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CHAPTER
12 NUMERICAL METHODS
Focus on STPM 12
1 Equation of the asymptotes are
x = 1, x = 2 and y = 0. 4 d2y
When x = , 2 =
3 dx
3x - 2
y=1+
x2 - 3x + 2 2
(8 + 4) - + -
9
64
3
-
1
3 <0
dy 3(x2 - 3x + 2) - (3x - 2)(2x - 3) 2 3
dx
=
(x2 - 3x + 2)2
-
9
4
= - 3x2 + 4x
(x - 3x + 2)2
2
Hence, the turning point , -8 is a
3 1 2
maximum point.
dy y
= 0,
dx
-3x2 + 4x = 0,
x(-3x + 4) = 0
1 y=1
4
∴ x = 0, x =
3 x
0 1 2
x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ (0, 0)
4 4
x = , y = -8 ⇒ , -8
3 3 1 2 43 , −8
∴ The turning points of the curve is
4
(0, 0) and , -8 .
3 1 2 2 roots when k > 1, 0 < k < 1 and k < -8.
(6x + 4)(x2 - 3x + 2) 2 y = x3 - 12x2 + 45x - 34
dy
2
+ (-6x2 - 8x) (2x - 3) dy
2 = = 3x2 - 24x + 45
dx (x2 - 3x + 2)3 dx
dy
d2y (4)(2) + (0)(-3) = 0 ⇒ x2 - 8x + 15 = 0
When x = 0, 2 = >0 dx
dx (2)3 (x - 3)(x - 5) = 0
Hence, the turning point (0, 0) is a x = 3, x = 5
minimum point d2y
= 6x - 24
dx2
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(3, 20) x
0 10/3
y = 10 − 3x
(5, 16)
x
0 1
Line y = 10 - 3x intersects y = x3 only once.
The equation x3 + 3x - 10 = 0 has one and
only one real root.
• 1 root when k < 16 and k > 20. f (x) = x3 + 3x - 10
• 3 roots when 16 k 20. f′(x) = 3x2 + 3
3 (a) sin x + cos x ≡ r sin (x + a) x0 = 1.6,
1
≡ r cos a sin x + r sin a cos x x1 = (10 - 3(1.6))3
r cos a = 1 …
r sin a = 1 … = 1.73248
x2 = 1.68717
r = 12 + 12
= 2 x3 = 1.70293
p x4 = 1.69748
a = tan-1 (1) =
4 x5 = 1.69937
p x6 = 1.69872
sin x + cos x ≡ 2 sin x +
41 2 ∴ a = 1.699 (3 d.p.)
5p
(b) (sin x + cos x)minimum = - 2 when x =
4
p 5 y
(sin x + cos x)maximum = 2 when x =
4 y = x3
(c) y
y=x−3
2
√2 y = sin x + cos x x
1 −3 −2 0 3
1
y=
x
x −3
0 π π 3π 2π
−1 2 2
−√2
−2
3 roots
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x0 = −2
x1 = −1.7100
x2 = −1.6763 O
x
x3 = −1.6722 y = x − x2
∴ x = −1.67 (2 d.p.)
(a) F (x) = x 4 + x 2
2 F ′(x) = 4 x 3 + 2x
6 (a) xn + 1 =
xn + 4 F ′(1) = 6 (>1)
x0 = 0 This form is not suitable.
x
x1 = 0.5 (b) F (x) = 3
x +x
x2 = 0.44444 1
= 2
x +1
x3 = 0.45000 2x
F ′(x) = - 2
x4 = 0.44944 (x + 1)2
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x
10 Asymptotes: x = 2, y = -2
O
y
x=2
−4 3 − 2x
y=
(1, −5) x−2
y=1
1
1 y = 1 − e−2x
(a) xn+1 = (xn2 - 4)
2 2
x
0
(b) xn+1 = 2xn + 4
y = −2
2xn + 4 −2
(c) xn+1 =
xn
Form (b) is suitable.
xn+1 = 2xn + 4 Equation has 2 real roots.
x0 = 3 f(x) = (3x - 5)e2x - x + 2
x1 = 3.1623 f′(x) = (6x - 7)e2x - 1
x2 = 3.2132 x0 = 1.7
x3 = 3.2290 [(3(1.7) - 5)e2(1.7) - (1.7) + 2]
x1 = 1.7 -
[(6(1.7) - 7)e2(1.7) - 1]
x4 = 3.2339
∴ x = 3.23 (3 s.f.) x2 = 1.6653
9 y = x5 + 50x x3 = 1.6626
dy x4 = 1.6626
= 5x4 + 50
dx ∴ x = 1.66
= 5(x4 + 10)
dy 11 y
> 0 such that x can be any real number.
dx
f(x) = x5 + 50x -100 000 has no turning π
point.
