of rotor is 0.4m and spins clockwise direction when viewed from bow (front)
end. Find the gyroscopic couple and its effect when:
i. The ship takes left turn at a radius of 350 m with a speed of 35kmph
ii. The ship pitches with the bow rising at an angular velocity of 1rad/s
iii. The ship rolls at an angular velocity of 0.15rad/s
2. a) Explain the uniform wear theory for a conical pivot. 3M
b) A load of 25KN is supported by a conical pivot with angle of cone as 120o. The intensity 12M
of pressure is not to exceed 350KN/m2. The external radius is 2 times the internal
radius. The shaft is rotating at 180r.p.m. and coefficient of friction is 0.05. Find the
power absorbed in friction assuming uniform pressure.
Unit – II
3 a) Explain uniform pressure theory for a single plate clutch. 3M
.
b A single-plate clutch transmits 25kW at 900rpm. The maximum pressure intensity 12
) between the plates is 85kN/m2. The outer diameter of the plate is 360mm. Both the M
sides of the plate are effective and the coefficient of friction is 0.25. Determine:
i. The inner diameter of the plate
ii. The axial force to engage the clutch
4 a) List the characteristics of brakes. 3M
.
b) A band brake shown in Fig.1 uses a V-belt. The pitch diameter of the V-grooved 12
pulley is 400mm. The groove angle is 45° and the coefficient of friction is 0.3. M
Determine the power rating.
Fig.1
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – III
5. a) Draw a neat sketch of Porter Governer. Explain its working. 8M
b) How are spring loaded governers advantageous over gravity loaded governers? 7M
6. Each arm of a porter governor is 250mm long. The upper and lower arms are pivoted to 15M
links of 40mm and 50mm respectively from the axis of rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5kg
and the sleeve mass is 50kg. the force of friction on the sleeve of the mechanism is 40N.
Determine the range of speed of the governor for extreme radii of rotation of 125mm and
150mm.
Unit – IV
7. A circular disc mounted on a shaft carries three attached masses of 4, 3 and 2.5kg at radial 15M
distances of 75, 85 and 50mm and at the angular positons of 45, 135 and 240 degrees
respectively. The angular positions are measured counter-clockwise from the reference line
along the x-axis. Determine the amount of countermass at a radial distance of 75mm required
for the static balance.
8. a) Explain dynamic balancing. 3M
b) A single–cylinder reciprocating engine has a reciprocating mass of 60kg. The crank 12M
rotates at 60rpm and the stroke is 320mm. The mass of the revolving parts at 160mm
radius is 40kg. If two-thirds of the reciprocating parts and the whole of the revolving
parts are to be balanced, determine the:
i. Balance mass required at a radius of 350mm
ii. Unbalanced force when the crank has turned 500 from the top-dead centre
Unit – V
9. a) With neat sketches, explain the different types of vibrations. 7M
b) A rotor has a mass of 12kg and is mounted midway on a 24-mm diameter horizontal 8M
shaft supported at the ends of by two bearings. The bearings are 1m apart. The shaft
rotates at 2400rpm. If the centre of mass of the rotor is 0.11mm away from the
geometric centre of the rotor due of a certain manufacturing defect, find the
amplitude of the steady-state vibration and the dynamic force transmitted to the
bearing. E = 200GN/m2.
10 a) What do you understand by whirling of shaft? Explain. 5M
.
b) Determine the frequency of torsional vibrations of the disc shown in Fig.2 if both the 10M
ends of the shaft are fixed and the diameter of the shaft is 40mm. The disc has a mass
of 96kg and a radius of gyration of 0.4m. Take modulus of rigidity for the shaft
material as 85GN/m2. I1=1m and I2=0.8m.
Fig.2
(AUTONOMOUS)
BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Unit – I
1. a) Describe the classic paddle wheel experiment performed by Joule. What conclusion was 6M
drawn based on the experiment?
b) A perfect gas is undergoing a process in which TV 0.4 . Calculate the work done by the 9M
gas in going from state 1 in which the pressure is 100 bar and volume is 4m 3 to the state
2 in which volume is 2m3. Also calculate the final pressure.
2. a) Represent the control volume and modify the SFEE for the following cases: 6M
Adiabatic expansion of steam in a turbine Horizontal steam nozzle with negligible
entrance velocity.
b) An iron cube at a temperature of 4000C is dropped into an insulated bath containing 9M
10kg water at 250C. The water finally reaches a temperature of 500C at steady state.
Given that the specific heat of water is equal to 4186J/kgK, find the entropy changes for
the iron cube and the water. Is the process reversible? If so why?
Unit – II
3. a) List out the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s equation. Derive Bernoulli’s equation 8M
from Euler’s equation with usual notation.
b) A pipeline carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87, changes in diameter from 200mm 7M
diameter at a position A to 500mm diameter at a position B which is 4meters at a
higher level. If the pressures at A and B are 9.81N/cm2 and 5.886N/cm2 respectively
and the discharge is 200litres/s determine the loss of head and direction of flow.
4. a) Define Compressibility and bulk Modulus. Derive an expression for Relationship 8M
between Bulk Modulus(K) and Pressure(p) for a Gas.
b) A square plate of size 1mx1m and weighing 350N slides down an inclined plane with a 7M
uniform velocity of 1.5m/s. The inclined plane is laid on a slope of 5 vertical to 12
horizontal and has an oil film of 1mm thickness. Calculate the dynamic viscosity of oil.
Unit – III
5. a) With a neat schematic, explain the construction and working of a Francis type hydraulic 8M
turbine.
b) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at the 7M
rate of 700lit/sec under a head of 30m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of
1600. Calculate the power transfer from water to the runner and the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assume velocity coefficient of 0.98.
6. a) Obtain an expression for specific speed applicable to a hydraulic turbine and discuss its 7M
Significance.
