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Breastfeeding has always been an important part of infant health; around the
world mothers have been breastfeeding their children since the beginning of the human
race. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children are nursed for at
least the first 12 months of life. Furthermore, the World Health Organization
recommends an even longer period of 2 years (CDC, 2010). According to the Centers
for Disease control, only 22.7% of infants born in 2006 were still at least partially
breastfeeding at 1 year of age (CDC 2010).
There are many health benefits to breastfeeding children such as lower mortality
rates, ideal nutritional values, and long term benefits such as healthy weights and
higher intelligence later in life. The positive aspects of breastfeeding extend to maternal
health as well, such as lower rates of breast and ovarian cancers and decreased
occurrences of post-partum depression. Nurses play an important role in encouraging
and supporting breastfeeding; they have multiple interactions with the mother during pre
and post-natal appointments where they can advocate for breastfeeding through
teaching.
Breast milk is the ideal source of nutrition for growth and development, providing
newborns and infants with nutrients in natural forms. The longer a child is breastfed the
better the results; cessation of breastfeeding before six months increased the risk of
pneumonia, doubled the risk of recurrent otitis media, and resulted in higher urinary
tract infections in female babies. Long term benefits of breastfeeding were found to
include lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as higher performances on
intelligence tests (Bai, Middlestadt, Peng, & Fly, 2009). Potentially, 1.3 million lives can
be saved each year by mothers that continue to breastfeed beyond six months (Bai et
al., 2009). It is also reported that “early cessation of breastfeeding increases infants'
risks for childhood obesity, gastroenteritis, necrotizing enterocolitis, leukemia, otitis
media, severe lower respiratory infections, sudden infant death syndrome, and types 1
and 2 diabetes” as well as incurring an average of $475 more in health costs in the first
year than those infants exclusively breastfed (Bartick, Stuebe, Shealy, Walker, &
Grummer-Strawn, 2009).
The maternal benefits to breastfeeding include lower risk for breast and ovarian
cancers, type 2 diabetes, and postpartum depression for mothers that
breastfed their infants (Bartick et al., 2009). Emotionally, mothers benefit from
breastfeeding by forming a stronger bond with their baby. A research study reported that
the number one advantage of breastfeeding stated by mothers was “helping bond with
baby” (Bai et al., 2009).
Out of all healthcare providers, nurses spend the most time with mothers during
the pre and post-partum period, as well as care for the infants following delivery. Bartick
et al. (2009) reported that the nursing staff at “88% of facilities reported that they taught
most mothers techniques of breastfeeding...” However, 65% advised women to limit
suckling, 45% gave pacifiers to healthy infants, and 24% regularly gave milk
supplements to the majority of healthy infants (Bartick et al., 2009). Nurses can
encourage the advancement of breastfeeding by increasing breastfeeding teaching to
100% and decreasing detrimental practices such as limiting suckling, pacifier use, and
formula supplements. In addition, nurses can provide better teaching and positive
support before birth and after hospital discharge; “...data suggested that many women
had never even considered breastfeeding and often discontinued breastfeeding due to
discomfort, embarrassment, and lack of assistance” (Flower, Willoughby, Cadigan,
Perrin, & Randolph, 2007).
It is important for nurses to explore the positive and negative aspects of breastfeeding
from the mother's perspective. The most frequently reported benefit from breastfeeding
mothers was the emotional bond with the infant formed while breastfeeding (Bai et al.,
2009; Wambach & Cohen, 2009). The other advantages reported in studies were
contributing to the health of the infant, experiencing convenience of breastfeeding, and
saving money (Bai et al., 2009, Wambach & Cohen, 2009). One of the negative aspects
of breastfeeding reported by women had to do with nursing in public, some women had
difficulty finding a place to nurse in public as well as experiencing some embarrassment
when nursing in public (Bai
et al., 2009, Wambach & Cohen, 2009). By advocating for more private
breastfeeding spaces in public areas, nurses can help to reduce one of the major
factors behind cessation of breastfeeding.