AEGC 2018 S1

Reviewer | Architectural Building Materials

Correlations Section 04 / 05 / 00 / Design 5 Section 01

ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS Concrete Additives – materials often added to the concrete or
applied to the surface of freshly placed concrete to produce some
CONCRETE & CONCRETE WOKS special result.

Portland Cement – made from materials which must contain the Accelerators – an admixture which is used to speed up the initial
proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron components. set of concrete. Such a material maybe added to the mix to
increase the rate of early-strength development for several
Special Cements: reasons.

1. White Portland cement – same materials as normal
Portland except in color
2. Masonry Cement – designed to produce better mortar
than that made with normal Portland cement or with a
lime-cement combination.
3. Air-entraining Portland Cement – small amounts of this
is added to the clinker and ground with it to produce air-
entraining cements, effective use for resistance to severe
frost.
4. Oil Well Cement – special Portland cement used for
sealing oil wells.
5. Waterproofed Portland Cement – normally produced
by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or
aluminum to the cement clinker during the final grinding.
Types of Aggregates Used in Concrete:
Concrete – artificial stone made by binding together particles of
some inert material with a paste made of cement and water. These
inert materials are the aggregate.
Aggregate – sand, gravel crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace
slag, burned clay, expanded vermaculite, and perlite.
Retarders – to delay or extend the setting time of the cement
paste in concrete.
Air-entraining agents – air-entrained concrete contains
microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a group of
chemical called surface active agents, materials that have the
property of reducing the surface tension of water intended for use
when better resistance to frost action is concerned.
Concrete Hardeners – applied on concrete surface to increase
hardiness and toughness.
Two Types of Concrete hardeners:
1. Chemical Hardeners – liquids containing silicofluorides
or fluosilicates and a wetting agent which reduces the
surface tension of the liquid and allows it to penetrate the
pores of the concrete more easily.
2. Fine Metallic Aggregate – are specially processed and
graded iron particles which are dry-mixed with Portland
cement, spread evenly over the surface of freshly floated
concrete, and worked into the surface by floating.

Sand – found in riverbends, free of salt and must be washed. Water Reducing Admixtures – material used to reduce the
amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of given
Fine aggregate – smaller than ¼” diameter stones. consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content.

Course aggregate – bigger than ¼” diameter stones. Damproofers – materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of
moisture through the concrete. Reduces permeability.
Concrete Mixes:
Bonding Agents:
Class “AA” - 1:1 ½ :3 - concrete under water,
retaining walls Paste Slurry – often applied to such an old surface immediately
prior to pouring new concrete to increase the amount of paste.
Class A - 1:2:4 - footings, columns,
beams, RC slabs Two Types of Bonding Agents:

Class B - 1:2 ½:5 - slab on fill, non-bearing 1. Metallic Aggregate – iron particle are larger, but with
walls same materials as the permeability reducer. Bonding
takes place through the oxidation and subsequent
Class C - 1:3:6 - concrete plant boxes, etc. expansion of the iron particles.