∴ It intersects with x-axis only once ⇒ y = π sin x
x
f(x) has only one real root. 0 α π π 3π b 2π
2 2
f (9) = -40501
−π
f (10) = 500
y=π−x
As f(9) and f(10) have opposite signs, the
root lies in [9, 10]. 3 real roots
(a) β = 2π - a
f ′(x) = 5x4 + 50
(b) f(x) = π sin x - π + x
x0 = 10
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y=1 1 y = 20 sin x
x
0 π 2π
x
O
−20
= 0.22733 = 2.6872
x2 = 0.22726 x2 = 2.5062
\ x = 0.227 (3 s.f.) x3 = 2.4925
x4 = 2.4924
\ x = 2.49 (3 s.f.)
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x9 = 10.0005444
\ x = 10.00054 y = f(x)
y
15 (xn, f(xn))
a
y = ln (x − 1) x
O xn + 1 xn
x dy
O 1 2 = f ′(x)
dx
f ′(xn) - 0
y = −2x ′(xn) =
f
(xn) - xn+1
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x 1
−1 0 x= 3 = 0.794
2
2
2
y= +3
1
2
1
1
= 1.890
y = 2 − 2x
3
2
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f (1) = 1 y = ex
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e , 1e
1
≈ 10 (19.11299)
1 y=
ln x
x
≈ 1.91 (2 d.p)
2.5
1 2.5 - 0
∫ 1
1
x
O 1 2 24 dx =
1
1 1 + ln x 2 3
y= (2 − x)
2
[1 + 0.52184 + 2(1.22297 + 0.66189)]
2.5 (5.29156)
=
ln x 1 6
y=
intersects y = (2 - x) only once
x 2 = 2.20
between x = 1 and e.
25 Let 3x = y
\ 2 ln x = x(2 - x) has only one real root
ln 3x = ln y
and it lies between 1 and e. x ln 3 = ln y
(a) xn+1 = 2xn - 2 ln xn y = ex ln 3
x0 = 1 ∴3x = ex ln 3
x1 = 1.4142
∫ ∫e
2 2
x2 = 1.4613 (a) 3x dx = x ln 3
dx
0 0
x3 = 1.4710 e x ln 3 2
=3
ln 3 4
x4 = 1.4731
0
\ x = 1.47 2
3ln3 34
x
(b) f(x) = 2 ln x - 2x + x2 =
2 0
f′(x) = - 2 + 2x
x 1
= (32 - 30)
x0 = 1 ln 3
2 ln 1 - 2(1) + 12
x1 = 1 - 1
2
- 2 + 2(1) = (9 - 1)
ln 3
1
= 1.5 8
=
x2 = 1.47389 ln 3
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( )
[1 + 0.3536 + 2(0.8538 + 0.5760)]
30 + 33 + 2 1 3
3 2 + 31 + 3 2
≈ 1 (4.2132)
6
≈
1
4 1
1 + 9 + 2( 3 + 3
≈ 0.70 (2 s.f.)
+ 3 3) 2 x = tan θ
1 dx = sec2 θ dθ
≈ (16 + 8 3) -3 -3
4
(x2 + 1) 2 = (tan2 θ + 1) 2
≈4+2 3 -3
= (sec2 θ) 2
8 1
≈ 4 + 2 3, =
ln 3 sec3 θ
8
ln 3 ≈ 1 -3
4+2 3 (x2 + 1) 2 dx = (sec2 θ dθ)
cos3 θ
4
≈ = cos θ dθ
2+ 3
p
4 2- 3 x = 0, θ = 0; x = 1, θ =
≈ × 4
2+ 3 2- 3 1 -3
p
∫ ∫
4
(x + 1) dx = 2 2
cos θ dθ
4(2 - 3) 0 0
≈
4-3 p
= [sin θ ] 4
≈ 4(2 - 3) 0
p
1 = sin -0
26 ∫ 0
1
1+ x
dx ≈
1 1-0
2 4 1
[1 + 0.70711 + =
1
4
2 [Shown]
2
2(0.81650 + 0.76537 + 0.73205)]
1
2 - 0.70
≈ 1 (6.33495) Percentage error = 2 × 100%
8 1
≈ 0.792 (3 d.p.) 2
2
y = 1% (1 s.f.)
