ASSEMBLY ENGINE DEPARTMENT

Engine
An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy into another
form, while transforming chemical energy from to mechanical energy.

Basically engine needs either petrol or diesel or CNG as a chemical energy

to create a combustion inside the cylinder and transforms the energy to
flywheel as mechanical energy called Rotation motion.

Heat Engine
Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into
thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work.
Heat engine are broadly classified into two categories:
1. Internal combustion engine (IC Engine)
2. External combustion Engine (EC Engine)

IC Engine

Reciprocating
Rotary Engine
Engine

Diesel Engine Petrol Engine

We have four and two stroke classification in both Diesel and Petrol
Engine.

Working of Four Stroke Engine

(Petrol)
A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC)
engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the
crankshaft.
1) Intake: The piston is moving down as air-fuel mixture is being sucked in by the
downward motion against the piston.
2) Compression: In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in
preparation for ignition during the power stroke. Both the intake and exhaust
valves are closed during this stage.
3) Combustion: Also called ignition or power stroke. The compressed air-fuel
mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine). The blast moves the
piston down which in turn rotates the crank shaft.
4) Exhaust: The piston goes to TDC while the exhaust valve is open. This action
expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.
 (Diesel)

1) Intake: The piston is moving down as air only is being sucked in by the
downward motion against the piston.
2) Compression: In this stroke the piston compresses the air in preparation for
combustion during the power stroke. Both the intake and exhaust valves are
closed during this stage.
3) Combustion: Also called as power stroke. The compressed air is ignited by
spraying or injecting the diesel in the piston combustion chamber at under higher
pressure up to 1500 bar. The blast moves the piston down which in turn rotates
the crank shaft.
4) Exhaust: The piston goes to TDC while the exhaust valve is open. This action
expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.

Need to know: Thermal efficiency (Heat energy work output)

Diesel engines are designed to operate at higher compression ratios, usually between
15 to 20, while petrol engines have lower compression ratios usually between 8 to 10.
Since the higher the compression ratio of an engine the higher the thermal efficiency,
so diesel engines generally have a better fuel efficiency.
 VALVE MECHANISM OF ENGINE

Side head valve mechanism Overhead valve mechanism

Side head valve mechanism:

01) Cam Shaft 04) Tappet Valve Mechanism 07) Valve Spring

02) Cam 05) Adjusting Screw 08) Valve Stem

03) Cam Follower 06) Washer 09) Valve Stem Guide

 The cam actuates the movement of the valve through
the tappet. Hence the replaceable valve stem moves up
and down in the valve stem guide. This movement is
obtained by rotation of camshaft and cam, which
generally runs at the half the engine speed.

The valve spring, keeps the valve pressed against its

seat and ensure a leakage-proof operation and also
bring back the valve very quickly during its closing.

A valve tappet clearance is always provided to allow the

expansion of valve stem and also other parts. This
clearance value depends upon the length of the valve, its
material and the operating temperature of the engine.

The clearance provided in exhaust valve is slightly more

than that of the inlet valve. This is due to slightly more
expansion in exhaust valve because of higher
temperature of hot exhaust gases produced during
combustion.

Advantages Disadvantages

Compact size Do not burn the fuel correctly, it suffer

from high hydrocarbon emissions.
Low mechanical noise Low power output
Mostly used for aerospace technology Low volumetric efficiency and over heat
problem’s
Overhead valve mechanism: (OHC)