The Production of speech Sounds

Phonetics:- is the general study or description of the characteristics of human

speech sounds.
.‫ح‬٠‫اخ اٌىالَ اٌثشش‬ٛ‫طف ٌخظائض اط‬ٚ ٚ‫ اٌذساعح اٌؼاِح ا‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫اٌصىتُبث‬
Phonetics has three basic branches of study : ‫َذتىٌ ػٍُ اٌصىث ػًٍ ثالثت فشوع‬
Articulatory phonetics :- the study of the organs of speech and their use in
producing speech sounds by the speaker.
.ٍُ‫اخ اٌىالَ ِٓ لثً اٌّرى‬ٛ‫ ئٔراض أط‬ٟ‫ا ف‬ِٙ‫اعرخذا‬ٚ َ‫ضج اٌىال‬ٙ‫ دساعح أظ‬-: ‫دساست جهبص إٌطك‬
Acoustic phonetics :- the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds
from the speaker to the listener.
.‫ اٌّغرّغ‬ٌٝ‫اخ ِٓ اٌّرىٍُ ئ‬ٛ‫ ٌٍىٍّح األط‬ٞ‫ دساعح إٌمً اٌّاد‬-: ‫دساست فُضَبء االصىاث‬
Auditory phonetics :- the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds
by the listener.
.‫اخ ِٓ لثً اٌّغرّغ‬ٛ‫س ِٓ اٌىالَ األط‬ٛ‫اٌرظ‬ٚ ‫ دساعح االعرمثاي‬-: ‫دساست جهبص اٌسّغ‬
Phonology :- is the study of the systems, patterns and functions of speech sounds
in language.
.‫ اٌٍغح‬ٟ‫اخ اٌىالَ ف‬ٛ‫ظائف اط‬ٚٚ ‫أّاط‬ٚ ‫خرض تذساعح أظّح‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌؼٍُ اٌز‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ‫ػٍُ اٌصىث‬
Phonology has two basic branches of study : ُّٓ‫َذتىٌ ػًٍ لس‬
Segmental phonology :- it analyses speech into discrete segments as phonemes (vowels
and consonants).

‫ف‬ٚ‫اٌؽش‬ٚ ‫ف اٌؼٍح‬ٚ‫ّاخ (ؼش‬١ٔٛ‫ ششائػ ِٕفظٍح ِصً اٌف‬ٌٝ‫ؽًٍ اٌىالَ ئ‬٠ -: ٍ‫ػٍُ األصىاث اٌّمطؼ‬
.)‫اٌغاوٕح‬
Supra-segmental phonology :- it studies the sound features which are not
connected with one particular segment.
.‫اؼذ‬ٚ ٓ١‫ ال ذشذثظ ِغ ِمطغ ِؼ‬ٟ‫ح اٌر‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ضاخ اٌظ‬١ٌّ‫ذسط ا‬٠ ٗٔ‫ أ‬- : ٍ‫ػٍُ االصىاث فىق اٌّمطؼ‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 1

Phonemes :- is the small number of regularly used sounds in daily speech. In
English Phonetic system, there are 20 vowel phonemes and 24 consonant
phonemes.
ٟ‫ ف‬.ِٟٛ١ٌ‫ اٌىالَ ا‬ٟ‫سج ِٕرظّح ف‬ٛ‫اخ اٌّغرؼٍّح تظ‬ٛ‫ش ِٓ االط‬١‫ اٌؼذد اٌظغ‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫اٌىدذاث اٌصىتُت‬
.‫ػ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬٠٢ ٚ ‫خ ػٍّح‬ٛ‫ ط‬٠٢ ‫ظذ ٕ٘ان‬ٛ٠ ‫ح‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ ٌٍغح االٔع‬ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫إٌظاَ اٌظ‬
Phoneme :- is the smallest unit of phonology or the minimal unit in the sound
system.
.‫خ‬ٛ‫ ٔظاَ اٌظ‬ٟ‫ؼذج ف‬ٚ ِٓ ٝٔ‫ اٌؽذ األد‬ٚ‫اخ أ‬ٛ‫ؼذج ِٓ ػٍُ األط‬ٚ ‫ أطغش‬ٛ٘ -: ‫اٌىدذة اٌصىتُت‬
Larynx:- is a very important articulator in speech production because it contains
the vocal cords that are responsible for making vibration.
‫ٌح ػٓ أراض‬ٚ‫ح اٌّغإ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ اال‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ا ذؽر‬ٙٔ‫ أراض اٌىالَ أل‬ٟ‫ُ ظذا ف‬ِٙ ٛ‫ ػض‬ٟ٘ٚ -:‫اٌذٕجشة‬
.‫اال٘رضاصاخ‬
vocal cords (vocal folds) :- two thick strips of muscles inside the larynx. when
they are opened, they produce voiceless sounds and when they are brought
together, they produce voiced sounds.
‫رثاػذاْ إلٔراض‬٠ .‫ٓ ِٓ اٌؼضالخ داخً اٌؽٕعشج‬١‫ى‬١ّ‫ٓ ع‬١‫ط‬٠‫ّ٘ا ػثاسج ػٓ شش‬ٚ -: ‫اٌذببي اٌصىتُت‬
.‫ػح‬ّٛ‫اخ اٌّغ‬ٛ‫رماستاْ إلٔراض االط‬٠ٚ ‫عح‬ٌّّٛٙ‫اخ ا‬ٛ‫االط‬
Pharynx :- is a tube above the Larynx. It is 7cm long in women and 8cm long in
men. Its top id divided into two. One being the back of the mouth and the second
goes to the nasal cavity.
‫ا‬١ٍ‫ ؼافرٗ اٌؼ‬،‫ اٌشظاي‬ٜ‫ عُ ٌذ‬٨ ٚ ‫ إٌغاء‬ٜ‫ عُ ٌذ‬٧ ٌٗٛ‫ثٍغ ط‬٠ .‫ق اٌؽٕعشج‬ٛ‫مغ ف‬٠ ‫ب‬ٛ‫ أث‬ٛ٘ٚ -: َ‫اٌبٍؼى‬
.ٟ‫ف االٔف‬٠ٛ‫ح ذرظً ِغ اٌرع‬١ٔ‫اٌصا‬ٚ ،ُ‫ح ٌٍف‬١‫ح اٌخٍف‬ٙ‫ ذرظً ِغ اٌع‬ٌٝٚ‫ اال‬،ٓ١ّ‫ذرمغُ لغ‬
The soft palate (Velum) :- Is the articulator which allows the air to pass through
the mouth or through the nose. It can be touched by the tongue.
.ْ‫اج تاٌٍغا‬ٌٍٙ‫ّىٓ ٌّظ ا‬٠ ،‫ ػثش األٔف‬ٚ‫اء اِا ػثش اٌفُ ا‬ٌٛٙ‫ش ا‬١‫ٕظُ ع‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌز‬ٛ‫ اٌؼض‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ُ‫اٌغشبء إٌبػ‬
The hard palate:- it is placed in the area between the velum (soft palate) and the
alveolar ridge. It is also called " the roof of the mouth."