1
1
Volume = p (x2 + 1)-3 dx
∫0
1-0
1
√2
1
≈ ×p×
2 3 1
[1 + 0.125 + 2
2(0.729 + 0.332)]
x
0 1 ≈ p (3.247)
6
Over-estimate. Area of each trapezium is ≈ 1.7 (2 s.f.)
greater than area of each strip under the
curve.
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=
u
u+1 u
du
1 2
x
0
du 1 2 3 4 5 6
=
1+u Area of each trapezium is smaller than
x = -1, u = e-1; x = 1, u = e the area of each strip.
1 e
Percentage error =
∫ 1
-1 1 + e-x
dx =
du
e 1 + u
-1 ∫ 5 ln 5 - 2 ln 2 - 3 - 3.636 × 100%
e
= [ln (1 + u)]e-1 5 ln 5 - 2 ln 2 - 3
= 0.7% (1 s.f.)
= ln (1 + e) - ln (1 + e-1)
n+1 1
= ln (1 + e) - ln
e+1
1 2
∫2
ln x dx = (1)[ln 2 + ln (n + 1) +
2
e 2 (ln 3 + ln 4 + … + ln n)]
= ln (1 + e) - ln (e + 1) + ln e 1
= [ln 2 + ln (n + 1) + (ln 3
=1 2
+ ln 4 + … + ln n)
1
1 1+1
1 23
1
∫ 1
-1 1 + e
-x
dx =
2 3
1
+
1
1 + e 1 + e-1
= [ln 2 + ln (n + 1) + (ln 2
2
+ ln 3 + … + ln n) - ln 2
1 1+e 1+e 24
1 1 1
+2 +
2 4
= [ln (n + 1) - ln 2] + ln n!
3 3
2
1 n+1
=
1 1
3+
e
3 1+e 1+e
+1 4 = ln n! + ln
2 2
[Shown]
=1 5
∫1
1
2 x 2
3 4
5
30 x+ dx = + ln x
∴ The estimate is exact.
2 x 2 2
52
= + ln 5 - (2 + ln 2)
2
5 5
5
21 5
29
∫
2
ln x dx = [x ln x] 2 -
∫2
dx =
2
+ ln
2
5
= [x ln x - x] 2 y
= 5 ln 5 - 5 - (2 ln 2 - 2)
y=x+ 1
= 5 ln 5 - 2 ln 2 - 3 x y=x
5 1
2 ∫
ln x dx ≈ (1)[0.69315 + 1.60944 +
2
2(1.09861 + 1.38629)]
≈ 3.636
x
O 2 5
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y=x
∴ The iteration converges to the root.
For iteration xn +1 = 3 5 xn - 1, let
F(x ) = 3 5 x - 1 .
y= sin2 x
The first derivatives for the
function,
2
5 5 -
3 -
2
π/2
x F ’(Fx’)(= ( 5 x - 1)
x )3= (5 x - 1) 3
O
3
F ’ (0.5 ) = 1 .272
F ’ (0.5) = 1.272 > 1> 1
Newton-Raphson’s method:
Let f( x) = x - sin 2 x, then ∴ The iteration does not converges to the
root.
f ’( x) = 1 - 2 cos 2 x. 1
Given that x0 = 1 and xn +1 = ( xn3 + 1).
Given that x0 = 1, then 5
x0 - sin 2 x0
x1 = x0 -
1 - 2 cos 2 x0
1 - sin 2
=1-
1 - 2 cos 2
= 0.9505
x2 = 0.9478
12
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x2 = 0.21280
x3 = 0.20193
x4 = 0.20165
x5 = 0.20164 O
x
∴ x = 0.202
k 34 Let f ( x ) = 3 x 3 − 7 x + 600 ,
33 The curve y = intersects the
x
f(–6) = 3( −6)3 − 7( −6) + 600 = −6
y = ln x + 1 at only one point.
f(–5) = 3( −5)3 − 7( −5) + 600 = 260
Therefore, f( x ) = 0 has exactly one real root.
As f(–6) and f(–5) have opposite signs,
Given
equation 3 x 3 − 7 x + 600 = 0 has a root in
k 1 k the interval [–6, –5] .
f( x ) = ln x − + 1 ⇒ f ’ ( x ) = + 2 .
x x x
f ’( x ) = 9 x 2 − 7
Since x > 0, k is positive ⇒ f ’( x ) > 0.