Control of Concrete Mixes: 2. Synthetic Latex Emulsion – consists of highly

Slump Test – when freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure
that the specified slump is being attained consistently. A standard
slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (0.20) in
diameter at the bottom and 4 inches (0.10) on top which is open on
both ends.
Compressive Strength Test – common quality-control test of
concrete, based on 7 and 28 day curing periods.
polymerized synthetic liquid resin dispersed in water.
Set-Inhibiting Agents – prevent the cement paste from bonding to
the surface aggregate but will not interfere with the set throughout
the remainder of the pour.
Pozzolanic Admixtures – materials sometimes used in structures
where it s desirable to avoid high temperature or in structures
exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates. Pozzolans
maybe added to concrete mixes-rather than substituting for part of
AEGC 2018 S1
Reviewer | Architectural Building Materials
Correlations Section 04 / 05 / 00 / Design 5 Section 01
the cement to improve workability, impermeability, and resistance
to chemical attack.
Concrete Products – made of lightweight and heavyweight
materials for use in exterior and interior load-bearing walls,
firewalls, curtain and panel walls, partitions etc.
Concrete Block:
1. Hollow load-bearing concrete block – an 8” x 8” x 16”
will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb. Made with
heavyweight aggregate and 25 to 35 lb. when made with
lightweight aggregate.
2. Solid load bearing block – defines as one having a
core area of not more than 25 percent of the gross cross-
sectional area.
3. Hollow; non-load bearing concrete block – one in
which the core area exceeds 25 percent of the cross-
sectional area.
4. Concrete building tile
5. Concrete brick
Common Sizes:
1. 4” x 8” x 16” – for non-load bearing partitions
2. 6” x 8” x 16” – for load bearing walls
Quality:
1. Hand made – backyard industry
2. Machine made – commonly sold
3. Steam cured – manufactured by big and nationally
known factories for load bearing walls. Usually specified
for government and multi-storey buildings.
Cellular Concrete Blocks – lightweight block which is outstanding
in thermal and sound insulation qualities. Basic ingredients are
cement-made from silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum
powder.
CERAMICS AND CLAY PRODUCTS
Brick – basic ingredient in clay.
Three Principal Forms:
1. Surface Clay – found near the surface of the earth
2. Shales – clay which have been subjected to high
pressure until they have become relatively hard.
3. Fire Clay – found at deeper levels and usually have
more uniform physical and chemical qualities.
Two Classes of Clay:
1. Calcareous Clays – contains about 15 percent calcium
carbonate and burn to a yellowish color.
2. Non-calcareous Clays – composed of silicate of
alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide. These clays burn
buff, red or salmon depending on the iron oxide content
which vary from 2 to 10 percent.
Standard Brick Size is 2 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 8 inches
Structural Clay Tiles – are hollow units as opposed to brick which
is sold. Tiles are made from the same material as brick, but all clay
tiles are formed by extrusion in the stiff-mud process.
Types of Tiles:
1. Load bearing wall tile – used for bearing walls of light
buildings, the height usually restricted to four stories.
Structural load bearing wall tile are made in 4, 6, 8, 10
and 12 in thickness.
2. Partition tile – non-load bearing
3. Back-up tile – intended for use in both bearing and non-
bearing walls which will be faced with brick or facing tile.
4. Furring tile – used on the inside of exterior walls to
provide air spaces for insulation to prevent the passage
of moisture and to provide a suitable plastering surface.
Classified as non-load bearing.
5. Fireproofing tile – structural steel must be insulated in
fireproof construction. One method of doing this is to
cover it with fire-proofing tile.
6. Floor tile – manufactured in both load-bearing and non-
load bearing grades in standard thickness raging from 3
to 12 inches in standard length and widths of 12 inches.
7. Structural Clay Facing tile – unglazed tile and may
have either a smooth or a rough textured finish. They are
designed to used as exposed facing material on either
exterior or interior walls and partitions.
8. Structural Glazed Facing tile – produced from high-
grade light burning clay which is suitable for the
application of ceramic or salt glaze.
Terra Cotta – means “fired earth” is a clay product which has
been used for architectural decorative purposes, since ancient
Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and
molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually referred
to as ceramic veneer, and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed
back.
Two Types of Ceramic Veneer:
1. Adhesion Type – held to the wall by the bond of the
mortar to the ceramic veneer back and to the backing
wall.
2. Anchor type – are held y mortar and by wire tiles
between the terracotta and the wall behind.
BUILDING STONES, GYPSUM AND LIME
Building Stones – stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic
material rock.
Classification:
1. Three general categories:
a. Igneous – formed as a result of the cooling of
molten matter.
b. Sedimentary – formed by the action of water
either by depositing materials at the bottom of
a water body or depositing them on the earth’s
surface.
AEGC 2018 S1
Reviewer | Architectural Building Materials
Correlations Section 04 / 05 / 00 / Design 5 Section 01
c. Metamorphic – rocks changed from their
original structure by the action of extreme
pressure, heat, or various combinations of
these factors.
2. Classified according to form:
a. Rubble – includes rough fieldstone which may
merely have been broken into suitable sizes, or
it may include irregular pieces of stone that
have been roughly cut to size, usually used for
and filling material. (escombro and lastillas)
b. Dimension (Cut stone) – consists of pieces
that have been cut or finished according to a
set or drawing. (for facing walls)
c. Flagstone (Flat slabs) - consists of thin
pieces (1/2 in. and up which may or may not
have had their face dimensions cut to some
particular size. (for walks and floors)
d. Crushed rock – consisting of pieces varying I
size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a large
extent in concreting.
Building Stones:
1. Argilite – one formed d\from clay, commonly dark-blue
with faint shades of green, used for floor tile, stair treads,
coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools
of exterior window sills.
2. Granite – igneous origin and composed of quartz,
feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its generally very hard,
strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.
3. Limestone – a sedimentary rock which is either oolitic,
or calcite cemented calcareous stone formed of shells
fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no
cleavage lines and uniform in structure and composition.
4. Travertine – a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of