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 2

 ‫طٍك‬٠ .‫ح‬١‫ اٌ َغَّٕح اٌغٕخ‬ٚ ) ُ‫ تاطٓ اٌفُ إٌاػ‬ٍٝ‫اج ( اػ‬ٌٍٙ‫ٓ ا‬١‫ إٌّطمح ت‬ٟ‫مغ ف‬٠ٚ -: ٓ‫اػًٍ ببطٓ اٌفُ اٌخش‬
."ُ‫ضا "عطػ اٌف‬٠‫ٗ ا‬١ٍ‫ػ‬
Alveolar ridge :- is between the top front teeth and hard palate.
.‫اٌؽٕه اٌظٍة‬ٚ ‫ح‬٠ٍٛ‫ح اٌؼ‬١ِ‫ٓ األعٕاْ األِا‬١‫ ت‬-:‫اٌذبفت اٌسٕخُت‬
Tongue :- it is the most important articulator in speech production because it can
be moved to many places inside the oral cavity to produce various kinds of
sounds. It has is composed of different parts which are; tip, blade, front, back,
root.
ٟ‫ ٌى‬ّٟ‫ف اٌف‬٠ٛ‫شج داخً اٌرع‬١‫ اِاوٓ وص‬ٟ‫رؽشن ف‬٠ ٗٔ‫ أراض اٌىالَ أل‬ٟ‫ح ف‬١ّ٘‫ االوصش ا‬ٛ‫ اٌؼض‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ْ‫اٌٍسب‬
,‫ اٌّإخشج‬,‫ اٌّمذِح‬,ً‫ إٌظ‬,ْ‫ سأط اٌٍغا‬:ٟ٘ ‫ْ اٌٍغاْ ِٓ ػذج اظضاء‬ٛ‫رى‬٠ .‫اخ‬ٛ‫ذج ِٓ االط‬٠‫اع ػذ‬ٛٔ‫ٕرط ا‬٠
.‫اٌعزس‬
The Teeth :- they are placed at the front of the mouth, just behind the lips, the
higher teeth participate in the production of Dental and Labiodental consonants.
‫اخ‬ٛ‫ح أراض االط‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ا ف‬١ٍ‫ذشرشن االعٕاْ اٌؼ‬ٚ .‫ تؼذ اٌشفاٖ ِثاششج‬,ُ‫ ِمذِح اٌف‬ٟ‫ ذمغ ف‬ٟ٘ٚ -:ْ‫االسٕب‬
.‫ح‬١٘‫ح – اٌشفا‬١ٔ‫ األعٕا‬ٚ ‫ح‬١ٔ‫ؽح األعٕا‬١‫اٌظؽ‬
Lips :- They are two important articulators because they involve in the
production of many speech sounds.
.َ‫اخ اٌىال‬ٛ‫ش ِٓ اط‬١‫شرشواْ تأراض اٌىص‬٠ ‫ّا‬ٙٔ‫ٓ ظذا ال‬١ِّٙ ٓ٠ٛ‫ّ٘ا ػض‬ٚ -: ٖ‫اٌشفب‬
Dental :- Sounds made with tongue touching the front teeth, such as / ð, θ /.
./ θ ،ð / ً‫ ِص‬،‫ح‬١ِ‫ذالِظ األعٕاْ األِا‬ٚ ْ‫ػح ِٓ اٌٍغا‬ٕٛ‫اخ اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ األط‬-: ٍٕ‫صىث س‬
Vowel :- One of a set of voiced sounds in which air leaves the mouth with no
interference and which occur in similar position in words.
‫ظذ‬ٛ٠ٚ َ‫ز ذظاد‬ٚ‫ْ ؼذ‬ٚ‫ا ِٓ اٌفُ تذ‬ٙ١‫اء ف‬ٌٛٙ‫خشض ا‬٠ ٟ‫سج اٌر‬ٛٙ‫اخ اٌّع‬ٛ‫ػح أط‬ّٛ‫ اؼذ ِع‬-: ‫دشف اٌؼٍت‬
.‫ اٌىٍّاخ‬ٟ‫ح ف‬ٙ‫اضغ ِرشات‬ِٛ ٟ‫ف‬
Consonant :- One of set of sounds in which air from the lungs is seriously
obstructed in the mouth, and which occur in similar positions in words.
‫ٓ ِؼرشضا ت ِشذج‬١‫خ إٌاذط ِٓ اٌشئر‬ٛ‫ا اٌظ‬ٙ١‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ٟ‫اخ اٌر‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ اؼذ ِع‬-: ‫االصىاث اٌصذُذت‬
.‫ اٌىٍّاخ‬ٟ‫ح ف‬ٙ‫ أِاوٓ ِرشات‬ٟ‫ظذ ف‬ٛ٠ٚ
SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 3
Bilabials :- Consonants that are articulated by a complete or partial lips closure.
The Bilabials are; /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.
.‫ا‬١‫ ظضئ‬ٚ‫ا ا‬١ٍ‫ ذٍُفع ِٓ خالي اغالق اٌشفاٖ و‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث اٌشفبهُت‬
./ p /, / b /, / m /, / w / ٟ٘ ‫اخ‬ٛ‫االط‬ٚ
Labiodentals :- Consonants that are articulated when the lower lip is in contact
with the upper teeth. The Labiodentals are; /f/ and / v /.
ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٍٝ‫ْ اٌشفٗ اٌغف‬ٛ‫ ذٍُفع ػٕذِا ذى‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االسٕبُٔت‬-‫االصىاث اٌشفبهُت‬
./ f / ،/ v /ٟ٘ ‫اخ‬ٛ‫االط‬ٚ .‫ا‬١ٍ‫اذظاي ِغ االعٕاْ اٌؼ‬
Alveolars :- Consonants that are articulated when the tongue touches the alveolar
ridge. The Alveolar are; /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/.
‫اخ‬ٛ‫االط‬ٚ .‫ح‬١‫ٍّظ اٌٍغاْ اٌ َغَّٕح اٌغٕخ‬٠ ‫ ذٍُفع ػٕذِا‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث اٌسٕخُت‬
./t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/ ٟ٘
Post-Alveolar :- Consonants that are articulated when the tongue touches the area
just behind the alveolar ridge. Alveolar are; /ʃ/ , /ʒ/ , /tʃ/ , /dʒ/ , /r/.
‫ ذمغ‬ٟ‫ٍّظ اٌٍغاْ إٌّطمح اٌر‬٠ ‫ ذٍُفع ػٕذِا‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث خٍف اٌذٕىُت‬
./ʃ/ , /ʒ/ , /tʃ/ , /dʒ/ , /r/ ٟ٘ ‫ح‬١‫اخ اٌؽٕى‬ٛ‫ االط‬.ّٟ‫ف اٌف‬٠ٛ‫ اٌخشٓ ٌٍرع‬ٍٞٛ‫ِثاششج خٍف اٌغمف اٌؼ‬
Palatals :- Consonants that are articulated when the tongue touches the hard
palate. The Palatal is /j/.
ٓ‫ اٌخش‬ٍٞٛ‫ٍّظ اٌٍغاْ اٌغمف اٌؼ‬٠ ‫ ذٍُفع ػٕذِا‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث اٌذٕىُت‬
./ j / ٛ٘ ٟ‫خ اٌؽٕى‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬.ّٟ‫ف اٌف‬٠ٛ‫ٌٍرع‬
Velars :- Consonants that are articulated when the back of the tongue touches the
Velum (The soft palate). The Velars are; /k/ , /g/ , /ŋ /.
‫ ِٓ اٌٍغاْ غشاء‬ٟ‫ٍّظ اٌعضء اٌخٍف‬٠ ‫ ذٍُفع ػٕذِا‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -:‫االصىاث اٌغشبئُت‬
./k/ , /g/ , /ŋ/ ٟ٘ ‫ح‬١‫اخ اٌغشائ‬ٛ‫ االط‬.‫اج‬ٌٍٙ‫ا‬
Glottal :- A Consonant that is articulated in the Glottis, (glottis is the gap
between the vocal folds). The Glottal Consonant is /h/.
ٓ١‫ اٌفرؽح ت‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫ فرؽح اٌّضِاس ( فرؽح اٌّضِاس‬ٟ‫ٍُفع ف‬٠ ٞ‫ػ اٌز‬١‫خ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ٌ‫اٌصىث اٌّضِبس‬
./ h / ‫خ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٛ٘ ٞ‫خ اٌّضِاس‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬.)‫ح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫اال‬
Front vowel :- a vowel sound produced with the tongue in a position near the
front of the mouth, such as the 'a' in 'at' or the 'e' in bed.
... ً‫ ِمذِح اٌفُ ِص‬ٟ‫ٕرط ِغ اٌٍغاْ ف‬٠ ‫خ ػٍح‬ٛ‫ ط‬-: ٍِ‫صىث ػٍت اِب‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 4

‫‪back vowel :- A vowel in which the back of the tongue is the highest point.‬‬
‫دشف ػٍت خٍفٍ ‪ -:‬ؼشف ػٍح اٌز‪ ٞ‬اٌعضء اٌخٍف‪ ِٓ ٟ‬اٌٍغاْ ‪ ٛ٘ٚ‬أػٍ‪ٔ ٝ‬مطح‪.‬‬
‫ف‪ّ١‬ا ‪ِ ٍٟ٠‬خطظ (ص ‪ٌّٛ )21 -21‬لغ أط‪ٛ‬اخ اٌؼٍح ٌفظ‪١‬ا ِغ اِصٍح وً ط‪ٛ‬خ ‪ِٛٚ‬لؼُٗ ‪ٚ‬لذ ‪٠‬شد ط‪ٛ‬خ ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫االِرؽاْ ‪٠ٚ‬ى‪ ْٛ‬اٌّطٍ‪ٛ‬ب ٘‪ ٛ‬ذؽذ‪٠‬ذ ِ‪ٛ‬لؼٗ اِا ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌّخطظ ا‪ٔ ٚ‬ض ‪:‬‬

‫بؼض األِثٍت (ص ‪: )41‬‬

‫ِعّ‪ٛ‬ػح اِصٍح ذؽذد ِ‪ٛ‬لغ وً ط‪ٛ‬خ ضّٓ اٌىٍّاخ ‪ٚ‬لذ ذأذ‪ ٟ‬اٌىٍّاخ ف‪ ٟ‬االِرؽاْ ‪٠ٚ‬ى‪ ْٛ‬اٌّطٍ‪ٛ‬ب ذؽذ‪٠‬ذ‬
‫اٌّ‪ٛ‬لغ‪.‬‬

‫‪SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

 : Long vowel ‫ِخطظ ٌّىالغ أصىاث دشوف اٌؼٍت اٌطىٍَت‬

: )41 ‫بؼض األِثٍت (ص‬

Diphthong :- is a smooth glide from one vowel position to another, the whole
glide acting like one of the long, simple vowels.
‫فح‬١‫ظ‬ٚ ًِ‫ّصً االٔضالق اٌىا‬٠ٚ ‫ آخش‬ٌٝ‫اخ اٌّرؽشوح ا‬ٛ‫ضغ اؼذ األط‬ِٛ ِٓ ‫ أضالق عٍظ‬ٛ٘ -: َ‫االدغب‬
.‫طح‬١‫اخ اٌّرؽشوح اٌثغ‬ٛ‫فح اؼذ األط‬١‫ظ‬ٌٛ ‫ح‬ٙ‫ِشات‬
Pure Vowel :- is the sound which remains constant and doesn't glide.
.‫ٕضٌك‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫ شاترا‬ٝ‫ثم‬٠ ٞ‫خ اٌز‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ٍ‫صىث اٌؼٍت إٌم‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 6