b) Discuss the types and significance of draft tubes. 8M
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – IV
7. a) With a neat sketch explain the main parts of a Centrifugal Pump. 8M
b) A Centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5metres and a design speed 7M
of 1000rpm. The vanes are curved back to an angle of 300 with the periphery. The
impeller diameter is 300mm and outlet width 50mm. Determine the discharge of the
pump if manometric efficiency is 95%.
8. a) With a neat sketch explain an ideal indicator diagram with necessary sketch. 7M
b) Derive the equations for Discharge, work done and power required to drive a double 8M
acting pump also highlight the applications of double acting reciprocating pump.
Unit – V
9. a) Define the following terms: 10M
i. Conduction
ii. Convection
iii. Radiation
With a neat sketch explain combined mechanisms of heat transfer with appropriate
equations.
b) Estimate the loss of heat through a brick wall of length 5m, height 4m and thickness 5M
0.25m, if the temperatures of the wall surfaces are maintained at 1100C and 400C
respectively, k for red brick is equal to 0.70W/mK.
10 a) Derive an expression for Radial Heat conduction through Spherical systems. 7M
.
b) A fireclay wall 20cm thick has its two surfaces maintained at 10000C and 2000C. The 8M
thermal conductivity of the fireclay varies with temp as k(W/mK)=0.813+0.000582T.
Calculate the rate of heat flow.
(AUTONOMOUS)
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY-II
Unit – I
1. a) Write Taylors tool life equation. Explain each term. State the factors affecting tool life. 8M
b) Prove that Tan Ø = r cosα / 1- r sinα. Where r = chip thickness ratio, α = rake angle, 7M
Ø = shear angle.
2. a) What is meant by machinability? Explain the term machinability index. What are the 10M
assumptions made in Merchant’s circle? Draw the Merchant’s circle diagram and show
various cutting forces.
b) In turning operation of steel rod the tool life decreases from 80min to 20min. due to 5M
increase in cutting velocity, from 60m/min to 120m/min., then at what cutting velocity
the life of that tool under the same condition and environment will be 40min? Assume
the value of n=0.5.
Unit – II
3. a) With a neat sketch, explain the specifications and working principle of a centre lathe. 8M
b) Describe with a sketch Bevel gear feed reversing mechanism. 7M
4. a) Explain the Thread cutting procedure in Lathes. 7M
b) The lead screw has 4 threads per inch, and the screw thread to be cut has 26 threads per 8M
inch. Calculate the change gear ratio.
Unit – III
5. a) With a simple sketch, explain the working of the crank and slotted link quick return 8M
motion mechanism used in shaper.
b) With a simple sketch, explain the principal parts and angles of a plain milling cutter. 7M
6. a) Write down any six differences between shaper and planer. 6M
b) With neat sketch explain the working of vertical milling machine. 9M
Unit – IV
7. a) With a simple sketch, explain the working of a vertical boring machine. 8M
b) Explain the counter boring and counter sinking operation. 7M
8. a) Explain the twist drill nomenclature and define various elements of twist drill. 9M
b) How are grinding wheels designated? Explain with suitable example. 6M
Unit – V
9. a) Differentiate between a jig and fixture. Explain the principle of 3-2-1 location. 9M
b) Explain with neat sketches, the various clamping devices. 6M
10. a) Explain the Push down type vertical surface broaching machine with a sketch 8M
b) Describe the Horizontal continuous broaching machine with a sketch. 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
THERMAL ENGINEERING-II
Unit – I
1. a) Describe the Rankine cycle and show how it differs from Carnot cycle by sketching both 8M
cycles on the same T-S diagram. The steam is dry and saturated after evaporation in both
cycles.
b) A steam power plant works between 40bar and 0.05bar. If the steam supplied is dry 7M
saturated and the cycle operation is Rankine, find:
i. Cycle efficiency
ii. Specific steam consumption
2. a) Discuss the advantages of reheating the steam at high pressure steam plants. 7M
b) Steam at a pressure of 100bar and 5000C is supplied to a turbine. It comes out at 0.07bar 8M
and 85% dryness. One stage of reheating is used. The net power output from the turbine
is 1600kJ/kg. Determine the thermal efficiency of the plant.
Unit – II
3. a) What is the purpose of steam stop valve? Explain its working. 7M
b) Find the draught produced in mm of water by a chimney 40m high and discharging 20kg 8M
of flue gases per kg of fuel burnt in the combustion chamber. The temperature of the flue
gases and ambient air are 2700C and 320C respectively. Assuming the diameter of the
chimney as 1.5m and 30% of the theoretical draught is lost in friction, find the mass of the
flue gases passing through the chimney per minute.
4. a) What are the sources of air leakage into a condenser? Briefly state the effects of air 7M
leakage on the performance of a condenser.
b) The following observations were taken during a test on a surface condenser. Vacuum in 8M
condenser=71.5cm of Hg, Barometer reading=76.5cm of Hg, Temperature in
condenser=320C, Hot-well temperature= 300C, Cooling water circulated=48,000kg/hr,
Inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water= 140C and 280C, condensate=1500kg/hr.
Find the mass of air in kg per m3 of condenser volume and the dryness fraction of steam
entering the condenser and the vacuum efficiency.
Unit – III
5. a) Derive the expression for the velocity and flow through the nozzle in terms of initial 7M
pressure, initial specific volume, area of cross-section, final pressure and index n of
frictionless adiabatic expansion.
b) The steam at 3 bar with 100C superheat is passed through a convergent nozzle. The 8M
velocity of steam entering the nozzle is 91.5m/s. The back pressure is 1.5 bar. Assuming
the nozzle efficiency of 90% , determine the area of nozzle at throat. Maximum discharge
through the nozzle is limited to 0.45kg/s.
6. a) Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine. 5M
b) An axial flow impulse turbine has a mean rotor diameter of 55cm and runs at 3300 rpm. 10M