3 xn3 − 7 xn + 600
Use xn +1 = xn −
As such, f is an increasing function for 9 xn2 − 7
x > 0. xo = – 6
k
3 ( −6 ) − 7( −6) + 600
3
f(1) = ln1 −
+1< 0 ⇒ k >1
1 x1 = −6 − = −5.9810726
k 9( −6) 2 − 7
Cf(2) = ln 2 − + 1 > 0 ⇒ k > 2(ln 2 + 1)
2 3 ( −5.9810726 ) − 7( −5.9810726) + 600
3
x2 = −6 −
∴1 < k < 2 (ln 2 + 1) 9( −5.9810726) 2 − 7
Given that x0 = 1.5 and = −0.5
59810112
x1 = x2 = −5.981 (when rounded to three
2 decimal places)
ln xn − +1
xn The root is – 5.981
xn +1 = xn − .
1 2
+
xn xn2 35 Let f( x ) = e x − 3 x.
When x x= =1,1f,(f1()1=) =– –0.0282
.282
..
2
ln1.5 − +1 When xx==22, ,ff((22))==11.389
.389. .
= 1.5 − 1.5
1 2 Since f(1) and f(2) have opposite signs,
+ 2 therefore there a root in the interval 1
1.5 1.5n
and 2.
= 1.45363
Given that x0 = 2 and
x2 = 1.45473
x3 = 1.45473 e xn − 3 x n
xn +1 = xn − .
\ x3 = 1.45473 e xn − 3
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1
1
Also, let F( x ) = (12 x − 1) 3 .
3
The first derivatives for the function, 37
( x 2 )2 = 8 x
2
−
F′( x ) = 4(12 x − 1) 3 x 4 − 8x = 0
F′( 2) = 0.495 < 1I x( x 3 − 8) = 0
x = 0, x = 2 ⇒ (0, 0),( 2, 4).
∴ The iteration xn +1 = 3 12 xn − 1 will
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
converge to b provided x0 > a.
α.
1 8x − x 2 0 1.75 1.82843 1.21410 0
From x = 12 x − 1 ⇒ x = ( x 3 + 1).
3
12
1 1 1
Thus, the iteration xn +1 = ( xn3 + 1). Αrea ≈ × [0 + 0 + 2(1.75 + 1.82843 + 1.21410)]
12 2 2
1 ≈ 2.396
Let F(x ) = ( x 3 + 1). 2
12
Αrea ≈ ∫ ( 8 x − x 2 ) d x
The first derivatives for the function,
0
1
F’(x ) = x 2 4 2 32 x 3
2
4 = x −
F’(0.5) = 0.0625 < 1. 3 3 0
3
1 4 2 23
∴ The iteration xn +1 = ( xn3 + 1) will
= ( 2) 2 −
12 3 3
converge to a.
8
From f ( x) = x 3 − 12 x + 1 , the first =
3
derivative, f’( x) = 3x 2 − 12.
Given that
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= 2e 2+ x
( 2 + x.
2
Area = ∫ x dy
−2
2
1
4 −∫2
x 2+ x
O = e dx
1
y2 = 8x = [e 2 ( 2 − 1) − e 0 (0 − 1)]
2
1
= (e 2 + 1)
38
x x + 1 = 2x ⇒
( x +1 − 2 = 0) 2
x = 0, 3
Y –2 –1.5 –1
The coordinates at which the curve and 1 2+ y 0.25 0.50703 0.67951
e
the line intersects are (0, 0) and (3, 6). 4
X 0 0.5 1 Y – 0.5 0 0.5
2x − x + 1 0 1.75 1.82843 1 2+ y 0.85082 1.02831 1.21512
e
4
X 1.5 2
Y 1 1.5 2
2x − x + 1 1.21410 0
1 2+ y 1.41306 1.62342 1.84716
e
0.44105 + 0.62011 4
1
Area ≈ × 0.6 0 + 0 + 2 +0.58802 + 0.37462
2
+0 Area
≈ 0.607 0.50703 + 0.67951
+0.85082 + 1.02831
39 0.5
Let u = 2 + x.