Centring Diphthongs :- are those which end in /ə/ which is central vowel and
they are three diphthongs;
,ٟ‫عط‬ٚ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ؼرثش ط‬٠ ٞ‫اٌز‬ٚ /ə/ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ تظ‬ٟٙ‫ ذٕر‬ٟ‫اخ اٌر‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث اٌّذغّت اٌىسطُت‬
-:‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػذد٘ا شالشح اط‬ٚ
1- /ɪə/ as in Beard /bɪəd/.
2- /eə/ as in Cairn /keən/.
3- /ʊə/ as in Tour /tʊə/.
Closing Diphthongs :- are those which end in a Close vowels. they divided into
two sub-classes; first; ending in /ɪ/ and C ending in /ʊ/. They are all five
diphthongs;
: ٓ١١‫ٓ فشػ‬١‫ طٕف‬ٌٝ‫ذرمغُ ا‬ٚ ‫خ ِغٍك‬ٛ‫ تظ‬ٟٙ‫ ذٕر‬ٟ‫اخ اٌر‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث اٌّذغّت اٌّغٍمت‬
: ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ؼا خّغح أط‬١ّ‫ثٍغ ػذد٘ا ظ‬٠ٚ /ʊ/ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ تظ‬ٟٙ‫ٕر‬٠ ٟٔ‫اٌظٕف اٌصا‬ٚ /ɪ/ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ تظ‬ٟٙ‫ٕر‬٠ ‫ي‬ٚ‫اٌظٕف اال‬
1- / eɪ / as in Paid /peɪd/.
1- /ɑɪ/ as in My /mɑɪ/.
1- /ɔɪ/ as in Boy /bɔɪ/.
4-/əʊ/ as in Load /ləʊd/.
5- /ɑʊ/ as in Loud /lɑʊd/.
: ‫ِخطظ ٌّىالغ األصىاث اٌّذغّت اٌىسطُت واِثٍت ػٍُهب‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 7

 : ‫ِخطظ ٌّىالغ األصىاث اٌّذغّت اٌّغٍمت واِثٍت ػٍُهب‬

Triphthongs :
Triphthongs :- is a glide from one vowel to another then to a third, all are
produced rapidly and without interruption. There are five triphthongs in English.
‫خ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٌٝ‫ِٓ شُ ا‬ٚ ٟٔ‫خ ػٍح شا‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٌٝ‫خ ػٍح ا‬ٛ‫ ػثاسج ػٓ صؼٍمح ِٓ ط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫اصىاث االدغبَ اٌثالثُت‬
ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫اخ خّغح إٌظاَ اٌظ‬ٛ‫ثٍغ ػذد ٘زٖ االط‬٠ٚ ،‫ْ أمطاع‬ٚ‫تذ‬ٚ ‫اخ ذٍفع تغشػح‬ٛ‫ وً ٘زٖ االط‬،‫ػٍح شاٌس‬
.‫ح‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ٌٍغح االٔع‬

1- /eɪ + ə/ as in Player /pleɪə/.

2- /ɑɪ + ə/ as in Hire /hɑɪə/.
3- /ɔɪ + ə/ as in Lawyer /lɔɪə/.
4- /əʊ + ə/ as in Lower /ləʊə/.
5- /ɑʊ + ə/ as in Power /pɑʊə/.

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 8

4 Voicing and Consonants
: ‫أجضاء اٌذٕجشة‬
Glottis :- is the space (gap) between the vocal folds, sounds produced in the
glottis are called Glottals such as /h./
ْ‫ ٘زا اٌّىا‬ٟ‫ ذٕرط ف‬ٟ‫اخ اٌر‬ٛ‫ االط‬،‫ح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ٓ اال‬١‫ج) ت‬ٛ‫ اٌّىاْ (اٌفع‬ٟ٘ٚ -:)‫اٌضسدِت (اٌّضِبس‬
. /h/‫خ‬ٛ‫ح ِصً اٌظ‬١ِ‫اخ اٌضسد‬ٛ‫ تاألط‬ّٝ‫ذغ‬
Adam's Apple :- is the front part of the Larynx. It can be felt and touched
particularly in slim people.
‫طا ػٕذ االٔاط‬ٛ‫ا خظ‬ٙ‫ٌّغ‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٙ‫ّىٓ االؼغاط ت‬٠ .‫ ِٓ اٌؽٕعشج‬ِٟ‫ اٌعضء االِا‬ٟ٘ٚ -: َ‫تفبدت اد‬
.ٓ١‫م‬١‫اٌشش‬
Cartilage :- Is the main part of structure of the Larynx, it is a material that is
similar to bone but less hard.
.‫ا الً طالتح‬ٕٙ‫ح تاٌؼظُ ٌى‬ٙ١‫ ػثاسج ػٓ ِادج شث‬ٛ٘ٚ ،‫ح اٌؽٕعشج‬١ٕ‫ ِٓ ت‬ٟ‫غ‬١‫ ظضء سئ‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ‫اٌغضشوف‬
Arytenoid Cartilages :- Two small Cartilages attached to the back of the vocal
folds, the movement of the arytenoid cartilages causes the movement of the vocal
folds.
ْ‫ ا‬،‫ح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ ِٓ اال‬ٟ‫ٓ تاٌعضء اٌخٍف‬١‫ٓ ٍِؽم‬٠‫ش‬١‫ٓ طغ‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ ػثاسج ػٓ غضش‬-: ‫اٌغضبسَف اٌهشُِت‬
.‫ح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ٓ ذرغثة تؽشوح اال‬١١ِ‫ش‬ٌٙ‫ٓ ا‬١‫ف‬ٚ‫ؼشوح اٌغضش‬
Q : There are Four different positions that the vocal folds can take, which are:
: ٟ٘ٚ ،‫ح اْ ذأخز٘ا‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ّىٓ ٌأل‬٠ ‫ضاع ِخرٍفح‬ٚ‫ ٕ٘ان استؼح ا‬/‫ط‬
Wide Apart :- The Vocal Folds are wide apart for normal breathing and during
the pronunciation of Voiceless Consonants.
‫وزٌه ػٕذ ٔطك‬ٚ ٞ‫اد‬١‫ ؼاٌح اٌرٕفظ االػر‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌّرثاػذج ف‬ٟ‫ح ف‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ْ اال‬ٛ‫ ذى‬-: ‫اٌّتببػذة‬
.‫عح‬ٌّّٛٙ‫ؽح ا‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫االط‬
Narrow Glottis :- the situation when the air passes through the glottis when it is
narrowed, the result will be the sound /h/ which is a Voiceless Glottal Fricative.

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 9

 ‫ذاس‬ٚ‫ٓ اال‬١‫ج ت‬ٛ‫ج ( اٌفع‬ٛ‫اء ِٓ خالي اٌفع‬ٌٛٙ‫ّش ا‬٠ ‫ ػٕذِا‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌر‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫اٌفتذت اٌّضِبسَت اٌضُمت‬
.ٟ‫ اؼرىاو‬ٞ‫ط ِضِاس‬ِّٛٙ# ‫خ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٛ٘ٚ ،/h/ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ْ ط‬ٛ‫عح عرى‬١‫ إٌر‬،‫مح‬١‫ْ ض‬ٛ‫ح ) ػٕذِا ذى‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫اٌظ‬
Position for vocal fold vibration :- the situation when the internal edges of the
vocal folds come very close to each other. The air passes through the glottis
usually causes vibration because it is pressed up from the lungs and pushes the
vocal folds to open and close rapidly.
‫ّا‬ٙ‫ح ِٓ تؼض‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫راْ ٌأل‬١ٍ‫ا اٌؽافراْ اٌذاخ‬ٙ١‫ ذرماسب ف‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌر‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االوتبس اٌصىتُت اٌّهتضة‬
‫ح اٌشئح‬ٙ‫ّا ِٓ ظ‬ٙ١ٍ‫ضغظ ػ‬٠ ٗٔ‫غثة ا٘رضاص أل‬٠ ‫ج ػادج ِا‬ٛ‫ّش ِٓ خالي اٌفع‬٠ ٞ‫اء اٌز‬ٌٛٙ‫ ا‬.‫اٌثؼض ظذا‬
.‫غ ظذا‬٠‫ ذُغٍك تشىً عش‬ٚ ‫ ذُفرػ‬ٟ‫ح ٌى‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ذفغ اال‬٠ ‫س‬١‫تؽ‬
Closed Vocal Folds :- the vocal folds can be firmly pressed together to prevent
the air from passing. When they suddenly open, they produce a Voiceless Glottal
Plosive (sounds like a gentle cough) which is represented by the symbol /ʔ./
ِٓ ‫اء‬ٌٛٙ‫ح اْ ذُمفً تشذج ٌّٕغ ا‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫ا ٌأل‬ٙ١‫ّىٓ ف‬٠ ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌر‬ٟ٘ -: ‫االوتبس اٌصىتُت اٌّغٍمت‬
ٞ‫ط اٌّضِاس‬ٌّّٛٙ‫خ ا‬ٛ‫ا عرٕرط اٌظ‬ٙٔ‫ فا‬،‫سج ِفاظأج‬ٛ‫ح تظ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫رُ فرػ اال‬٠ ‫ ػٕذِا‬.‫س‬ٛ‫اٌؼث‬
./ʔ/ ‫ٍٗ تاٌشِض‬١‫رُ ذّص‬٠ٚ ) ‫فح‬١‫غثٗ اٌىؽح اٌخف‬٠ ٞ‫ ( اٌز‬ٞ‫االٔفعاس‬
voicing (Phonation) :- is the sound which we hear as a result of the vocal folds
vibration.
.‫ح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫عح ال٘رضاص اال‬١‫ ٔغّؼٗ وٕر‬ٞ‫خ اٌز‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ -: ٍ‫اٌتؼبُش اٌصىت‬
Voiced :- A voiced speech sound is one that is produced with vibration of the
vocal cords.
.‫ح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ظذس ِغ ا٘رضاص تاٌؽثاي اٌظ‬٠ ٞ‫خ اٌز‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ -: voiced