The speed ratio is 0.45 and blade velocity coefficient is 0.91. If the nozzle angle at rotor
inlet is 20o.Determine:
i. Rotor blade angles assuming axial exit
ii. Power output for a flow rate of 1Kg/sec
iii. Relative velocities
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – IV
7. a) The following data refer to a stage of reaction turbine. Mean rotor diameter=1.5m, 8M
speed ratio=0.72, blade outlet angle=20o, rotor speed=3000rpm. Determine:
i. Diagram efficiency
ii. Percentage increase in diagram efficiency and rotor speed if rotor is designed to run
at the best theoretical speed
b) An air standard Brayton cycle has air entering the compressor at 100kPa and 270C. The 7M
pressure ratio is 10 and the maximum allowable temperature in the cycle is 1350 K.
Determine:
i. Temperatures at salient points of the cycle
ii. Compressor and turbine work per unit mass of air
iii. Net work output and work ratio
iv. Thermal efficiency of the cycle
v. Specific air consumption in kg/kWh
vi. Improvement in the thermal efficiency of the cycle if a regenerator with 100 %
effectiveness is incorporated in the cycle
8. a) Define: 4M
i. Degree of reaction
ii. Diagram efficiency
b) Determine the net work output and thermal efficiency of an ideal gas turbine cycle 11M
having two stages of compression with intercooling in between the stages and two
stages of expansion with reheating in between the stages. The overall pressure ratio for
the cycle is 4 and the maximum cycle temperature is 9000C. Assume that the
atmospheric temperature is 150C and the cycle is designed for maximum work output.
Draw the schematic and T-s diagrams for the cycle. What would be the improvement in
the thermal efficiency if an ideal regenerator is incorporated in the cycle?
Unit – V
9. a) Discuss the working principle of jet propeller. 7M
b) With neat sketch explain the working principle of rocket engines. 8M
10. a) Derive an expression for thrust, thrust power and propulsion efficiency of turbo jet. 8M
b) In a jet propulsion cycle air enters the compressor at 1bar and 15 oC. The pressure leaving 7M
the compressor is 5bar and the maximum temperature is 9000C. The air expands in the
turbine to such a pressure that turbine work is just equal to the compressor work. On
leaving the turbine, the air expands in a reversible adiabatic process in a nozzle to 1bar.
Calculate the velocity of air leaving the nozzle.
(AUTONOMOUS)
DESIGN OF MACHINE MEMBERS-I
Unit – I
1. a) Explain the need of having more than one theories of failure. 7M
b) A shaft is transmitting 100kW at 160r.p.m. Find a suitable diameter for the shaft, if the 8M
maximum torque transmitted exceeds the mean by 25%. Take maximum allowable shear
stress as 70MPa.
2. a) Explain distortion energy theory stating its merit. 7M
b) A cast iron pulley transmits 10kW at 400r.p.m. The diameter of the pulley is 1.2meter and 8M
it has four straight arms of elliptical cross in which the major axis is twice the minor axis.
Determine the dimensions of the arm if the allowable bending stress is 15MPa.
Unit – II
3. A cantilever beam of 40C8 steel with Sut=600MPa is subjected to a load varying from 50 to 15M
150N. Ka=0.76, Kb=0.85. Reliability factor=0.879 and q=0.9. Determine the diameter d,
considering factor of safety=1.5.
Fig.1
4. a) Define notch sensitivity. 2M
b) Determine the diameter of a circular rod made of ductile material with a fatigue strength 13M
(complete stress reversal), σe=265MPa and a tensile yield strength of 350MPa. The
member is subjected to a varying axial load from Wmin=– 300×103N to Wmax=700×103N
and has a stress concentration factor=1.8. Use factor of safety as 2.0.
Unit – III
5. a) State the advantages of riveted joints. 3M
b) A double riveted lap joint is made between 15mm thick plates. The rivet diameter is 12M
25mm and 75mm respectively. If the ultimate stresses are 400MPa in tension, 320MPa
in shear and 640MPa in crushing, find the minimum force per pitch which will rupture
joint. If the above joint is subjected to a load such that the factor of safety is 4, find out
the actual stresses developed in the plates and the rivets.
6. a) State the advantages of Welded joints. 3M
b) A plate 100mm wide and 10mm thick is to be welded to another plate by means of 12M
double parallel fillets. The plates are subjected to static load of 80kN. Find the length
of the weld if the permissible shear stress in the weld does not exceed 55MPa.
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Unit – IV
7. a) Where is a bolt most likely to fail? 3M
b) Two circular plates with (2d) and (d) as outer and inner diameters respectively, are 12M
clamped together by means of a bolt as shown in Fig.2. The bolt is made of plain carbon
steel 45C8 (Syt=380N/mm2 and E=207000N/mm2). While the plates are made of
aluminium (E=71000N/mm2). The initial pre-load in the bolt is 5kN and the external force
acting on the bolted joint is 10kN. Determine the size of the bolt, if the factor of safety is
2.5.
Fig.2
8. Two mild steel rods are connected by a knuckle joint to transmit an axial force of 100kN. 15M
Design the joint completely assuming the working stresses for both the pin and rod materials
to be 100MPa in tension, 65MPa in shear and 150MPa in crushing.
Unit – V
9. a) What are the parameters that are to be designed in advance, for the design of axial 5M
length of the shaft?
b) A line shaft rotating at 200rpm is to transmit 20kW power. The allowable shear stress 10M
for the shaft material is 42N/mm2. Determine the diameter of the shaft.
10. a) What is Oldham coupling? 3M
b) Design a muff coupling which is used to connect two steel shafts transmitting 40kW at 12M
350r.p.m. The material for the shafts and key is plain carbon steel for which allowable
shear and crushing stresses may be taken as 40MPa and 80MPa respectively. The
material for the muff is cast iron for which the allowable shear stress may be assumed
as 15MPa.
(AUTONOMOUS)
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
Unit – I
1. a) With help of neat diagram, explain the generalized input output configuration of 8M
measuring instruments.
b) Illustrate how resistive potentiometer can be used of measurement of displacement. 7M