≈ 0.25 + 1.84726 + 2
du 1 dx 2 2 +1.2151 + 1.41306
So, = ⇒ = du
dx 2 2 + x 2+ x u +1.62342
2+ x
e
∫ 2+ x
dx ≈ 4.183
eu 2
=∫
u u
du
= ∫ 2e duu
= 2e u + c
2+ x
= 2e +c
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= ln 2 = + 3 (7 x + 7) − ( x 3 + 3x 2 − 6 x − 8) dx
∫ −1
∴ ln 2 = 0.683
−1
= ∫ x 3 + 3 x 2 − 13 x − 15 dx
−5
41 To find x-coordinate of intersection 3
+ ∫ 13 x + 15 − x 3 − 3 x 2 dx
−1
point, solve y = x x 3 + 1 and y = 3x.
x –5 –4 –3
x x 3 + 1 = 3x
x x 3 + 1 − 3x = 0 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 13 x − 15 0 21 24
x ( x3 + 1 − 3 = 0 ) x –1 0 1
13 x + 15 − x 3 − 3 x 2 0 15 24
x=0 or x +1 = 3
3
x 3 + 1 = 9, x 3 = 8, x = 2 x –2 –1
Area =
∫0
2
(3 x − x x + 1 dx
3
) x 3 + 3 x 2 − 13 x − 15
x
15
2
0
3
2−0 1
h= = 13 x + 15 − x 3 − 3 x 2 21 0
4 2
x 0 0.5 1 1 0 + 0 + 2 ( 21 + 24 + 15)
Area 2 × 1
≈
0 0.96967 1.58579 + 0 + 0 + 2 (15 + 24 + 21)
3x − x x 3 + 1
≈ 91 unit 2
x 1.5 2
1.36252 0 43 Let f(x) = x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x − 5
3x − x x + 1 3
f(0) = –5 , f( 1) = 3(1) + 16 + 24 –5 = 38
Area As f(0) and f(1) have opposite signs,
1 1
≈ × 0 + 0 + 2 (0.96967 + 1.58579 + 1.36252) equation 3 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x − 5 = 0 has at
2 2 least a real root in the interval [0, 1].
≈ 1.95899
To determine the iteration to solve the
≈ 1.96 unit 2 equation, rearrange equation
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24 x = 5 - 3 x - 16 x ,
4 3
1
5 - (0.5) - 16 (0.5)
4 3
x1 =
1 24
x= (5 - 3 x 4 - 16 x 3 )
24 = 0.122 396
So the iteration is 1
5 - (0.122396 ) - 16 (0.122396 )
4 3
x2 =
24
xn +1 =
1
24
(
5 - 3 xn4 - 16 xn3 . ) = 0.207 102
Rearrange equation 3 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x - 5 , 1
5 - (0.207102) - 16 (0.207102)
4 3
x3 =
24
3 x 4 + 24 x = 5 - 16 x 3 = 0.202 335
5 - 16 x 3 1
5 - (0.202335) - 16 (0.202335)
4 3
x= x4 =
(
3 x3 + 8 ) 24
= 0.202 741
5 - 16 xn3
xn +1 = 1
5 - (0.202741) - 16 (0.202741)
( )
4 3
3 xn 3 + 8 x5 =
24
= 0.202 707
Let F(x) =
1
24
(
5 - 3 x 4 - 16 x 3 , ) As x4 = x5 = 0.203 when rounded to
three significant figures, the root is 0.203.
F’ ( x ) =
1
24
(
-12 x 3 - 48 x 2 )
44 Sketch graphs of
F (0.5) = -0.5625
’
y = e - x + 1 and 2 y = x + 2 on the same
diagram
As F’(0.5) < 1 , so the iteration is
y
likely to give a convergent sequence of
2y = x + 2
approximation to the root.
2
5 - 16 x 3
Let F(x) = ,
( )
y = e–x + 1
3 x3 + 8 1
x
F ( x) =
’
( )
-48 x 2 3 x 3 + 8 - 9 x 2 5 - 16 x 3 ( ) –2 O
( )
2
9 x3 + 8
Since graph of y = e - x + 1 intersect 2y =
2
399 x x + 2 only once in the first quadrant, the
=-
( x 3 + 8) 2 equation xe x -1 = 0 has only one real
positive root.
F’(0.5) = -1.981, as F, (0.5) > 1, so the
Let f ( x ) = xe x - 1, f ’( x ) = (1 + x )e x
iteration is not likely to give a convergent
sequence of approximation to the root. Use xn+1 = xn - f ( x ) ,
So the suitable iteration is f ’( x )
xn +1 =
1
24
(
5 - 3 xn4 - 16 xn3 . ) xo = 1
e1 - 1
x1 = 1 - = 0.867 879
(1 + 1)e 2
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y= 3 –1
y = ln x x+1
2
3
The curves y = - 1 and
x x +1
O 1 3
y = - x 3 + 3 intersect twice. Equation
y = 3 – 1.5x
ACE AHEAD
ACE AHEAD Mathematics
Mathematics(T)
(T)Second Term
First Term Third Edition
Second Edition
18 © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2016
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015