1.

the 200- mm test tube also contained some water (besides the metal) that was subsequently
added to the calorimeter. considering a higher specific heat for water, will the temperature
change in the calorimeter be higher, lower, or unaffected by this technique error? Explain.
 The temperature change will be lower. Water has higher specific heat. It means that it can
absorb higher amounts of heat and rise very little in temperature. Hence, the heat which was
initially present is being absorbed by water which doesn't give the required rise in temperature
owing to it's higher specific heat.

2. In measuring the specific heat of a metal, Josh used the highest measured temperature for
calculating the metal's specific heat rather than the extrapolated temperature. Will the specific
heat of the metal be calculated too high, too low, or unaffected? Explain.

 TOO LOW. This will result in a smaller specific heat because by using the max temperature
recorded, the change in temperature of the water will be less and the change in temperature
of the metal will be more. This is because of the relationship of the change in temperatures in the
formula for specific heat (formula : q = m Cp dT)

3.

 Enthalpy of neutrlization is the heat change when one equivalent of an acid reacts with one
equivalent of base. One equivalent of an acid produces one mole of H + and one equivalent of
base produces one mole of OH- ion. Thus in other words heat of neutralization is the heat
change when one mole of H+ reacts with one mole of OH-. Further one equivalent of all strong
acids and bases produce one mole of H+ and one mole f OH- ion respectively. Hence heat of
neutralization for all strong acid-base reactions is same.

4. Heat is lost to the Styrofoam calorimeter. Assuming a 6.22ºC temperature change for the reaction
of HCl(aq) with NaOH(aq), calculate the heat loss to the inner 2.35-g Styrofoam cup. The specific
heat of Styrofoam is 1.34 J/g•ºC.

 q=mc∆T
where q = heat loss (in J) ; m = mass of substance ; c = specific heat capacity of substance
q = 2.35g * 1.34 J/g•ºC * 6.22ºC
q = 19.6 J
Heat loss to the inner 2.35g Styrofoam cup is 19.6 J
5. Jacob carelessly added only 40.0 mL (instead of the recommended 50.0 mL) of 1.1 M HCl to the
50.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH. Explain the consequence of the error.

 40 ml will neutralize 44 ml of NaOH using N1V1=N2V2 or say it will neutralize 0.88 ml NaOH,
unreacted 6 ml or 0.12M NaOH.

6. The chemist used a thermometer that was miscalibrated by 2oC over the entire thermometer
scale. Will this factory error cause the reported energy of neutralization, (delta) Hn, to be higher,
lower, or unaffected? Explain.

 unaffected because Since the volume is kept constant and when the concentration of the acid
increases, the acid particles also increase. So the concentration will be directly proportional to
the temperature change. Because neutralization is an exothermic reaction, during the reaction,
the temperature will increase until the point of neutralization (at which point the temperature is
at its highest), and after this point, the temperature will start to decrease.so effect of
temperature nullified.
7. If some of the salt remains adhered to the weighing paper (and therefore is not transferred to the
calorimeter), will the enthalpy of solution for the salt be reported too high or too low? Explain.
 If some salt remains in the paper, this means that you will not include that specific mass of salt
therefore, the heat measured will NOT be the heat of the total mass but the heat of a smaller
mass... i.e. the enthalpy will be lower (real enthalpy) than that calculated or expected.
Hrxn = Q/m
if m is false (i..e m = comlpete)
then Q= will be lower, since real mass is less
ORRRRRRRRR
 NOTE that if the enthalpy of solution is positvie
then
Q = m*cp*dT
Hsoln = Q/mol
If some is left, then Q will be lower
mol will be accountef false as high (since not all is acutally htere)
so
Hsoln = will be lower since Q is lower and mol is fixed
8. The dissolution of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, in water is an endothermic process. Since the
calorimeter is not a perfect insulator, will the enthalpy of solution for ammonium nitrate be
reported as too high or too low if this heat change is ignored? Explain

 since it is not perfect, enthalpy would be lower since some of the heat wil be lost from
calorimeter
 NH4NO3 + Heat ----------------> NH4+ + NO3-
It is endothermic reaction. In endothermic reacttion heat energy is absorbs. So more amount of
heat energy absorb the calorimeter. higher deltaH would be higher than one.