2. a) Enumerate and explain different types of static and dynamic characterization. 7M
b) Explain the principle and working of LVDT used for measurement of displacement and list 8M
its merit and demerits
Unit – II
3. a) List and explain the different types of elastic transducers used for pressure measurements 8M
with help of neat diagrams.
b) With help of neat diagram, explain the bubbler or purge type of liquid level meter. 7M
4. a) Illustrate how low pressure is measured using McLeod pressure gauge. 7M
b) Illustrate the working principle of laser Doppler anemometer. 8M
Unit – III
5. a) Explain how stroboscope instruments are used for shaft speed measurements with help 8M
of neat diagram.
b) Explain how Piezo electric transducers are used for measurement of acceleration. 7M
6. a) With help of neat diagram, explain the principle and working of inductive vibration 7M
sensor.
b) In a sesmic instrument m=100g spring stiffness=1N/mm, damping ration=0.4, find the 8M
amplitude of recorded motion if the motion measured is 3Sin 200t (mm). Find the
maximum frequency for which the instrument can be used as an accelerometer if the
error is not to be more than 10%.
Unit – IV
7. a) List out the different techniques available for measurement of strain and explain the 7M
principle of electrical resistance strain gauge.
b) Illustrate the working principle and working of disappearing filament type of optical 8M
pyrometer.
8. a) With help of neat diagram, explain the working of RTD and explain how resistance is used 7M
to measure the temperature.
b) Explain the working of hair hygrometer and sling psychorometer with the help of neat 8M
diagrams.
Unit – V
9. a) Explain how feedback control system of the on/off level controls system with help of 10M
neat diagram.
b) With help of neat diagram, explain the feedback temperature control system. 5M
10. a) Differentiate between open loop and closed loop control system. 8M
b) Explain important characteristics of control system. 7M
(AUTONOMOUS)
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(Civil Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Derive from fundamental the expression for stress block and depth of centre of 7M
compression force from the extreme fiber in compression.
b) Evaluate the beam for safety against collapse in flexure having a effective span of 5m. 8M
The beam has a UDL of 8.5kN/m throughout. The breath of the beam is 225mm and
overall depth is 550mm. Take the tension steel as 5#20 and assume dia. Of stirrups as
8mm. Use M30 grade concrete and Fe500 grade steel. The beam is exposed to severe
environmental condition. Self wt. of beam is to be added.
2. An L beam for an office floor has the following data: 15M
Clear span=10m, Thickness of flange is 125mm, LL=4kN/m 2, Finishes and light
partitions=3kN/m2, Spacing of beams=3.5m. Grade of concrete is M30 and grade of steel is
Fe 500. The L-beams are supported on walls of width=230mm. Design the beam for flexure
and shear. Sketch the reinforcement details.
Unit – II
3. A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular section 300 mm wide is reinforced with 4 bars of 15M
25 mm diameter at an effective depth of 600 mm .The beam has to resist a factored shear
force of 400kN at support section. Assuming fck=25 N/mm2 fy=415 N/mm2, design a vertical
stirrups for the section.
4. A doubly reinforced concrete rectangular beam 250mmX500mm is required to support a load 15M
of 40kN/m including self weight. The effective span is 5000mm; effective cover is 50mm. Use
M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. Find the steel required for flexure and shear.
Unit – III
5. a) Explain difference between one way slab and two way slab. 4M
b) A simply supported roof slab is provided for a room 7.5mx3.5m clear in size. The slab is 11M
carrying an imposed load (including finishes) of 5kN/m2. Assume overall depth of slab as
150mm. Use M20 mix and Fe415 steel. Assume bearing=200mm. Design the area of
main steel.
6. Design a RCC Slab for an office floor 4.5mX5.5m with all four edges discontinuous and 15M
corrners held down. The live load on the slab is 3kN/m2. Assume floor finish as 0.6kN/m2 and
ceiling finish as 0.4kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe-415 steel. Sketch the reinforcement
details.
Unit – IV
7. a) How are columns classified based on the type of reinforcement and type of loading? 7M
Explain with a neat sketch.
b) Design a rectangular column subjected to an axial load of 3000kN under dead and live 8M
loads case. The column is effectively held in position at both ends, but not restrained
against rotation. Unsupported length of column is 3.2m. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415
steel. Assume moderate environment condition and sketch the details.
Cont…2
::2::
8. A rectangular column 350mm wide and 525mm deep is subjected to an axial load of 1400kN 15M
and moments along the major and minor axis are 95kNm and 55kNm respectively. Assume
M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. Assume severe condition and sketch the details.
Unit – V
9. Design of dog-legged stair for a building in which the vertical distance between floors is 3.6m. 15M
The Stair hall measures 2.5mX5m. Take live load as 2.5kN/m 2. The stair we supported on
230mm walls at the end of outer edges of loading slabs, so that landing slab is spanning in
the direction of going. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. Sketch the reinforcement details.
10. Design an isolated rectangular footing of uniform depth for the column of size 15M
300mmx500mm supporting an axial service load of 100kN. The safe bearing capacity of the
soil at site is 200kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 Steel. Sketch the reinforcement details.
(AUTONOMOUS)
GEO TECHNICAL ENGINEERING-I
(Civil Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Explain the structure of Kaolinite and Montmorillonite clay minerals with their 7M
characteristics.
b) A test for the determination of liquid limit was carried on a soil sample. The following sets 8M
of observations were made:
No. of blows, (N) 38 27 20 13