calcium carbonate. It has been formed at the earth’s
surface through the evaporation of water from hot
springs.
5. Marble – metamorphic rock, one that has been changed
from its original structure in this case, limestone and
dolomite have been recrystallized to form marble.
6. Serpentine – igneous rock with the mineral serpentine.
The mineral is olive green to greenish black, but
impurities may give the rock other colors.
7. Sandstone – a class of rock composed of cemented
silica grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown and
red.
8. Slate rock – formed by metamorphosis of clays and
shales deposited in layers. A unique characteristic of the
rock is the relative ease with which it may be separated
into thin tough sheets, called slates, ¼” or more thick.
Stone Construction:
1. Paneling – consists of using slabs of stone cut to
dimension and thickness to cover backup walls and
provide a finished exterior.
2. Ashlar – work requires the use of cut stone and includes
broken ashlar, irregular coursed ashlar, regular coursed
ashlar.
3. Rubblework – used as random when no attempt is
made to produce either horizontal or vertical course
lines. Small spaces are filled with spalls, small stones
and used as course rubble work, horizontal course lines
are maintained but no vertical course lines used.
4. Trim – involves use of stones cut for a specific purpose
and include Quoin – stones laid at the intersection of two
walls.
a. As jambs – stones which form the sides of
window and door openings.
b. As sills – stones which form the bottom of
window and door openings
c. As belts – special stone courses which are
built into a wall for a particular purpose. One
reason is to provide architectural relief to a
large wall of one material or to provide a break
I the vertical plane of the wall, another reason
is to hide a change in the wall thickness.
d. As copings – one which is cut fit on the top of a
masonry wall. It prevents the passage of water
into the wall, sheds water to either inside or
outside, and gives a finished appearance to
the wall.
e. As cornices – specially cut stones which are
built into and project from a masonry wall near
the top to provide the appearance of a cave.
f. As lintels – stones which bridge the top of door
and window openings.
g. As stone steps – made to fit over an inclined
concrete slab or to cap steps cast in concrete.
h. As an arch stone – cut to form some particular
type of arch over a door or window opening.
i. As stone flooring – walks and patios, made by
covering a base of stone concrete, brick or tile
with flagstones, trimmed flagstone, trimmed
rectangular and square.
Gypsum – a soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate
from which gypsum plaster is made (by heating); colorless when
pure used as a retarder in Portland cement.
WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS
Wood – a traditional building material, it is easily worked, has
durability and beauty. It has great ability to absorb shocks from
sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from rust and
corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to
countless variety of purposes.
Classification of Trees:
1. Hardwoods – ‘deciduous’ trees that have broad leaves
which are normally shed in the winter time.
2. Softwoods – ‘conifers’ trees that have needles rather
than leaves and that bear their seeds in cones.
Moisture Content of Wood – expressed as a percentage of the
oven-dry weight and can be determined by the oven-dry method or
by an electric-moisture meter method.
Three categories of Lumber:
1. Yard Lumber – used for ordinary light construction and
finishing work and consists of 1 and 2 inches material
manufactured into common boards, shiplap, shelving
dimension lumber, center match, flooring, roof plank,
siding, v-joint, trim and molding of all kinds. These are
usually found in retail lumberyards.
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Reviewer | Architectural Building Materials
Correlations Section 04 / 05 / 00 / Design 5 Section 01
2. Shop Lumber – usually left in 1 and 2 inches rough
thickness often containing knots or defects not ordinarily
permissible in other categories. It is intended for use in
shops or mills making sash, doors and cabinets where it
will be cut into relatively short pieces and the defective
material discarded.
3. Structural Lumber – in intended for use in heavy
construction for load-bearing purposes and is cut into
timbers of large size than yard lumber, 3 inches or more
thick and 4 inches or more wide. It is made from the
heartwood of the log.
Finishes of Wood:
S1S – surfacing or planning of one side
S2S – two sides planed
S4S – four sides planed
Rough – as sawn and not planed
Wood Grain:
1. Edge Grain – annual rings run approximately at right
angle to the face.
2. Flat Grain – when the annual rings run more or less
parallel to the surface.
3. Angle Grain – when the annual rings are at about 45
degrees to the face.
Seasoning of Lumber:
1. Air-Drying – lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid
foundation. This allows air to circulate around every
piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
2. Kiln-Drying – more expensive lumber which is required
for more refined uses so as wood will not move, such as
furniture. Flooring and general interior use.
Pressure treated lumber – when lumber is subjected to pressure
and injected with chemicals or salts to insure it from rots.
Specification when buying lumber:
Indicate no. of pieces, thickness, width, length, total bd. Ft. kind of
lumber and finish.
Example: 6-2” x 8” x 14’-0” = 112 bd. Ft. tanguile S4S
Glue laminated timber – term used to describe a wooden
member built up of several layers of wood whose grain directions
are all substantially parallel, and held together with glue as
fastening commonly used for beams, girders, posts, columns,
arches, arches, bowstring truss chords, usually softwoods are
commonly used because of their low cost, lightness and strength.
Glue use in laminating:
1. Casein glue – satisfactory for use in dry locations not
exposed to rain or water.
2. Urea-formaldehyde-resin – cheap and well cure at from
70 degrees Fahrenheit up. Will withstand soaking in cool
water.
3. Phenol-formaldehyde-resin glues – not usually
recommended because of the high temperature needed
to cure them. Useful for combining timber and plywood
and are very water-resistant.
4. Resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde – resin glues are
expensive but have excellent qualities of durability and
water resistance.
RECYCLED WASTE PRODUCTS, BUILDING BOARDS AND
PAPERS
Building Boards – a group of sheets of building materials often
faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as a finished surface on
walls, ceiling, etc.
Kinds of Building Boards:
1. Plywood – made by bonding together thin layers of
wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at right
angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.
Veneer - each layer of plywood
Rotary Cutting – a method of cutting wood veneer in
which a log is fixed in a lathe and rotated against a knife
