Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
What is Composite?
A composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly
different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics
different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within
the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and solid solutions.
Elements of Composite?
Composite regulatory elements contain two or more closely situated binding sites for distinct
transcription factors and provide a way for crosstalk between different regulatory pathways. The term
"composite element" was introduced during studies of the glucocorticoid response element in the mouse
proliferin promoter, where the glucocorticoid receptor transcription factor binding site was found to be
adjacent to an AP-1 site. This term was later applied to different pairs of interacting transcription factor
binding sites and transcription factors. Based on the known examples, we define a composite element as
a minimal functional unit within which both protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions contribute to a
highly specific pattern of transcriptional regulation.
Application of Composite?
Composites are used in a wide variety of markets, including aerospace, architecture, automotive, energy,
infrastructure, marine, military, and sports and recreation. Read about interesting applications of
composites in select industries below and check back often as we continue to add new applications to this
site.
Aerospace
Major OEMs such as Airbus and Boeing have shown the potential for large-scale composite applications
in aviation, and NASA is continually looking to composites manufacturers for innovative space solutions
for rockets and other spacecraft.
Aerospace Applications
Rising fuel costs, environmental regulations and an increase in airline traffic have helped drive the
increasing use of composite materials in the aerospace industry. Composites are used in military, business
and commercial aircraft of all sizes, including spacecraft.
An Italian start-up company is manufacturing the world’s first single-engine, light-sport aircraft composed
almost entirely of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). NASHERO, based in San Giovanni in Croce, Italy,
says that its two-seat, high-performance aircraft is designed for pilot-owners who want to travel in
comfort and safety—and in an environmentally friendly way.
Advantages
Weight reduction is the single greatest advantage of composite material usage. A lower-weight plane is
more fuel-efficient because it requires less fuel to propel itself forward.
Composites are also incredibly strong and as a result have a higher strength-to-weight ratio, also known
as specific strength, than the metals used in making aircraft. In addition, they resist compression and don't
easily break under tension.
Composite materials aren't prone to corrosion due to harsh chemicals, and they're resistant to many
highly reactive chemicals. They can also handle wide variations in temperature and exposure to severe
weather.
Another big advantage of composites is their design flexibility: They can be made into just about shape.
And a single, oddly shaped piece of composite can replace many pieces made of other materials. That
helpful characteristic cuts down on maintenance and so can reduce costs over the lifetime of a plane.
Once a composite piece has been formed, it maintains its shape and size. That's important in the aircraft
industry because it means the essential parts of a plane made out of composite materials won't grow,
shrink, or change form as environmental conditions vary.
Disadvantages
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of composite materials for aircraft and component manufacturers is
their higher initial cost compared with metals. The greater cost is largely due to the price of the fibers and
the complicated process required to make the finished materials.
It can be difficult to tell when the interior structure of a composite aircraft piece has been damaged. That
makes inspections difficult and more costly.
One issue that comes up during inspections is delamination—when layers of composites separate. The
biggest cause of delamination is an impact to the composite piece. Water can infiltrate a piece that has
experienced delamination, and the problem will get worse as the water freezes and thaws.
Standard aircraft composite materials do not conduct electricity and so, unlike aluminum, can not prevent
lightning from being directed to a plane's fuel tanks. That problem was corrected for the 787 by
incorporating wire mesh into the composite.
Finally, the resin used in composite materials weakens at temperatures as low as 150 degrees Fahrenheit,
and a temperature above 300 degrees might result in aircraft failure. When composite materials burn,
they give off toxic fumes and micro-particles into the air, causing health risks. For all of those reasons, fire
prevention is crucial on planes built with composites.
CEDRIC KEN MARIANO ASSIGNMENT # 1 AUGUST 28, 2019
What is Composite?
A composite material is made up of a matrix and a reinforcement phase. Composites
take advantage of directional properties of the reinforcement phase and gluing
properties of the matrix. The reinforcement phase may be any material in fiber,
platelet, or aggregate form. The matrix phase must be able to flow around the
reinforcement and later hardened. Metals, ceramics, cement, and polymers are all
regularly used for man-made composites. Composites are very difficult to
manufacture (except for concrete). New techniques has made it easier to make
sporting equipment, space shuttle parts, and car parts out of composites.
Elements of Composite?
Composite regulatory elements contain two or more closely situated binding sites for
distinct transcription factors and provide a way for crosstalk between different
regulatory pathways. The term "composite element" was introduced during studies
of the glucocorticoid response element in the mouse proliferin promoter, where the
glucocorticoid receptor transcription factor binding site was found to be adjacent to
an AP-1 site. This term was later applied to different pairs of interacting
transcription factor binding sites and transcription factors. Based on the known
examples, we define a composite element as a minimal functional unit within which
both protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions contribute to a highly specific
pattern of transcriptional regulation.
Composite elements can be classified based on the following criteria:
-characteristics of interactions between the transcription factors involved (either
synergism or antagonism)
-structure of transcription factors (structure of DNA-binding domains, for example)
-function provided by the composite element (tissue-specificity or inducibility, for
example)
Application of Composite?
Composites are used in a wide variety of markets, including aerospace, architecture,
automotive, energy, infrastructure, marine, military, and sports and recreation. Read
about interesting applications of composites in select industries below and check back
often as we continue to add new applications to this site.
Advantages
Weight reduction is the single greatest advantage of composite material usage and is
the key factor in using it in aircraft structure. Fiber-reinforced matrix systems are
stronger than traditional aluminum found on most aircraft, and they provide a
smooth surface and increase fuel efficiency, which is a huge benefit.
Also, composite materials don't corrode as easily as other types of structures. They
don't crack from metal fatigue and they hold up well in structural flexing
environments. Composite designs also last longer than aluminum, which means
fewer maintenance and repair costs.
Disadvantages
Because composite materials don’t break easily, that makes it hard to tell if the
interior structure has been damaged at all and this, of course, is the single most
concerning disadvantage for using the composite material. In contrast, because of
aluminum bends and dents easily, it is quite easy to detect structural damage.
Additionally, repairs can be much more difficult when a composite surface is
damaged, which ultimately becomes costly.
Also, the resin used in composite material weakens at temperatures as low as 150
degrees, making it important for these aircraft to take extra precautions to avoid
fires. Fires involved with composite materials can release toxic fumes and micro-
particles into the air, causing health risks. Temperatures above 300 degrees can
cause structural failure.
Finally, composite materials can be expensive, although it can be argued that the
high initial costs are typically offset by long-term cost savings.