Water content (%) 47.5 49.5 51.9 53.9
Plot the flow curve and determine the liquid limit. Also find flow index.
2. a) Explain the diffuse double layer theory with neat sketch. 7M
b) The result of a sieve analysis of a soil are given below: 8M
Total mass of sample =900 gm
IS sieve 20 10 4.75 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.425 0.212 0.150 0.075 pan
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Mass of
soil 35 40 80 150 150 140 115 55 35 25 75
retained
Find the uniformity coefficient and coefficient of curvature. Also classify the soil.
Unit – II
3. a) Discuss the effect of properties of pore fluid and degree of saturation on permeability of 5M
soil.
b) During a constant head permeability test, a flow of 160 cc is measured in 5 minutes 10M
under a constant head of 15 cm. The specimen is 6 cm long and has a sectional area of
50 cm2. The porosity of the specimen is 42%. Determine the permeability, and the
discharge velocity. Also estimate the permeability of the soil when the porosity of soil is
35%.
4. a) Briefly explain the method of determining coefficient of permeability for fine grained 6M
soil.
b) In a falling head permeameter, the sample used is 20 cm long having a cross-sectional 9M
area of 24 cm2. Calculate the time required for a drop of head from 25 to 12 cm if the
cross sectional area of the stand pipe is 2 cm2. The sample of soil is made of three layers.
The thickness of the first layer from the top is 8 cm and has a value of k1 = 2 x 10-4
cm/sec, the second layer of thickness 8 cm has k2 = 5 x 10-4 cm/sec and the bottom layer
of thickness 4 cm has k3 = 7 x 10-4 cm/sec. Assume that the flow is taking place
perpendicular to the layers.
Cont…2
::2::
Unit – III
5. a) Give the brief procedure to find compaction curve by using Modified Proctor compaction 8M
test.
b) List and explain the factors affecting compaction. 7M
6. a) List the assumptions made in Boussinesq stress distribution theory. 7M
b) The following results were obtained from a Standard compaction test on a sample of soil: 8M
Water content (%) 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22