so that the veneer is peeled from the log in a continuous
sheet.
2. Hardboard – made from processed wood chips.
Three grades of board:
a. Standard – flexible to be quite easily bent
b. Tempered hardboard – made by impregnated
standard board with a tempering compound of
oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the
tempering material.
c. Low-density hardboard – not as strong and
durable as standard hardboard.
3. Insulating Fiberboard – made from three types of fiber
– wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed
into a board.
4. Chipboard – a large class of building board made from
wood and particles and a binder, often faced with
veneer.
5. Particle Board – a hardboard made from relatively small
particles.
6. Gypsum Board – a wall board having a gypsum core.
7. Straw Board – a hardboard made of compressed wheat
straw, processed at 350 to 400 degree Fahrenheit and
covered with a tough kraft paper.
8. Asbestos-cement Board – a dense, rigid board
containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded
with Portland cement, resistant to fire, flame, and
weathering, has low resistance to heat flow.
9. Corkboard – from the outer bark of the cork oak tree,
cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin, compressed
and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 inches thick and baked
under pressure into rigid boards.
10. Paperboard – made into two different types: a paper
pulp pressed into boards 3/16, or ¼ in. thick, 4 ft. wide,
and 6, 7 or 8 ft. long. Usually one surface is primed for
easier finishing. The other is a layer of stiff paper folded
into corrugated from and faced on both sides with a thick
paper backing, cemented to the core.
11. Mineral Fiberground – thick mats of mineral fibers,
usually glass or rock wool are covered with a backing of
stiff paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards,
ranging in thickness from ½ to 2 in. The usual board size
is 24 x 48 inches.
12. Plastic Foamboards – polystrene and polyurethane
plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40
times their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation
for concrete floor slabs, for wall and roof deck insulation,
and for roof decks when properly supported.
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Reviewer | Architectural Building Materials
Correlations Section 04 / 05 / 00 / Design 5 Section 01
Building Papers – in building construction, paper is used for
sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles,
laminated and corrugated building products, and concrete form
materials, as a moisture and vapor barrier; as cushioning material;
as wallpaper; as an envelope or sheath for other materials; and as
a fireproofing material.
Type of Wood Pulp:
1. Mechanical Pulp – or groundwood, is produced by
grinding blocks of wood against a revolving abrasive
stone or by grinding steamed wood chips in a grinding
mill.
2. Chemical Pulp – produced by digesting wood chips in
various chemicals to free the cellulose fibers from the
liquid binding.
3. Semi-chemical Pulp – wood chips are first subjected to
a mild chemical treatment and then mechanically
disintegrated in rotating disk refiners.
Types of Paper:
1. Sheathing Paper – used to provide an airtight barrier
over walls, floors, etc.
2. Roofing Paper – A. roofing felts - used in making a
built-up roof and are usually produced in 36 in. wide rolls,
in various weights from 3 to 20 lb/square. B. Rolled
roofing – a heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a
final roof covering, made 18 and 36 in. wide, in various
weights from 45 to 120 lb/square.
3. Insulating Paper – used to secure bulk and entrapped
air with as much strength as possible. Insulating papers
are made from both wood-fiber insulating paper and
asbestos fibers.
4. Cushioning Paper – similar to wood-fiber insulating
paper, but less attention is paid to strength. Its chief use
is for cushioning under linoleum, carpets, or slate
roofing.
5. Vapor Barrier Paper- intended to prevent the passage
of moisture vapor through walls, ceilings and floors.
6. Laminating Paper – a special, high strength kraft paper
made for use in the production of plastic laminates. The
thin, strong paper is impregnated with liquid plastic resin
and several sheet are laminated together under heat and
pressure to form the base for the plastic sheet.
7. Concrete Form Paper – made from strong kraft paper in
the form of a spiral tube and boxlike from made from
corrugated container paper.
8. Wallpaper – paper from which decorative wallpaper is
made.
9. Envelope Paper – used as an outer covering or
envelope for a number of building materials. One of
these is gypsum board, composed of a layer of calcined
gypsum covered in both sides by a sheet of kraft paper.
10. Fire Proofing Paper – made from asbestos fibers, since
this is an incombustible material. This material maybe in
the form of matted paper, similar to asbestos insulating
or roofing paper, or it may be in the form of a cloth
woven from thread spun from asbestos fibers.
BITUMINOUS MARTERIALS
Bitumen – a generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of
complex hydrocarbons, derived from coal or petroleum, as a
coal-tar pitch or asphalt.
Tar – the resulting condensate when destructive distillation is
carried out on such materials as wood coal, shale, peat or
bone.
Pitch – a solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial
evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.
Coal-tar Pitch – most common material of this kind of pitch.
Asphalts - dark brown or black solids or semi-solids which
are found in the natural state and are also produced by the
refining of petroleum.
Liquid Paving Asphalts – liquid asphalts used for paving are
cutbacks.
Asphalt Paving Cements – used as binders for more
expensive asphalt pavements.
FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS MATERIALS
Ferrous – metal in which iron is the principal element
Nonferrous – containing no, or very little iron.
Ferrous Metal:
1. Steel – a malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by
melting and refining pig iron and/or scrap steel, graded
according to the carbon content.
2. Pig Iron – used to make cast iron which is high in
compressive strength but low in tensile strength, and has
little use for construction.
3. Wrought Iron – produced when pig iron is melted in
such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon and
other impurities.
4. Alloy Steels – made by containing other elements with
the molten steel. Nickel, chromium copper and
manganese are used.
5. Nickel Steel – stronger than carbon steel and is used to
make structural members for building chromium steel is
very hard and corrosion-resistant.
6. Stainless Steels – made with chromium or a
combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings for
exterior wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints,
flashings, copings, fascia and gravel stops.
7. Copper – bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion
and is used for making sheet steel and metal lath.
8. Manganese Steel – offers great resistance to abrasion
and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy
digging tools.