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 11

A/ There are Four factors that cause the variations of the sub glottal
pressure :
: ‫ح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ذاس اٌظ‬ٚ‫خ اٌضغظ ذؽد اال‬ٚ‫ ذفا‬ٟ‫اًِ ذرغثة ف‬ٛ‫ٕ٘ان استؼح ػ‬
Variations in Intensity :- We produce voicing with high intensity for shouting,
for example, and with low intensity for speaking quietly.
.ٞ‫ اٌىالَ اٌؼاد‬ٟ‫اٌشذج إٌّخفضح ف‬ٚ ،‫ً اٌّصاي‬١‫ عث‬ٍٝ‫ اٌشذج اٌظشاؾ ػ‬ٌٟ‫ذا ػا‬ٛ‫ ٔخشض ط‬-: ‫اٌذذة‬
Variations in Frequency :- If the vocal cords vibrate rapidly, the voicing is at
high frequency; if there are fewer vibrations per second, the frequency is lower.
ً‫ارا وأد اال٘رضاصاخ ال‬ٚ ،‫ ذشدد‬ٍٝ‫ْ اال٘رضاص تأػ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ ف‬،‫رض تغشػح‬ٙ‫ح ذ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ئرا وأد اٌؽثاي اٌظ‬-: ‫اٌتشدد‬
.ً‫ح واْ اٌرشدد ال‬١ٔ‫ اٌصا‬ٟ‫ف‬
Variations in Quality :- is the ability to produce different sounding-voices such
as harsh, breathy, murmured or creaky voices.
‫ دِذِح‬،‫ ال٘س‬،‫خ أظش‬ٛ‫ْ ط‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫ وأ‬،‫ح ِخرٍفح‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫اخ ط‬١‫ػ‬ٕٛ‫اخ ت‬ٛ‫ ٌفع اط‬ٍٝ‫ اٌمذسج ػ‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫إٌىػُت‬
.‫ش‬٠‫ طش‬ٚ‫خ ر‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٚ‫أ‬
Plosive :- A Plosive is a consonant sound resulted from complete closure of two
articulators which allow no air to escape from the vocal tract. Some phonologists
name these sounds as (stops). English has six Plosives /p, t, k, b, d, g/.
ٟ‫ٓ ِٓ اػضاء اٌىالَ اٌر‬٠ٛ‫ػ إٌاذط ِٓ خالي اغالق ذاَ ٌؼض‬١‫خ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ٌ‫اٌصىث االٔفجبس‬
‫اخ‬ٛ‫اخ وأط‬ٛ‫ْ ٘زٖ االط‬ّٛ‫غ‬٠ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ تؼض ػٍّاء اٌظ‬.ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ض ِٓ اٌّّش اٌظ‬ٚ‫اء ِٓ اٌخش‬ٛ٘ ٞ‫ذّٕغ ا‬
.‫ح‬٠‫اخ أفعاس‬ٛ‫ح عرح اط‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ اٌٍغح االٔع‬ٟ‫ظذ ف‬ٛ٠ .) ٗ١‫لف‬ٛ‫(ذ‬
Fortis sounds (strong):- they are consonants that are produced with a greater
force. Fortis consonants are always voiceless. Such as / p, f, t, k/.
‫عح‬ِّٛٙ ٟ٘ ‫ح‬٠ٛ‫اخ اٌم‬ٛ‫ االط‬.‫شج‬١‫ج وث‬ٛ‫ا تم‬ٙ‫رُ ٌفظ‬٠ ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث اٌمىَت‬
.‫دائّا‬
Lenis sounds (weak):- Consonants that are produced with less force. Lenis
consonants are always voiced, such as / b, g, m, l, d /.
ٟ٘ ‫فح‬١‫ؽح اٌضؼ‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫االط‬ٚ .‫ٍح‬١ٍ‫ج ل‬ٛ‫ ذٍفع تم‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث اٌضؼُفت‬
.‫ػح دائّا‬ّٛ‫ِغ‬
SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 11
 Fortis = Strong = Voiceless
Lenis = Weak = Voiced
Phonemic System :- the complete set of the speech units of the language.
.‫ؼذاخ إٌطك ِٓ اٌٍغح‬ٚ ِٓ ‫ػح واٍِح‬ّٛ‫ ِع‬ٛ٘ - : ٍُّٔ‫إٌظبَ اٌفى‬
Allophones :- are the different realizations of the same phoneme.
Segments :- are the units into which the continuous stream of speech can be
divided. For example; the word "man" /mæn/ can be divided into three segments
" m , æ , n".
‫ا‬ّٙ١‫ّىٓ ذمغ‬٠ ....‫ً اٌّصاي‬١‫ عث‬ٍٟ‫ ػ‬،َ‫ُ اٌذفك اٌّغرّش ِٓ اٌىال‬١‫ّىٓ ذمغ‬٠ ٟ‫ؼذاخ اٌر‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٟ٘ -: ‫اٌّمبطغ‬
.....‫ شالشح ِماطغ‬ٌٝ‫ا‬
Complementary Distribution :- is the situation when we find a strict separation
where particular allophones can occur.
.‫ٔض‬ٛ‫ف‬ٌٛ‫ؽذز خاطح ِغ ا‬٠ ‫س‬١‫ظذ فظً ذاَ ؼ‬ٛ٠ ‫ ذؽذز ػٕذِا‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌر‬ٛ٘ -: َ‫اٌتىصَغ اٌتب‬
Phonetic Transcription :- It is the type of transcription which contains much
more information about the phonemes and much more accurate in phonetic
details than the phonemic transcription.
‫اخ‬ٛ‫ي االط‬ٛ‫شج ظذا ؼ‬١‫ِاخ وص‬ٍٛ‫ ِؼ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ؽر‬٠ ٞ‫ً اٌز‬١‫ع ِٓ اٌرّص‬ٛٔ ٛ٘ٚ -: ٌ‫اٌتّثًُ اٌصىتٍ اٌشِض‬
.‫ اٌّعشد‬ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ً اٌظ‬١‫ح ِٓ اٌرّص‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ً اٌظ‬١‫شا ظذا تاٌرفاط‬١‫ك وص‬١‫ْ دل‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ٚ ‫اٌّعشدج‬
Narrow Phonetic Transcription :- a type of phonetic transcription which
contains a lot of information about the exact quality of the speech sounds.
‫ِاخ‬ٍٛ‫ ِؼ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ؽر‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌز‬ٞ‫ اٌشِض‬ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ً اٌظ‬١‫اع اٌرّص‬ٛٔ‫ اؼذ ا‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ‫اٌتّثًُ اٌصىتٍ اٌشِضٌ اٌذلُك‬
.َ‫اخ اٌىال‬ٛ‫مح ألط‬١‫خ اٌذل‬ٛ‫ح اٌظ‬١‫ػ‬ٛٔ ‫ي‬ٛ‫شج ؼ‬١‫وص‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 12

Broad Phonetic Transcription :- a type of phonetic transcription which contains
a little more information than the phonemic transcription.
ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ؽر‬٠ ٞ‫اٌز‬ٚ ٞ‫ اٌشِض‬ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ً اٌظ‬١‫ع االخش ِٓ اٌرّص‬ٌٕٛ‫ ا‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ٌٍ‫اٌتّثًُ اٌصىتٍ اٌشِضٌ اإلجّب‬
.‫ اٌّعشد‬ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ً اٌظ‬١‫ً ِٓ اٌرّص‬١ٍ‫ِاخ اوصش تم‬ٍٛ‫ِؼ‬
Stress :- the use of extra respiratory force during the pronunciation of certain
syllables.
.‫ٕح‬١‫ اشٕاء ٌفع ِماطغ ِؼ‬ٟ‫اص اٌرٕفغ‬ٙ‫ح ِٓ اٌع‬١‫ج اضاف‬ٛ‫ إٌاذط ِٓ اعرؼّاي ل‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ) ‫اٌتشذَذ ( إٌبش‬
Aspiration (voicing) :- A period of voicelessness after the release of /p , t , k , f ,
θ , s , ʃ/ when they are alone or in initial position making sound like /h/.
ُ٘‫ؼذ‬ٌٛ /p , t , k , f , θ , s , ʃ/ ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ش ػمة ٌفع االط‬ٙ‫ فرشٖ ِٓ ؼاٌح ػذَ اٌع‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫إٌفس اٌّسّىع‬
./h/ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ٗ تظ‬١‫خ شث‬ٛ‫ذٕرط ط‬ٚ ،ٟ‫ضغ االفرراؼ‬ٌّٛ‫ْ تا‬ٛٔٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ ػٕذِا‬ٚ‫ا‬
Fricatives :- Consonant sounds that during their production, air escapes through
a narrow passage and makes a hissing sound, Fricatives are continuants.
Fricatives are / f , v , θ , ð , s , z , ʃ , ʒ , h/
‫خ‬ٛ‫ك ِٕرعا ط‬١‫اء ِٓ ِّش ض‬ٌٛٙ‫خشض ا‬٠ ،‫ا‬ٙ‫ؽح ػٕذ ٌفظ‬١‫اخ طؽ‬ٛ‫ اط‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫االصىاث االدتىبوُت‬
.‫ح‬٠‫اخ اعرّشاس‬ٛ‫ اط‬ٟ٘ ‫ح‬١‫اخ االؼرىاو‬ٛ‫ االط‬،ٌٗ ‫غح ِظاؼة‬ٙ‫٘غ‬