Mass of wet soil (kg) 1.68 1.85 1.91 1.87 1.87 1.85
The volume of the mould used was 950ml. Make necessary calculations and plot the
compaction curve and obtain the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content.
Unit – IV
7. a) Define the following terms: 8M
i. Coefficient of compressibility
ii. Coefficient of volume compressibility
iii. Compression Index and
iv. Degree of consolidation
b) In a consolidation test, the void ratio of soil sample decreases from 1.2 to 1.1 when the 7M
pressure is increased from 160 to 320kN/m2. Determine coefficient of consolidation if
the coefficient of permeability is 8.0×10-7mm/s.
8. a) Briefly explain the Terzaghi’s Mass-Spring analogy. 5M
b) A saturated soil stratum 5m thick lies above an impervious stratum and below a pervious 10M
stratum. It has a compression index of 0.25 and coefficient of permeability 3.2x10-4 cm/s.
Void ratio at stress 150 kN/m2 is 1.9. Compute:
Change in void ratio due to increase in stress to 200kN/m2
Time required for 50% consolidation
Time required for 90% consolidation.
Unit – V
9. a) Compare the merits and demerits of Triaxial compression test and Direct shear test. 5M
b) The direct shear tests on dense sand gave the following results: 10M
Test No Normal pressure (kN/m2) Shear stress at failure (kN/m2)
1 70 138
2 96 156
3 114 170
Find the shear parameters of the soil.
10. a) With a neat sketch explain unconfined compression test to measure shear parameters. 8M
b) A clay layer whose total settlement under a given loading is expected to be 12cm, 7M
settles 3cm at the end of 1 month after the application of load increment. How many
months will be required to reach a settlement of 6cm? How much settlement will occur
in 10 months? Assume the layer to have double drainage.
(AUTONOMOUS)
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING-I
(Civil Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Explain Hydrologic cycle with a neat sketch. 8M
b) The average annual rainfalls in cm at 6 raingauge stations are 82.6,102.9,180.3,110.3,98.8 7M
and 136.7. Determine the standard error in estimation of mean rainfall in the existing set
of raingauges. For 10% error in estimation of mean rainfall,Determine the optimum
number of gauges needed.
2. a) Explain Symon's Gauge with a neat sketch. 8M
b) The infiltration capacity of soil in a small watershed was found to be 6cm/h before a 7M
rainfall event. It was found to be 1.3cm/h at the end of 8hours of storm. If the total
infiltration during the 8hours period of storm was 15cm, estimate the value of the decay
coefficient K in Horton's infiltration capacity equation.
Unit – II
3. a) Discuss various components of runoff in which it is distributed. 8M
b) The ordinates of a 4h Unit Hydrograph of a basin of area 300km 2 measured at 1 h intervals 7M
are 5, 18, 36, 56, 65, 58, 46, 30, 19, 15, 10, 6, 3, 2 and 1m 3/s respectively. Obtain the
ordinates of a 3h unit hydrograph for the basin using S-curve method.
4. a) Describe a hydrograph along with its components with the help of a neat sketch. Define 8M
effective rainfall.
b) Rainfall of magnitude 4cm and 2cm occurring on two consecutive 4h duration on a 7M
catchment of area 25km2 produced the following hydrograph of flow at the outlet of the
catchment. Estimate rainfall excess and φ-index:
Time since start of rainfall
-6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
(h)
Observed flow (m3/s) 5 4 10 21 24 20 16 11 9 7 5 4
Unit – III
5. a) Describe the following properties: 8M
i. Porosity
ii. Permeability
iii. Transmissivity
iv. Specific yield
b) A 30cm well penetrates 45m below the static water table. After a long period of pumping 7M
at a rate of 1200 liters per minute, the drawdown in the wells 20m and 45m from the
pump well is found to be 3.8m and 2.4m respectively. Determine the Transmissibility of
the aquifer. What is the drawdown in the pumped well?
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
6. a) Arrive at the equation for radial flow to confined aquifer. 8M