9. Weathering Steel – recently developed grade of steel. It
forms its protection against atmospheric corrosion and
thus requires no painting.
Nonferrous Metal:
Aluminum – a lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight
metal which is very malleable; has good thermal and electrical
conductivity; a good reflector of both heat and light.
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Correlations Section 04 / 05 / 00 / Design 5 Section 01
Aluminum Foil – used as a vapor barrier on walls and
ceilings and as reflective insulation.
Copper – a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and
malleable; has high tensile strength; is an excellent electrical
and thermal conductor; is available in a wide variety of
shapes; widely used for downspout, electrical conductors,
flashings, gutter, roofing, etc.
Lead – a soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point
and a high coefficient of thermal expansion. Very easy to cut
and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Used
for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.
Tin – a lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low
melting point; relatively unaffected by exposure to air; used for
making alloys and solder and in coating sheet metal.
GLASS AND GLAZING
Glass – a hard, brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily
transparent or translucent; produced by melting a mixture of
silica, a flux and a stabilizer.
Types of Glass:
1. Reflective Glass – used to control glare and reduce
solar heat. It the product of a glass-coating process
which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuum
chamber. Manufactured in two types, silver and gold, the
glass can be specified in any one of three nominal light
transmittance of 8, 14, or 20 percent.
2. Rolled and Rough Cast Glass – used where clear
vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls,
windows for halls and staircases, skylights, and partitions
in offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and because of its
low reflecting and absorption index, transmits 90 to 93
percent of light rays striking it.
3. Cathedral and Figured Glass – manufacturing is similar
to rolled and rough-cast glasses. However, they contain
a pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by
a patterned roller.
4. Wired Glass – simply a rolled glass into which wire
mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
5. Heat –Absorbing Plate Glass – made by adding
ingredients to the mix used in making regular slate glass
so that the finished product is pale bluish-green or gray.
6. Tempered Plate Glass – three to five times as strong as
regular plate of the same thickness – and area in
resisting compressive forces and fracture due to strain or
thermal shock.
7. Vitreous Colored Plate – polished plate glass can be
heat-strengthened and coated on one side with vitreous
color which is fire-fused to the surface.
8. Laminated Safety Glass (Bullet Proofing) – widely
used in the automotive industry and transportation, but
now finding some uses in the building industry, like glass
that can withstand firearm attack and explosions.
9. Insulating Glass – consists of two sheets of plate or
sheet glass, separated by an air space, and joined
around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.
Classification of Sheet Glass:
1. Window Glass – used for glazing windows doors and
storm sash in residential buildings where good light and
vision are required at moderate cost.
2. Heavy Sheet Glass – used for glazing windows and
doors where greater strength is required but where slight
distortion is not objectionable.
3. Picture Glass – used for covering pictures,
photographs, maps, charts projector slides and
instrument dials.
Glass products:
1. Glass Blocks – comparable in many ways to unit
masonry but have the added feature of transmitting light.
2. Solid Glass Brick – also made to admit light into a
building, because of its solid construction, it offers
greater protection against vandalism than conventional
window glass or glass blocks. The ability of the brick is to
allow undistorted passage of light.
PLASTICS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Plastics – a large group of synthetic materials which are made
from a number of common substances such as coal, salt, oil.
Natural gas, cotton, wood and water. From these, relatively simple
chemicals known as monomers, which are capable of reacting
with one another are produced. These are then built up into
chainlike molecules of high molecular weight called polymers.
Two General Classification:
1. Thermoplastics – become soft when heated and hard
when cooled, regardless of the number of times the
process is repeated. Include in the thermoplastics are
acrylic cellulosis, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
polysterene, polyallomers polycarbonates, polyimide,
polypropylene, polysulfone, phenylene oxide, nylons,
methyl pertenes, ionomer, fluoroplastics, acetal and
acryonitrilebutadieniene styrene (ABS).
2. Thermosetting Plastics – set into a permanent shape
when heat and pressure are applied to them during the
forming stage. Thermosetting group includes phenolics,
aminos (urea and melamine) epoxies, polyesters,
polyurethane, alkyd silicones and diallyl phthalate (DAP).
Production: Plastics products are formed by a number of
methods which include:
1. Injection Molding Process – measured amount of
powder or granules is heated and when flowing forced
through the nozzle of the barrel into a shaped cavity,
where it cools of solidities.
2. Blow-Molding Process – an extruder extrudes a hollow
tube which is captured between the two halves of a
hollow. As the mold closes, air is blown into the tube and
expand it to fit inside surface of the mold.
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3. Rotational Molding – used to form hollow units with
complex shapes and heavy walls, a premeasured
amount of powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom
half of a cold mold which is then closed.
4. Expandable Bead Molding – a process used to
produce light weight products of polysterene foam, small
granules of polysterene with a small amount of an
expanding agent are placed in a rolling drum and steam
heated.
5. Compression Molding – a measured quantity of
powder in a heated mold, which is then closed. Heat and
pressure are applied to the powder which melts and
flows to all parts of the mold.
6. Transfer Molding – similar to compression molding
except that the powder is heated and liquefied outside
the mold and injected into the mold under heat and
pressure, where the forming and setting takes place.
7. Foamed Plastics – are made by expanding agent with
either granules or powder and then heating. Heat melts
the plastic and causes the formation of a gas which
expands the molten material into foamed structure.
8. Thermoset Foam – made by mixing the appropriate
resin with a curing agent and an expanding agent and
then heating them in a mold.
9. Extrusion Forming – used for mass-produced materials
which have a constant cross section, and it is done in
two ways by forcing of semi-liquid plastic through a die of