Affricates :- Two complex consonants. They begin as plosives and end as

fricatives. Affricates must be homorganic. They are /tʃ , dʒ/.
ٞ‫خ أفعاس‬ٛ‫ح ذثذأ وظ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ّا اٌظ‬ٙ‫ثر‬١‫ الْ ذشو‬،ٓ٠‫ٓ ِؼمذ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ّ٘ا ط‬ٚ -: ‫االدتىبوُت‬-‫االصىاث االٔفجبسَت‬
.‫ا‬٠ٛ‫ْ ِشرشوح ػض‬ٛ‫عة اْ ذى‬٠ ٖ‫اخ ٘ز‬ٛ‫ االط‬.ٟ‫خ اؼرىاو‬ٛ‫ وظ‬ٟٙ‫ذٕر‬ٚ

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 13

Place of Articulation :- A point in the mouth at which the sound is produced,
like; bilabial, labio-dental, dental, alveolar, post alveolar (alveo-palatal), palatal,
velar or glottal.
،‫ح‬١ٔ‫ اعٕا‬-‫ح‬٠ٛ‫ شف‬،‫ح‬٠ٛ‫؛ شف‬ٟ٘ ٓ‫ االِاو‬،‫خ‬ٛ‫ٗ اٌظ‬١‫ٍفع ف‬٠ ٞ‫اٌز‬ٚ ُ‫ اٌّىاْ داخً اٌف‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ‫ِىبْ اٌتٍفظ‬
.ٞ‫ ِِضِاس‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٌَٞٛٙ ، ‫ح‬٠‫ شعش‬، ) ‫ح‬٠‫ َشعش‬-‫ح‬٠َٛ‫ح ( ٌِص‬٠َٛ‫ خٍف اٌٍِص‬،‫ح‬٠َٛ‫ ٌِص‬،ٗ١ٔ‫اعٕا‬
glide (Approximant) :- a consonant sound in which air is able to flow almost
completely freely.
.‫ثا‬٠‫ٗ ذاِح ذمش‬٠‫اء تؽش‬ٌٛٙ‫رذفك ا‬٠ ٗ١‫ ف‬ٞ‫خ عاوٓ اٌز‬ٛ‫ ط‬-: glide (Approximant)
Nasal Consonants :- a set of consonants with a basic characteristic that is the air
escapes through the nose while the soft palate is lowered to prevent the air to go
through the oral cavity. Nasals are Continuants. There are three Nasals in English
[ m, n, ŋ].
‫ّش ػثش‬٠ ‫اء‬ٌٛٙ‫ اْ ا‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫ح أال‬١‫ح اعاع‬١‫ خاط‬ٞ‫ؽح ر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ػح ِٓ االط‬ّٛ‫ ِع‬-: ‫االصىاث االٔفُت‬
ٟ٘ ‫ح‬١‫اخ االٔف‬ٛ‫ االط‬.ّٟ‫ف اٌف‬٠ٛ‫اء ِٓ خالي اٌرع‬ٌٛٙ‫س ا‬ٚ‫ج ِخفضح ٌّٕغ ِش‬ٛ‫اج اٌشخ‬ٌٍٙ‫ْ ا‬ٛ‫ّٕا ذى‬١‫االٔف ت‬
.] m, n, ŋ [ ٟ٘ٚ ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ح ٕ٘ان شالز اط‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ ٌٍغح االٔع‬ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ إٌظاَ اٌظ‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫ح‬٠‫اخ اعرّشاس‬ٛ‫اط‬
Slant Brackets : / / ‫اط ِائٍح‬ٛ‫ال‬
Square Brackets : [ ] ‫اط ِشتؼح‬ٛ‫ال‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 14

 PLACE OF ARTICULATION
ARTICULATION

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

MANNER OF

Plosive pb td kg
Fricative fv θ ð sz ʃʒ h
Affricative tʃ dʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
Lateral Approximant l
Approximant (glide) w r j
.‫ تأتي عدة أصوات وىطلب تحدىد نوقعها نن ناحية نكان النطق وطرىقته‬،‫جدول نهم جدًا وىرد سؤال نؤكد عليه‬

Place of Articulation :- ‫ِىبْ إٌطك‬

(Bilabial ٟ٘‫شفا‬, Labiodental ٍٝ‫ا ِغ اٌشفٗ اٌغف‬١ٍ‫االعٕاْ اٌؼ‬, Dental ‫ا‬١ٍ‫سأط اٌٍغاْ ِغ االعٕاْ اٌؼ‬, Alveolar ُ‫عمف اٌف‬ٚ ْ‫اٌٍغا‬,
Post-alveolar ‫ح‬١‫تؼذ اٌغٕخ‬, Palatal ٟ‫ؼٕى‬, Velar ٟ‫ؼٍم‬, Glottal ٞ‫)ِضِاس‬.

Manner Of Articulation :- ‫طشَمت إٌطك‬

(Plosive ٞ‫خ أفعاس‬ٛ‫ط‬, Fricative ٟ‫اؼرىاو‬, Affricative ٟ‫اؼرىاو‬-ٞ‫خ أفعاس‬ٛ‫ط‬, Nasal ٟ‫أف‬, Lateral approximant ٟ‫ ظأث‬ٟ‫أضالل‬,
Approximant ٟ‫)أضالل‬.

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 15

 : ٍٍَ ‫سُىىْ اٌسؤاي ػًٍ اٌجذوي اٌسببك وّب‬
Q : What's the place & manner of articulation and voicing for these sounds :
/ b, s, ð, ŋ…./?
: ٍ‫فتىىْ اإلجببت وبِت‬
Sounds Place Manner Voicing
b Bilabial Plosive Voiced
s Alveolar Fricative Voiceless
ð Dental Fricative Voiced
ŋ Velar Nasal Voiced

: ‫ نجبع اآلثي‬voiceless ‫ او‬voiced ‫لمعرفة الصوت فيما اذا كان‬

All Voiced Sounds in English :

/ b, d, g, j, l, m, n, ŋ, r, v, z, ð, w /, and all vowels.
All Voiceless Sounds in English :
/ tʃ, f, h, k, p, s, ʃ, t, θ /.

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 16

The Syllable:- It is a unit consisting of a compulsory vowel or a syllabic
consonant and maybe preceded and/or followed by a one or more consonant
sounds.
‫ وهي الوحدة التي تتألف من صوت علة او صوت صحيح مقطعي الزامي حيث يمكن ان يسبقه‬-:‫المقطع‬
.‫أو يتبعه صوت صحيح او اكثر‬
Minimum Syllable:- It is a syllable consisting of a single vowel in isolation, such
as ('are' / a: /, 'or' / ɔː /, 'err' / ɜː /).
‫ و متبوع بصوت‬/ ‫ ( غير مسبوق او‬.‫ وهو المقطع المتألف من صوت علة واحد بمفرده‬-:‫المقطع االصغر‬
.)‫صحيح‬
Centre :- It is the vowel sound or syllabic consonant which stands as the
compulsory component of the syllable.'car' /ka:/, 'key' / ki: /, 'bar' / ba:/, 'more'
/mɔː/.
.‫ وهو الصوت العلة او الصوت المقطعي الذي يعد وجوده الزامي في المقطع‬-: ‫المركز‬
Note :- There is No Syllable unless there is a vowel or a syllabic consonant.
.‫ ال يمكن ان يكون هناك مقطع ما لم يكن فيه صوت علة او صوت صحيح مقطعي‬-: ‫مالحظة‬
Onset :- It is the consonant sound(s) which precede the Centre (came before
centre), such as /k/ in /ka:/ car, 'key' / ki: /, 'bar' / ba:/, 'more' / mɔː /.
.‫ لثً اٌّشوض‬ٟ‫ ذأذ‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ االط‬ٚ‫خ ا‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ٚ -: )ٌٍ‫اٌببدئ (أو‬
Coda :- It is the consonant sound(s) which follow the Centre (Came after Centre)
such as : 'am' / æm /, 'ought' / ɔːt /, 'ease' / i:z /.
.‫ تؼذ اٌّشوض‬ٟ‫ ذأذ‬ٟ‫ؽح اٌر‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ ِع‬ٚ‫خ ا‬ٛ‫ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ٚ -: ‫اٌخبتّت‬
: onset & coda ‫ء‬ٟ‫ ِع‬ٍٝ‫٘زٖ تؼض األِصٍح ػ‬ٚ *
'ran' / ræn /, 'sat' / sæt /, 'fill' /fIl /
Important Notes :
* No words begin with more than three Consonants. (Onset)
.‫ؽح‬١‫اخ طؽ‬ٛ‫ظذ وٍّح ذثذأ تأوصش ِٓ شالشح أط‬ٛ‫ال ذ‬
* No current words ends with more than four Consonants. (coda)
.‫ؽح‬١‫اخ طؽ‬ٛ‫ تأوصش ِٓ استغ أط‬ٟٙ‫ا وٍح ذٕر‬١ٌ‫ظذ ؼا‬ٛ٠ ‫ال‬
SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 17
 ‫ششح تىضُذٍ ٌٍصفذت اٌسببمت ‪:‬‬
‫‪٠‬رى‪ ْٛ‬اٌٍفع اٌظ‪ٛ‬ذ‪ٌٍ ٟ‬ىٍّح ِٓ ِمطغ ا‪ِ ٚ‬مطؼ‪ ،)syllable( ٓ١‬ارا و‪١‬ف ٔفشق ت‪ ٓ١‬اٌىٍّاخ ف‪ِ ٟ‬ا ئرا‬
‫ذؽر‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬مطغ ا‪ِ ٚ‬مطؼ‪ٓ١‬؟‬
‫‪٠‬رُ اٌرّ‪١١‬ض تؼذ إٌظش اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌشعُ اٌظ‪ٛ‬ذ‪ٌٍ ٟ‬ىٍّح فارا وأد ذؽر‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ (vowel & diphthong( ٝ‬ط‪ٛ‬خ‬
‫ػٍح ‪ٚ‬اؼذ ف‪ِ ٟٙ‬ى‪ِ ِٓ ٗٔٛ‬مطغ ‪ٚ‬اؼذ‪ ،‬اِا ارا واْ ٕ٘ان ط‪ٛ‬ذ‪ ٓ١‬ػٍح ف‪ِ ِٓ ٟٙ‬مطؼ‪٠ٚ ،ٓ١‬غّ‪ ٝ‬ؼشف اٌؼٍح‬
‫(‪.)centre‬‬
‫* ٌّؼشفح اٌـ(‪ )centre‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌىٍّح وً ِا ػٍ‪ٕ١‬ا ٘‪ ٛ‬اٌثؽس ػٓ أط‪ٛ‬اخ اٌؼٍح ‪ٚ‬ذؽذ‪٠‬ذٖ وّشوض ٌٍعٍّح ‪ٚ‬عٕزوش‬
‫أط‪ٛ‬اخ اٌؼٍح وّا ‪: ٍٟ٠‬‬