b) Three wells A, B and C tap the same horizontal aquifer. The distances AB=800m and 7M
BC=710m. The well B is exactly south of well A and the well C lies to the west of well B. The
following are the ground surface elevation and depth to water below ground surface in the
three wells.
Surface elevation Depth of water level
Well
(meters above datum) (meters below ground surface)
A 340 11
B 337 7
C 343 15
Determine the velocity and direction of groundwater flow in the aquifer given coefficient
of permeability to be 0.1cm/s.
Unit – IV
7. a) What is Irrigation? Explain the different types of flow Irrigation with sketches. 7M
b) After how many days will you supply water to soil in order to ensure efficient irrigation of 8M
the crop, if Field capacity of crop is 27%, Permanent wilting point is 14%, Dry density of
soil is 15kN/m3, Effective depth of root zone is 75cm and daily consumptive use of water is
11mm.
8. a) What is duty? Mention the factors affecting duty of a canal system. 7M
b) Table below gives the necessary data about the crop, their duty and the area under each 8M
crop, commanded by a canal taking off from a storage tank. Taking a time factor for the
canal to be 13/20, Calculate the discharge required at the head to the canal. If the
capacity factor is 0.8, determine the design discharge:
Base Period Duty at the field Area
Crop
(days) (hectares/cumec) (ha)
Sugarcane 320 580 850
Overlap for sugarcane in hot
90 580 120
weather
Wheat (Rabi) 120 1600 600
Bajra(Mansoon) 120 2000 500
Vegetable(Hot weather) 120 600 360
Unit – V
9. a) Provide a detailed procedure to design unlined irrigation canal in alluvial soil according to 8M
Lacey’s theory.
b) Discuss how the cutting and filling is balanced in canal design. 7M
10. a) What is a design discharge over a catchment? Describe the rational method of estimating 7M
design discharge.
b) Design an irrigation channel in alluvial soil according to Lacey’s silt theory for the 8M
following data:
Full supply discharge=10cumec
Lacey’s silt factor=0.9
Side slopes of channel=0.5H:1V
(AUTONOMOUS)
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
(Civil Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Describe various structural forms used in practice. Discuss the internal forces developed in 5M
various structural forms to resist the load applied.
b) A two hinged parabolic arch of span 25m and rise 5m carries an UDL of 38kN/m covering a 10M
distance of 10m from left end. Find the horizontal thrust, the reaction at the hinges and the
maximum positive and negative bending moment.
2. a) Explain the following with an example: 3M
i. Degree of redundancy
ii. Degree of freedom
b) Determine static and kinematic indeterminacy for the following figs. Shown below. 12M
Unit – II
3. Analyze the frame shown in Fig.2 by moment distribution method. 15M
Fig.2
4. Analyze the continuous beam shown in Fig.3 by applying Kani’s method to determine the end 15M
moments. The moment of inertia of spans AB, BC and CD are I, 2I and 1.5I respectively. Sketch
the BMD.
Fig.3
Cont…2
::2::
Unit – III
5. Analyze the portal frame shown in the Fig.4 by Slope deflection method. Draw BMD. 15M
Fig.4
6. Analyze the frame shown in Fig.5 by using slope deflection method. Draw bending moment 15M
and shear force diagram.
Fig.5
Unit – IV
7. Analyze the continuous beam shown in Fig.6 by using stiffness method. Draw bending moment 15M
and shear force diagram.
Fig.6
8. Analyze the continuous beam shown in Fig.7 by using flexibility method. Draw bending 15M
moment and shear force diagram.
Fig.7
Cont…3
::3::
Unit – V
9. Determine the influence line for the reaction at the middle support B of a continuous beam 15M
shown in Fig.8. Compute the ordinates at every 1 m interval.
Fig.8
10. Draw the influence lines for the bar forces in L1L2, U2L2 and U2 U3 in a warren truss shown in 15M
the Fig.9. Consider a through type truss. Calculate the maximum force in these members for a
dead load of 15kN/m and a live load of 30KN/m longer than the span moves across the truss.
Fig.9
(AUTONOMOUS)
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(Civil Engineering)
Unit – I
1. a) Enumerate the main work activities of engineering geologists. 7M
b) What is the main agent of biological weathering? Write how rocks are decomposed by 8M
biological weathering.
2. a) With a neat sketch, explain different part of earth interior. 8M
b) Discuss the importance of rock weathering in Civil Engineering practices. 7M
Unit – II
3. a) What are ore forming minerals? Give physical properties for the following minerals with 7M
their chemical composition and engineering uses:
i. Pyrite
ii. Magnetite
iii. Bauxite
b) What are the different structures associated with metamorphic rocks? Specify them with 8M
neat sketches.
4. a) Explain habits/forms and hardness in mineral with examples. 7M