the proper size and shape in a manner similar to that
used for forming brick by extrusion.
10. Thermoforming Process – sheet plastic is heated until
soft and then forced by air pressure against a cold and
hardens in shape.
11. Laminating Process – consists of impregnating sheets
of paper, glass fiber, or cloth with a thermosetting liquid
resin and then applying heat and pressure to a number
of sheets to form a laminated product.
12. Casting – a simple process in which liquid plastics, with
their appropriate curing agent, are poured into molds and
set, with or without heat.
13. Calendaring Process – plastic is fed to revolving rollers
which turn out a thin sheet or film the thickness of the
product is determined by the roller spacing, and the
surface of the sheet may be smooth or matted,
depending on the roller surface.
Plastic Laminates – consists of three or more layers of material
bonded or laminated together with plastic adhesive under high
pressure.
ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
Cohesiveness – the ability of particles of a material to cling tightly
to one another.
Adhesiveness – the ability of a material to fix itself and cling to an
entirely different material.
Sealers – products which are used to seal the surface of various
materials against the penetration of water or other liquids or in
some cases to prevent the escape of water through the surface.
INSULATING MATERIALS
Three ways of heat transfer:
1. Conduction – the inside of a concrete wall which has
one side exposed to outside winter temperatures feels
cold to the touch. Heat is being conducted from the side
of higher temperature to that lower temperature.
2. Radiation – from this point, it is transferred to the
outside air by radiation.
3. Convection – when air is heated, it expands and begins
to circulate, during the circulation it comes in contact with
cooler surface, some of its heat is given up to them. It is
therefore important to try to prevent air currents from
being set up in the walls and ceiling of our buildings.
Kinds of Thermal Insulation:
1. Loose Fill:
a. fibrous type – made from mineral woolrock
wool, glass wool, or slag wool – or vegetable
fiber – usually wood fiber.
b. Granular insulation – made from expanded
minerals such as perlite and vermaculite or
from ground vegetable matter such as
granulated coork.
c. Fibrous loose fill – used to insulate walls of
buildings that have been built without
insulation.
d. Granules – are graded into four sizes, 1, (3/8
in. to no. 16 sieve) and sizes 2 (no. 4 to no. 30
sieve) used as loose-fill insulation for sidewalls
and ceilings over suspended ceilings, between
wood sleepers over a concrete floor slab, as fill
for the cores of concrete blocks, and sizes 3
(no. 8 to no. 100 sieve) size 4 (no. 16 to 100
sieve).
2. Blanket Insulation – made from some fibrous materials
such as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber, or animal
hair, manufactured in the form of a mat, 16, 20 or 24 in.
width, in 8 ft. lengths or put up in rolls of from 40 to 100
linear feet, with controlled thickness of 1, ½, 2, 3 and 4
inches.
3. Batts – similar to blankets but they are restricted to 48
inches in long or less they are always covered with
paper, and made especially for installation between stud
spacings.
4. Structural Insulation Board – made from organic fiber-
wood, cane, straw or cork. The wood and cane raw
material is first pulped, after which it is treated with water
proofing chemicals.
a. Strawboard – made from carefully selected
straw, fused under heat and pressure into a
panel 2 inches thick and 4 ft. wide.
b. Corkboard – made from granulated cork
mixed with resin and pressed into sheets of
several thickness, depending on the use to
which they will be put.
5. Block or Rigid Slab Insulation – type of insulation is so
called because the units are relatively stiff and inelastic.
In most cases inorganic materials are used in their
manufactures.
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6. Reflective Insulation – made from such materials as
aluminum or copper foil or sheet metal, with bright
surfaces that reflect heat rather than absorbing it.
7. Foamed-In-Place Insulation – this is polyurethane
product made by combining a polyisocyanate and a
polyester resin.
8. Sprayed-on-Insulations – materials used are
polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed with inorganic
binders, vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as
Portland cement or gypsum and perlite aggregate using
gypsum as binders.
9. Corrugated Insulation – usually made from paper
foamed into shapes that produce enclosed air pockets.
One type is produced by shaping heavy paper into a
series of small regular semicircular corrugations and
covering a both sides with a sheet of flat paper to give
strength and produce the air pockets.
BUILDING PROTECTION
Waterproofing – a method of protecting surfaces against the
destructive effects of water
Damp-Proofing – protection from the outside is provided by water
repellent materials which turn water aside and force it to return to
the earth.
Soil Poisoning – it is important to poison the soil against anay in
order to stop the anay from infesting the main posts, walls and
flooring.
Wood Preservative – a chemical liquid painted and applied to
lumber to preserve it for years. It protects wood against powder
post beatles (buk-bok), powder post termite (unos), decay causing
fungi such as sap stain and dry rot.
Fire- Proofing – a clear liquid applied easily on wood, plywood,
lumber and other board that retains the natural beauty, gives
added strength and protects materials against fire, weather, decay,
insects and warping.
Ratproofing – a method of protecting rooms against the intrusion
of rats and other small destructive animals from gnawing the
wooden parts of the house, habitating on ceilings and floors of
houses and buildings.
Rustproofing – a method of protecting the ferrous materials like
steel, iron from rusting or corrosion.
Thoroseal – a cement-based, heavy-duty, easy to apply, water
proof sealant and coating. Thoroseal is ideal for basement walls.
Vapor barriers – are materials which effectively retard or stop the
flow of water vapor and normally are produced in sheets or thin
layers.
PAINTS AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Paint – a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without
coloring pigments, adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and
types of additives and thinners, which when applied on a surface,
forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection,
decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional properties.
Components of an oil base paint are:
1. body – that solid, finely ground material which gives a
paint the powder to hide, as well as color a surface.
2. vehicle – a nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body
material is suspended. The vehicle should consists of
from 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the remainder
thinner and drier.
3. pigment – material which give the paint its color
4. thinners – are volatile solvents, materials which have a
natural affinity for the vehicle in the paint. They cause the