‫بؼض األِثٍت ٌتذذَذ اٌـ(‪: )centre‬‬

‫‪'key' / ki: /, 'bar' / ba:/, 'more' /mɔː/, 'are' /a:/, 'sat' / sæt /‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ذ‪ٛ‬ظذ وٍّاخ ذؽر‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬أط‪ٛ‬اخ لبً اٌـ(‪ٚ )centre‬ذغّ‪ onset ٝ‬تّؼٕ‪ ٝ‬تادئح ا‪ ٚ‬تذا‪٠‬ح اٌىٍّح ‪ّ٠ٚ‬ىٓ اْ‬
‫ذظً ٌصالشح أط‪ٛ‬اخ طؽ‪١‬ؽح (‪ )consonant‬وألظ‪ ٝ‬ؼذ ‪ ٌٗٚ‬ػذٖ الغاَ عٕرطشق ٌ‪ٙ‬ا ف‪ّ١‬ا تؼذ‪.‬‬
‫بؼض األِثٍت ‪:‬‬
‫‪'car' /ka:/, 'key' / ki: /, 'bar' / ba:/, 'more' / mɔː /.‬‬
‫وزٌه ذؽر‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬أط‪ٛ‬اخ تؼذ اٌـ(‪ٚ )centre‬ذغّ‪ coda ٝ‬تّؼٕ‪ِ ٝ‬مطغ خراِ‪ّ٠ٚ ٟ‬ىٓ اْ ذظً ألستؼح‬
‫أط‪ٛ‬اخ طؽ‪١‬ؽح وألظ‪ ٝ‬ؼذ‪.‬‬
‫بؼض األِثٍت ‪:‬‬
‫‪'am' / æm /, 'ought' / ɔːt /, 'ease' / i:z /.‬‬
‫‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬ذشو‪١‬ة اٌّمطغ (‪ )Syllable‬ؼغة اٌّخطظ اٌراٌ‪: ٟ‬‬

‫‪SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬

The Structure of the English Syllable :
Consonant Cluster :- it is the situation when two or more consonants coming
together in the same syllable. Such as; STRONG /strɒŋg /, /str/ and /ŋg/ are both
consonant clusters.
‫ اوصش تٕفظ اٌّمطغ‬ٚ‫ٓ ا‬١‫ؽ‬١‫ٓ طؽ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ِؼا ط‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ ‫ ػٕذ٘ا‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌر‬ٟ٘ٚ -: ‫تجّغ االصىاث اٌصذُذت‬
.‫اؼذ‬ٌٛ‫ا‬
Types Of Onset :
zero onset ‫ اٌؽاٌح تـ‬ّٝ‫ػ فرغ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫) ِثاششج تال ط‬centre( ٍٗ‫خ ػ‬ٛ‫تذأخ تظ‬ٚ ‫* ارا ظاءخ وٍّح‬
.‫د اٌثادئح‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٚ َ‫ ػذ‬ٟٕ‫ذؼ‬ٚ
Zero Onset : It means the syllable starts with a vowel which is the Centre.
."‫د تادئح‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٚ َ‫ ػذ‬ٟٕ‫ذؼ‬ٚ" .)/ æm /( ً‫خ ػٍح ِثاششج ِص‬ٛ‫ ذثذأ اٌىٍّح تظ‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌر‬ٟ٘ٚ
: ْ‫ ػًٍ ثالثت أصىاث صذُذت وٌىً دبٌت ِٕهب تسُّت وّب سٕىضذهب اال‬Onset ‫* َذتىٌ اٌـ‬
‫ّا‬ٙٔ‫ فا‬ŋ; Ʒ ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ػذا ط‬،ٌٟٚ‫ ا‬ٕٝ‫ تّؼ‬ٞ‫" أ‬Initial" ّٝ‫غ‬٠ ‫اؼذ‬ٚ ‫ػ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬centre ‫ ارا ظاء لثً اٌـ‬-2
.‫ ٘زٖ اٌؽاٌح‬ٟ‫اْ ف‬١‫أذ‬٠ ‫ٔادسا ِا‬
'car' /ka:/, 'key' / ki: /, 'bar' / ba:/, 'more' / mɔː /.
.‫ح‬١ٌٚ‫( أ‬Initial( ٟ٘ ‫ْ األؼّش‬ٌٍٛ‫ تا‬ٟ‫اخ اٌر‬ٛ‫غ األط‬١ّ‫ظ‬
: ْ‫ٕا اؼرّاال‬٠‫ْ ٌذ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫) ف‬two onset( ٓ١‫ؽ‬١‫ٓ طؽ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ ط‬centre ‫ ارا ظاء لثً اٌـ‬-1
: ‫األوي‬
ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ٚ ‫ دائّا‬/S/ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ تظ‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ ٚ (Initial( ٌٟٚ‫خ اال‬ٛ‫غثك اٌظ‬٠ ‫ػ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٛ٘ : (Pre-initial)
: ً‫ح اٌىٍّح ِص‬٠‫تذا‬
Sting / stɪŋ /, Sway / sweɪ /, Smoke / sməʊk /.
‫خش‬٢‫ا‬ٚ (Initial( ‫ٓ اؼذّ٘ا‬١‫ؽ‬١‫ٓ طؽ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫( ٔعذ ٕ٘ان ط‬onset)‫ذ ِمطغ اٌـ‬٠‫ذؽذ‬ٚ ‫ذ اٌّشوض‬٠‫تؼذ ذؽذ‬
.‫ح‬٠‫ اٌثذا‬ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ٚ /S/‫خ اٌـ‬ٛ‫ تظ‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ ‫وّا روشٔا دائّا‬ٚ (Pre-initial)

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 19

 : ٍٔ‫اٌثب‬
‫اخ‬ٛ‫ْ ضّٓ أستؼح أط‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ٚ (Initial( ٌٟٚ‫خ اال‬ٛ‫ تؼذ اٌظ‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ ‫ػ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٛ٘ٚ : (Post-initial)
.( l, w, r, j ) : ٟ٘ٚ ‫ش‬١‫فمظ ال غ‬
play / pleI /, try / traI /, quick / kwIk/, few / fju: /.
‫ارا‬ٚ ٓ١‫ذ‬ٛ‫ح اٌظ‬٠‫َ تشؤ‬ٛ‫ٓ ٔم‬١‫ؽ‬١‫ٓ طؽ‬١‫ذ‬ٛ‫( ط‬onset)‫ِؼشفح اْ اٌـ‬ٚ )centre( ‫ذ اٌّشوض‬٠‫اَ ترؽذ‬١‫تؼذ اٌم‬
.(Initial( ٛ٘ ٍٗ‫ لث‬ٞ‫خ اٌز‬ٛ‫اٌظ‬ٚ )Post-initial( ٛٙ‫ ( ف‬l, w, r, j ) ّٓ‫واْ اؼذُ٘ ِٓ ض‬
: ٟ‫ذ‬٢‫ة وا‬١‫ْ اٌرشذ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫) ف‬three onset( ‫ؽح‬١‫اخ طؽ‬ٛ‫ شالشح أط‬centre ‫ ارا ظاء لثً اٌـ‬-1

.‫ػ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫ أ‬Consonant = )C(‫ اٌـ‬ٟٕ‫* ذؼ‬