b) What are the parameters on the basis of which igneous rocks are classified? Mention the 8M
engineering importance of igneous rocks.
Unit – III
5. a) How joints are described? Explain the different types of joints and their significance in 8M
civil engineering field.
b) What is meant by intensity and magnitude of an earthquake? How the magnitudes of 7M
earthquake are measured and add a note on the world distribution of earthquake.
6. a) Differentiate between a fold and fault? Describe any four types of fault with neat sketch. 8M
b) What are landslides? Describe the important types of landslides with neat sketch. 7M
Unit – IV
7. a) Explain the influencing factors for the water tightness of the reservoir? 8M
b) Write a note on magnetic methods of geophysical exploration. 7M
8. a) What is ‘Life of Reservoir’? Explain the methods to control reservoir silting. 7M
b) What is a dam? With what purposes it will be constructed? Explain in detail the geological 8M
investigation of a good dam site.
Unit – V
9. a) Write down the important aspects of tunneling which is been served for specific 7M
purposes.
b) Explain the role of lithology in ground water problems in tunnel site. 8M
10. a) Explain the effects of cutting the rocks while consideration in driving the tunnels. 7M
b) What are tunnels? Explain the uses of lining in tunnels. 8M
(AUTONOMOUS)
ESTIMATING AND COSTING
(Civil Engineering)
Unit – I
1. Explain the principles of working out the quantities of the following items of work in a 15M
building. Also write their standard units:
i. Concrete in foundation
ii. Earthwork in excavation
iii. Doors and windows
2. Calculate the quantities for the following items by any one of the method: 15M
i. Earthwork in excavation
ii. I Class brickwork in CM 1:6 for foundation and plinth
Fig.1
Unit – II
3. The plinth area of an appartment is 500sqm. Detemine the total cost of building from the 15M
following data:
Rate of construction=Rs.1230/--per m3
The height of appartment=16.25m
Water Supply, Sanitary and Electrical installations each at 6% of building cost
Architectural appearance @ 1% of building cost
Unforeseen item @2% of Building cost
P.S. and contingencies @4% of building
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
4. R L of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from Chainage 10 to Chainage 20 are 15M
given below. The formation level at the 10th change is 107 m and the road is in downward
gradient of 1 in 150 up to Chainage 14 and then the gradient changes to 1 in 100 downward.
Formation width of the road is 10 m and side slopes of banking are 2:1 (Horizontal : Vertical).
Length of the chain is 30 m. Prepare an estimate of quantity of earthwork and also abstract
estimate for earth work if the cost per cu m is Rs.275/-.
Chainage 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
R L of ground 105.00 105.60 105.44 105.90 105.42 104.30 105.00 104.10 104.62 104.00 103.30
RL of 107.00
formation
Unit – III
5. a) Mention the factors on which the rate of a particular item on work depends upon while 7M
performing rate analysis.
b) Calculate the unit rate per cubic meter by performing Rate Analysis for I class Brickwork in 8M
foundation and plinth with 20 * 10*10 cm Bricks with cement sand mortar 1:6.
6. a) What is rate analysis? Mention the overhead costs to be considered for rate analysis. 7M
b) Calculate the unit rate per square meter by performing Rate Analysis for 12mm plastering 8M
in cement mortar 1:6.
Unit – IV
7. Prepare a schedule of bars for the RCC roof slab of 3 m clear span and 6m long as shown in 15M
the drawing below:
Fig.3
8. a) What is meant by contract? 7M
b) Mention the different types of contract. Explain any one type of contract. 8M
Unit – V
9. a) Explain the factors affecting changes in the market value. 8M
b) What is occupation value and market value? Discuss briefly with examples. 7M
10. a) List the roles and responsibilities of the building valuer. Explain. 8M
b) Explain the terms market value, scrap value and salvage value. 7M

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Hall Ticket No: Question Paper Code: A3602

8. a) Explain the method of perspective projection transformation. 8M

6. a) Explain IPv4 datagram format with diagram in detail. 8M

6. a) Discover six ambiguities and / or omissions in the following statement of requirements 7M

Find all the code vectors, parity check matrix?

and for the unstable system modeled by the transfer function:

8. a) Explain the process involved in direct memory access. 8M

4. a) State the steps involved in the Hungarian algorithm. 3M

10. a) What is dynamic programming? State its applications. 7M

No. of blows, (N) 38 27 20 13

Water content (%) 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22

6. a) Arrive at the equation for radial flow to confined aquifer. 8M

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