paint to flow better. Most common thinner is turpentine.
5. driers – organic salts of various metals such as iron,
zinc, cobalt, lead manganese, and calcium, which are
added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and
hardening of the vehicle.
Varnishes – a group pf more-or-less transparent liquids which are
used to provide a protective surface coating, at the same time they
allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and glossy
finish to it.
Enamels – when pigment is added to a varnish, the result is
enamel.
Shellac – the only liquid protective coating containing a resin of
animal origin. The resin is an exudation of the lac insect of India
and Southeast Asia, deposited on the branches of the tree.
Lacquers – a new product made from synthetic materials to take
the place of varnish for clear finishes. The ingredients are
dissolved in a mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate, leaving
a film to form the protective coating. When another class of
material, “pigments” are added to clear lacquer, the result is
lacquer enamel, available in wide range of colors.
Stains – materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are
intended to impart color without concealing or obscuring the grain
and not to provide a protective coating.
Fillers – are finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces,
particularly those with open grain, to fill the pores and provide a
perfect smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer. It is also
used to impart color to the wood pores and so emphasize the
grain.
Sealers – to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the
absorption of succeeding finish coats. It may be applied to bare
wood in essentially the same way as paste filler but has much less
filling capacity.
Silicone Water Repellant – used on all non-painted concrete,
synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-out finishes as a
protection from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi
to destroy the surface.
HARDWARES
Hardware – metal products used in construction, such as bolts,
hinges, locks, tools. Etc. they are classified as:
Finishing hardware – hardware such as hinges, catches, etc. that
has a finished appearance as well as function, especially that used
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with doors, windows, and cabinets, maybe considered part of the
decorative treatment of a room or building.
Rough hardware – in building construction, hardware meant to be
concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws, spikes, rods, and other
metal fittings.
Types of Doors:
Flush – a smooth surface door having faces which are plane
conceal its rails and stiles or other structure when used inside, it is
of hollow core when used for exterior, it is of solid core.
Panel door – a door having stiles, rail and sometimes muntins,
which form one or more frames around recessed thinner panels.
Overhead Swing-up door – a rigid overhead door which opens as
an entire unit.
Overhead Roll-up garage door - a door which, when open,
assumes a horizontal position above the door opening, made of
several leaves.
Roll-up door – a door made up of small horizontal interlocking
metal slats which are guided in a track; the configuration coils
about an overhead drum which is housed at the head of the
opening, either manual or motor-driven.
Accordion door – a hinge door consisting of a system of panels
which are hung from an overhead track.
Bi-fold door – one of two or more doors which are hinged together
so that they can open and fold in a confined space.
Revolving door – an exterior door consisting of four leaves which
pivot about a common vertical axis within a cylindrically shape
vestibule, prevents the direct passage of air through the vestibule,
thereby eliminating drafts from outside.
Sliding door – a door mounted on track which slides I a horizontal
direction usually parallel to one wall.
By-passing sliding door – a sliding door which slides to cover a
fixed door of the same width or another sliding door.
Sliding pocket door – a door which slides inside a hollow of the
wall.
Dutch door – a hinge door which is divided into two. The upper
part can be opened while the lower portion is closed.
Example of Finishing Hardware:
Hinge - a movable joint used to attach support and turn a door
about a pivot, consists of two plates joined together by a pin which
the door and connect it to its frame, enabling it to swing open or
closed.
1. Butt hinge – consists of two rectangular metal plates
which are joined with a pin. In large hinge, the pin is
removable, in small hinges, it is fixed.
2. Fast pin hinge – a hinge I which the pin is fastened
permanently in place.
3. Full surface hinge – a hinge designed for attachment
on the surface of the door and jamb without mortising.
4. Loose joint hinge – a door hinge having two knuckles,
one of which has vertical pin that fits in a corresponding
hole in the other, by lifting the door up, off the vertical
pin, the door maybe removed with unscrewing the hinge.
5. Loose pin hinge – a hinge having a removable pin
which permits its two parts to be separated.
6. Paumelle hinge – a type of door hinge having a single
joint of the pivot type, usually of modern design.
7. Olive knuckle hinge – a paumelle hinge with knuckles
forming an oval shape.
8. Spring hinge – a hinge containing one or more springs,
when a door is opened, the hinge returns it to the open
position automatically, may act in one direction only, or in
both directions.
9. Vertical spring pivot hinge – a spring hinge for a door
which is mortised into the heel of the door, the door is
fastened to the floor and door head with pivots.
Example of Rough Hardware:
CW- common wire nail with head and for strength; box nail also
used for strength.
FIN – finishing nail without head; casing nail also without head.
Screws – classified by gauge (diameter), length, head-type, and
metallic make-up.
Bolts – have threaded shafts that receive nuts. To use them, a
hole is drilled, pushing the bolt through and adding a nut.
Flush bolt – a door bolt so designed that when applied it is flush
with the face or edge of the door.
Chain door fastener – a device attached to a door and its jamb
limits the door opening to the length of the chain.
Lockset – a complete lock system including the basic locking
mechanism & all the accessories, such as knobs, escutcheons,
plates, etc.
Latch – a simple fastening device having a latch bolt, but not a
dead bolt containing no provisions for locking with a key, usually
can be open from both sides.
Lift latch – a type of door latch which fastens a door by means of
a pivoted bar that engages a hook on the door jamb, a lever which
lifts the pivoted bar used to unfasten the door.
Button - a small rejecting member used to fasten the frame of a
door or window.
Knob – a handle, more or less spherical usually for operating a
lock.
Escutcheon – a protective plate surrounding the keyhole of a door
switch or a light switch.
Plates – a thin flat sheet of material
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Strikes – a metal plate or box which is et in a door jamb & is either