: ‫ِثبي‬
split / splIt / :
/ S / : onset, Pre-initial.
/ P / : onset, initial.
/ l / : onset, Post-initial.
/ I / : Centre.
/ t / : Coda
: ‫ِخطظ ٌتذًٍُ اٌّمطغ‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 21

square / skweə /.
/ S / : onset, Pre-initial.
/ k / : onset, initial.
/ w / : onset, Post-initial.
/ eə / : Centre.
: ٍ‫ِٓ األسئٍت اٌّهّت االوُذة اٌىاسدة فٍ االِتذبْ ه‬
- Analysis these syllable.
or : Analysis the onset and coda for this syllable.
ً١ٍ‫ح ذؽ‬١‫ف‬١‫ّد و‬ٙ‫ (ارا ف‬،‫ع اٌغاتك‬ٛ‫ض‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ ػثاسج ػٓ اِصٍح ػ‬75 ‫ ص‬ٚ 75 ‫ي ص‬ٚ‫ ظذ‬: ‫ِالدظت‬
.)...‫ وٍّاخ خاسض اطاس اٌىراب‬ٟ‫ِرع‬ٚ ،‫غ وٍّاذح‬١ّ‫ي ٔظا ِعشد ؼً ظ‬ٚ‫ؽراض ذؽفع اٌعذ‬١ِ ‫اٌّمطغ‬

: ‫ وسٕمىَ بذً بؼضهب ٌتىضُخ اٌفىشة‬Post-initial‫اٌجذوي َتٕبوي بؼض األِثٍت ػٓ اٌـ‬

splay / spleɪ / spray / spreɪ /

/ S / : onset, Pre-initial. / S / : onset, Pre-initial.
/ p / : onset, initial. / p / : onset, initial.
/ l / : onset, post-initial. / r / : onset, post-initial.
/eɪ / : Centre. /eɪ / : Centre.
screen / skriːn / spew / spjuː /
/ S / : onset, Pre-initial. / S / : onset, Pre-initial.
/ k / : onset, initial. / p / : onset, initial.
/ r / : onset, post-initial. / j / : onset, post-initial.
/ iː / : Centre / uː / : Centre.
/ n / : Coda

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 21

 : ‫ وسٕمىَ بذً بؼضهب ٌٍتىضُخ‬Pre-initial‫ َتٕبوي بؼض األِثٍت ػًٍ اٌـ‬85 ‫جذوي ص‬

spɪn skɪn

/ S / : onset, Pre-initial. / S / : onset, Pre-initial.

/ p / : onset, initial. / k / : onset, initial.
/ I / : Centre. / I / : Centre.
/ n / : Coda / n / : Coda.
sfɪə smel

/ S / : onset, Pre-initial. / S / : onset, Pre-initial.

/ f / : onset, initial. / m / : onset, initial.
/ ɪə / : Centre. / el / : Centre.

.Onset‫ ػٕذ وجىد صىتُٓ صذُذُٓ فٍ اٌـ‬Post-initial‫َتٕبوي هزا اٌجذوي بؼض األِثٍت ػًٍ اٌـ‬
/ pleɪ / / treɪ /

/ p / : Onset, initial. / t / : Onset, initial.

/ l / : Onset, Post-initial. / r / : Onset, Post-initial.
/ eɪ / : Centre. / eɪ / : Centre.
/ njuːz / / sjuː /

/ n / : Onset, initial. / s / : Onset, initial.

/ j / : Onset, Post initial. / j / : Onset, Post initial.
/ uː / : Centre. / uː / : Centre.
/ z / : Coda.

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 22

 .ْ‫ فهزا اٌّثبي شبر وغُش ِطٍىة فٍ االِتذب‬slip ‫ ِب ػذا‬،‫وهىزا اٌذبي ِغ بمُت األِثٍت تذًٍ وّب سبك‬
: ٍٍَ ‫لذ َأتٍ اٌسؤاي ػًٍ هزٖ األِثٍت وّب‬
Give an example of two Consonant of Onset with Post-initial.
: (Coda)‫ٕٔتمً اِْ اًٌ دبالث اٌـ‬
Zero Coda :- It means the syllable ends with a Vowel which is the Centre.
)ِٟ‫د ٌّمطغ خرا‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ (ال‬.‫ اٌّشوض‬ٛ٘ٚ ‫ تؽشف ػٍح‬ٟٙ‫ٕر‬٠ ‫ أْ اٌّمطغ‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫٘زا‬ٚ -: ٍِ‫اٌّمطغ اٌختب‬
Example :
Bar /bɑ:/, Car /kɑ:/ .‫خ تؼذ اٌّشوض‬ٛ‫ء ط‬ٟ‫ٔالؼع ػذَ ِع‬
: ‫اِب اٌذبٌت اٌثبُٔت‬
Final :- One consonant following the Centre ( the vowel ) except ( h, w, j ).
)‫ تؼذ اٌّشوض‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠( .‫اخ‬ٛ‫خ ػٍح) ِا ػذا ٘زٖ األط‬ٛ‫رثغ اٌّشوض (ط‬٠ ‫ػ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬-: ٍ‫إٌهبئ‬
Come /kʌm/
/ k / = initial.
/ ʌ / = Centre.
/ m / = final.
./h, w, j/ ‫اخ‬ٛ‫) ػذا ٘زٖ األط‬final( ٟ‫ائ‬ٙٔ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ وظ‬ٟ‫ؽح ِّىٓ اْ ذأذ‬١‫اخ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫* وً األط‬
: ‫اٌذبٌت اٌثبٌثت‬
: ‫ٕان ػذج اؼرّاالخ‬ٙ‫ؽاْ ف‬١‫ذاْ طؽ‬ٛ‫ تؼذ اٌّشوض ط‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ ‫ػٕذِا‬
Pre-final : is that one precede the final. And only come with these sounds :
/ m, n, ŋ, l, s /.
.‫اخ فمظ‬ٛ‫ ِغ ٘زٖ األط‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ ٚ final‫خ اٌـ‬ٛ‫ لثً ط‬Pre-final‫ اٌـ‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ *
Camp / kæmp /
/ k / : Onset, Initial.
/ æ / : Centre
/ m / : Coda, Pre-Final ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٕٙ‫لثً ا‬
/ p / : Coda, Final ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٕٙ‫ا‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 23

bump / bʌmp / bent /bent /
/ b / : Onset, initial. / b / : Onset, initial.
/ ʌ / : Centre. / e / : Centre.
/ m / : Coda, Pre-final. / n / : Coda, Pre-final.
/ p / : Coda, final. / t / : Coda, final.
bank / bæŋk / ask / a:sk /
/ b / : Onset, initial. / a: / : Centre.
/ æ / : Centre. / s / : Coda, Pre-final.
/ ŋ / : Coda, Pre-final. / k / : Coda, final.
/ k / : Coda, final.

Post-final : is that sound that is follow the final (come after final).
.)ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٕٙ‫خ ا‬ٛ‫ تؼذ اٌظ‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠( ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٕٙ‫خ ا‬ٛ‫رثغ اٌظ‬٠ ٞ‫خ اٌز‬ٛ‫ رٌه اٌظ‬ٛ٘ -: ٍ‫إٌهبئ‬-‫بؼذ‬
.)s, z, t, d, θ( ‫اخ فمظ‬ٛ‫زٖ األط‬ٙ‫ ت‬ٟ‫أذ‬٠ *
Examples :
backed / bækt / bagged / bægd /
/ b / : Onset, initial. /b / : Onset, initial.
/ æ / : Centre. / æ / : Centre.
/ k / : Coda, final. / g / : Coda, final.
/ t / : Coda, Post-final. / d / : Coda, Post-final.
Fifth / fɪfθ/ bets / bets /
/ b / : Onset, initial.
/ f / : Onset, initial
/ e / : Centre.
/ ɪ / : Centre ‫اٌمّح‬ / t / : Coda, final.
/ f / : Coda, final ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٕٙ‫ا‬ / s / : Coda, Post-final.
/ θ / : Coda, post final ٟ‫ائ‬ٌٕٙ‫تؼذ ا‬
eighth / eɪtθ / beds / bedz /
/ b / : Onset, initial.
/ eɪ / : Centre.
/ e / : Centre.
/ t / : Coda, final.
/ d / : Coda, final.
/ θ / : Coda, Post-final.
/ z / : Coda, post-final.