placed or recessed to receive the bolt or latch of a lock, fixed on a
door.

Lip strike – the projection from the side of a strike plate which the
bolt of a lock strikes first, when a door is closed; projects out from
the side of the strike plate to protect the frame.

Hasp – a fastening device consisting of a loop or staple and a

slotted hinge plate normally secured with a padlock.

Key-padlock – a device which fastens in position maybe operated

by a key.

Hasplock – a kind of hasp that has a built-in locking device which

can be opened only with a key.

Friction catch – any catch which when it engages a strike, is held

in the engaged position by friction.

Magnetic catch – a door catch flat that uses a magnet to hold the
door in a closed position.

Bullet catch – a fastener which holds a door in place by means of

a projecting spring arctuated steel hall which is depressed when
the door is closed.

Hospital arm pull – a handle for opening a hospital door without

the use of hands, by hooking an arm over the handle.

Panic exit device – fire exit bolt a door locking device used on exit
doors; the door latch releases when a bar, across the inside of the
door is pushed.

Eye bolt – a bolt having its head in the form of a loop or eye.

Concrete insert – a plastic, wood fiber, or metal usually leads plug

either built in a wall or ceiling or inserted by drilling, used as an
anchor or support to hold attached load.

Hook bolt – a bolt having one end in the form of a hook.

Door stopper – to prevent the door with its lockset from harming
the wall or tiles.