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 24

 .Pre-final + final + Post-final ‫َتٕبوي اٌجذوي االتٍ بؼض األِثٍت ػًٍ دبٌت‬

: ‫سٕمىَ بذً األِثٍت بصىسة ّٔىرجُت‬

helped / helpt / banks / bæŋks /
/ h / : Onset, initial. / b / : Onset, initial.
/ e / : Centre. / æ / : Centre.
/ l / : Coda, Pre-final. / ŋ / : Coda, Pre-final.
/ p / : Coda, final. / k / : Coda, final.
/ t / : Coda, Post-final. / s / : Coda, Post-final.
bonds / bɒnds /
/ b / : Onset, initial.
/ ɒ / : Centre.
/ n / : Coda, Pre-final. (/ m, n, ŋ, l, s /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ d / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
twelfth / twelfθ /
/ t / : Onset, initial.
/ w / : Onset, Post-initial. ( l, w, r, j ( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ألٔٗ ضّٓ األط‬
/ e / : Centre. ‫اخ اٌؼٍح‬ٛ‫ألٔٗ ضّٓ أط‬
/ l / : Coda, Pre-final. (/ m, n, ŋ, l, s /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ f / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ θ / : Coda, Post-final. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
: final + post-final 1 + Post-final 2 ‫َتٕبوي اٌجذوي االتٍ بؼض األِثٍت ٌٍذبٌت ٌـ‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 25

fifths / fɪfθs /
/ f / : Onset, initial.
/ I / : Centre.
/ f / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ θ / : Coda, Post-final 1. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 2. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
next / nekst /
/ n / Onset, initial.
/ e / : Centre.
/ k / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 1. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ t / : Coda, Post-final 2. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
lapsed / læpst /
/ l / : Onset, initial.
/ æ / : Centre.
/ p / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 1. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ t / : Coda, Post-final 2. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
: Pre-final + final + post-final 1 + Post-final 2 ‫َتٕبوي اٌجذوي االتٍ بؼض األِثٍت ٌٍذبٌت ٌـ‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 26

twelfths / twelfθs /
/ t / : Onset, initial.
/ w / : Onset, Post-initial. ( l, w, r, j ( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ألٔٗ ضّٓ األط‬
/ e / : Centre. ‫اخ اٌؼٍح‬ٛ‫ألٔٗ ضّٓ أط‬
/ l / : Coda, Pre-final. (/ m, n, ŋ, l, s /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ f / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ θ / : Coda, Post-final 1. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 2. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
prompts / prɒmpts /
/ p / : Onset, initial.
/ r / : Onset, Post-initial. ( l, w, r, j ( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ألٔٗ ضّٓ األط‬
/ ɒ / : Centre.
/ m / : Coda, Pre-final. (/ m, n, ŋ, l, s /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ p / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ t / : Coda, Post-final 1. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 2. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬

: Pre-final + final + post-final 1 + Post-final 2 ‫َتٕبوي اٌجذوي االتٍ بؼض األِثٍت ٌٍذبٌت ٌـ‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 27

sixiths / sɪksθs /
/ s / : Onset, initial.
/ I / : Centre.
/ k / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 1. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ θ / : Coda, Post-final 2. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 3. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
texts / teksts /
/ t / : Onset, initial.
/ e / : Centre.
/ k / : Coda, final. ( h, w, j ) ‫ػ ػذا‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٞ‫أ‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 1. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ t / : Coda, Post-final 2. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
/ s / : Coda, Post-final 3. (/s, z, t, d, θ /( ‫اخ‬ٛ‫ػح األط‬ّٛ‫ا ضّٓ ِع‬ٙٔ‫أل‬
Syllabic Consonants :- a consonant can constitute the centre of a syllable instate
of a vowel.
Syllabic consonants are transcribed with a small vertical line underneath.

8.3 Syllable Division

There was a controversy on the way of dividing English syllables. Phonologists
put a principle to solve this controversy. It was named "Maximal Onset
Principle".
َ‫ضغ ػٍّاء ٔظا‬ٚ ،‫ٌؽً ٘زا اٌعذي‬ٚ ،‫ح‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ُ اٌّماطغ تاٌٍغح اإلٔع‬١‫مح ذمغ‬٠‫ي طش‬ٛ‫شا ؼ‬١‫واْ ٕ٘ان ظذال وث‬
."‫ادب اٌىاٍِح‬ٛ‫ٖ "ِثذأ اٌث‬ّٛ‫خ ِثذأ اع‬ٛ‫اٌظ‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 28

Maximal Onsets Principle :- The principle states that where two syllables are to
be divided, any consonants between them should be attached to the right-hand
syllable, not the left. For instance. /n/ in Morning goes to the right syllable.
/mɔ:.nɪŋ /, Not / mɔ:n.ɪŋ /.
‫ّا‬ٕٙ١‫ػ ت‬١‫ ؼشف طؽ‬ٞ‫عة ستظ أ‬٠ ،ٓ١‫ُ اٌّمطؼ‬١‫ ؼاٌح ذمغ‬ٟ‫ أٔٗ ف‬ٍٝ‫ٕض ػ‬٠ ‫ ِثذأ‬-: ‫ِبذأ اٌبىاديء اٌىبٍِت‬
.‫ضػ‬ٛ٠ ‫ف‬٠‫ح اٌرؼش‬٠‫ا‬ٕٙ‫ اٌّصاي ت‬.‫غش‬٠‫ظ اال‬١ٌٚ ،ّٓ٠‫تاٌّمطغ األ‬
: ‫هزا اٌّبذأ لبَ بذً جُّغ اٌّشبوً تمشَبب ً ٌىٓ هٕبن بؼض اٌذبالث اٌشبرة‬
: ‫ تؼض اٌىٍّاخ‬ٍٝ‫ٕا ارا طثمٕا ٘زا اٌّثذأ ػ‬ٙ‫اظ‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ٟ‫َ تطشغ اٌّشاوً اٌر‬ٛ‫عٕم‬
For example :
"extra" /ekstrə /
/e.kstrə / If divided according to the principle will be a problem is that the
second Syllable begins with four Consonants and this is not possible. (But
simply, syllable can Never start with /kstr/).
.ٓ‫ش ِّى‬١‫٘زا غ‬ٚ ‫ؽح‬١‫اخ طؽ‬ٛ‫ثذأ تأستغ أط‬٠ ٟٔ‫ اْ اٌّمطغ اٌصا‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫ْ ِشىٍح‬ٛ‫ارا لُغّد ؼغة اٌّثذأ عرى‬
/ek.strə/ the principle is modified and applied "within the restrictions governing
syllable onsets and codas". and the only accepted division would be /ek.strə/.
./ek.strə/ ٛ٘ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ذ اٌّمث‬١‫ؼ‬ٌٛ‫ُ ا‬١‫اٌرمغ‬ٚ "‫ح‬١ِ‫اٌخرا‬ٚ ‫ح‬١ٌٚ‫ُؼ ّذي طثما ٌماػذج "ِماطغ األ‬٠ ‫اٌّثذأ‬
: ‫ً اٌّصاي‬١‫ عث‬ٍٝ‫ُ اٌّماطغ ػ‬١‫رؼٍك ترمغ‬٠ ‫ّا‬١‫ضاي ٕ٘ان تؼض اٌّشاوً ف‬٠ ‫ِا‬ٚ
better / betə /
/be.tə/ If the principle is applied. We never find English syllable ends with /ɪ , e ,
æ , ʌ , ɒ , ʊ/ and this's the problem and unacceptable.
‫ش‬١‫غ‬ٚ ‫ اٌّشىٍح‬ٟ٘ ٖ‫٘ز‬ٚ /ɪ , e , æ , ʌ , ɒ , ʊ/ ‫ ِغ‬ٟٙ‫ٕر‬٠ ‫ح ِمطغ‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ اإلٔع‬ٟ‫ ال ٔعذ ف‬،‫ك اٌّثذأ‬١‫ئرا ذُ ذطث‬
.‫ي‬ٛ‫ِمث‬
Phonologisits put another modification on the principal to allow the consonant to
be added to the left - handed syllable to prevent the syllable from being ended
with /ɪ , e , æ , ʌ , ɒ , ʊ/. Therefore; the accepted transcription would be /bet.ə/.
‫ ٌّٕغ اٌّمطغ‬،‫غش‬٠‫ػ ٌٍّمطغ اال‬١‫خ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ اٌّثذأ ٌٍغّاغ تاضافح اٌظ‬ٍٝ‫ً آخش ػ‬٠‫خ ذؼذ‬ٛ‫ضغ ػٍّاء اٌظ‬ٚ
./bet.ə/ ْٛ‫ى‬١‫ي ع‬ٛ‫ اٌّمث‬ٟ‫ذ‬ٛ‫طف اٌظ‬ٌٛ‫ فاْ ا‬./ɪ , e , æ , ʌ , ɒ , ʊ/ ‫اء تـ‬ٙ‫ِٓ االٔر‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 29

 . )kær.i( ً‫) وَىىْ اٌذً األِث‬better ً‫' (ٔفس د‬carry' ‫وزٌه هى اٌذبي ِغ‬
Ambisyllabicity :- is the situation when there is one consonant surrounded by two
vowels and it is difficult to assign the consonant to one syllable of the other, as in
"better". This consonant belongs to both syllables.
‫ ػٍح‬ٟ‫اؼذ ِؽاطا تؽشف‬ٚ ‫ػ‬١‫خ طؽ‬ٛ‫ْ ٕ٘ان ط‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ ػٕذِا‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاٌح اٌر‬ٟ٘ٚ -:ُُٓ‫االٔتّبء ٌّمطؼُٓ صىت‬
‫ تىٍّح‬/t/ ‫خ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٟ‫ اٌؽاي ف‬ٛ٘ ‫ وّا‬،‫خش‬٢‫اؼذ ِٓ ا‬ٚ ‫ ِمطغ‬ٌٝ‫ػ ئ‬١‫خ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ٓ اٌظ‬١١‫ِٓ اٌظؼة ذؼ‬ٚ ٓ١ٕ‫اش‬
.ٓ١‫ ٌ ِىال اٌّمطؼ‬ّٟ‫ٕر‬٠ ‫ػ‬١‫خ اٌظؽ‬ٛ‫ فاْ ٘زا اٌظ‬/betə/

‫اعداد‬
‫صادق أبو الطابوق‬

SADIQ ABU AL-TABOQ 31