Problema:

Para un fluido se obtuvieron los datos experimentalmente:

 r ( N / m 2 ) 3.36 4.36 5.94 7.59 9.48 11.86 14.56 19.24 23.67

V 7.33 9.67 13.94 18.72 24.63 32.86 43.35 62.93 84.50
( s 1 )
r

a) Deducir el tipo de fluido.

V
Solución: Hacemos la grafica  r vs
r

Debido a que la grafica no sale una línea exactamente se concluye que el fluido es no
Newtoniano.

b) Obtener los parámetros de los diversos tipos de modelos.

b.1) Modelo de Ellis, Heimes, Fredrickcson:
 U N I V E RS I DA D N AC I O N A L D E L C A L L AO – FA C U LTA D D E I N G E N I E R I A Q U I M I C A

1  0 n
a  
1 1 n   0

 0 n
V
  
r
Donde:  a es la viscosidad aparente del fluido que se halla:
1
 V 
 a      r
 r 

 r ( N / m 2 ) 3.36 4.36 5.94 7.59 9.48 11.86 14.56 19.24 23.67

V 7.33 9.67 13.94 18.72 24.63 32.86 43.35 62.93 84.50
( s 1 )
r
a -0.458 -0.451 -0.426 -0.406 -0.385 -0.361 -0.336 -0.306 -0.280

Formando la función objetiva S:

n
S   ( y i  yˆ ) 2
i 1
n
 0 n 2
S   ( yi  )
i 1 n   0
V
Dónde :  a  y ;   x:
r
S n
  nx   nx  1  
 2  y i  0   0
 0 i 1  nx   0    nx   0  2  

S n
  nx    0 x  x  
 2  y i  0   0
n i 1  nx   0    nx   0  2  
Con estas 2 ecuaciones de de 2 incógnitas formamos nuestro sistema de ecuaciones no
lineales.
Introducimos al programa Polymath y hallamos los parámetros n y  0 :

POLYMATH Report
Nonlinear Equations 12-Sep-2010

Calculated values of NLE variables

Variable Value f(x) Initial Guess
1 n 5.673957 1.073E-05 1.
2 uo -0.4170314 -5.91E-05 0

Nonlinear equations

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f(uo) = -(-0.458-(uo*n*7.33)/(n*7.33+uo))*((n*7.33-1)/(n*7.33+uo)^2) -(-0.451-(uo*n*9.67)/

(n*9.67+uo))*((n*9.67-1)/(n*9.67+uo)^2)-(-0.426-(uo*n*13.94)/(n*13.94+uo))*((n*13.94-1)/
(n*13.94+uo)^2)-(-0.406-(uo*n*18.72)/(n*18.72+uo))*((n*18.72-1)/(n*18.72+uo)^2)-(-0.385-
1 (uo*n*24.63)/(n*24.63+uo))*((n*24.63-1)/(n*24.63+uo)^2)-(-0.361-(uo*n*32.86)/
(n*32.86+uo))*((n*32.86-1)/(n*32.86+uo)^2)-(-0.336-(uo*n*43.35)/(n*43.35+uo))*((n*43.35-1)/
(n*43.35+uo)^2)-(-0.306-(uo*n*62.93)/(n*62.93+uo))*((n*62.93-1)/(n*63.93+uo)^2)-(-0.280-
(uo*n*84.5)/(n*84.5+uo))*((n*84.5-1)/(n*84.5+uo)^2) = 0
f(n) = -(-0.458-(uo*n*7.33)/(n*7.33+uo))*((uo*7.33-7.33)/(n*7.33+uo)^2) -(-0.451-(uo*n*9.67)/
(n*9.67+uo))*((uo*9.67-9.67)/(n*9.67+uo)^2)-(-0.426-(uo*n*13.94)/(n*13.94+uo))*((uo*13.94-
13.94)/(n*13.94+uo)^2)-(-0.406-(uo*n*18.72)/(n*18.72+uo))*((uo*18.72-18.72)/
(n*18.72+uo)^2)-(-0.385-(uo*n*24.63)/(n*24.63+uo))*((uo*24.63-24.63)/(n*24.63+uo)^2)-(-
2
0.361-(uo*n*32.86)/(n*32.86+uo))*((uo*32.86-32.86)/(n*32.86+uo)^2)-(-0.336-(uo*n*43.35)/
(n*43.35+uo))*((uo*43.35-43.35)/(n*43.35+uo)^2)-(-0.306-(uo*n*62.93)/
(n*62.93+uo))*((uo*62.93-62.93)/(n*62.93+uo)^2)-(-0.280-(uo*n*84.5)/(n*84.5+uo))*((uo*84.5-
84.5)/(n*84.5+uo)^2) = 0

General Settings
Total number of equations 2
Number of implicit equations 2
Number of explicit equations 0
Elapsed time 0.0000 sec
Solution method SAFENEWT
Max iterations 150
Tolerance F 0.0000001
Tolerance X 0.0000001
Tolerance min 0.0000001

b.2) Modelo de Ostwald:

n 1
V V
 r   m
r r

 r ( N / m 2 ) 3.36 4.36 5.94 7.59 9.48 11.86 14.56 19.24 23.67

V 7.33 9.67 13.94 18.72 24.63 32.86 43.35 62.93 84.50
( s 1 )
r

Formando la función objetiva S:

n
S   ( y i  yˆ ) 2
i 1
n 1
n
V V 2
S   ( yi  m )
i 1 r r

F E N O M E N O S D E T R A N S P O RT E
 U N I V E RS I DA D N AC I O N A L D E L C A L L AO – FA C U LTA D D E I N G E N I E R I A Q U I M I C A

V
Donde:  r  y ; x:
r
S
  
n
 2 y i  m x x x x
n 1 n 1
0
m i 1

S
  
n
 2 y i  m x x mxLn( x)e  n 1 Ln ( x )  0
n 1

n i 1
Con estas 2 ecuaciones de de 2 incógnitas formamos nuestro sistema de ecuaciones no
lineales.
Introducimos al programa Polymath y hallamos los parámetros m y n:
POLYMATH Report No Title
Nonlinear Equations 12-Sep-2010

Calculated values of NLE variables

Variable Value f(x) Initial Guess
1 m 0 3.757E-08 0
2 n -9.241621 0 0

Variable Value
1 e 2.718282

Nonlinear equations
f(m) = (3.36+m*(7.33)^n)*((7.33)^n)+(4.36+m*(9.67)^n)*((9.67)^n)
+(5.94+m*(13.94)^n)*((13.94)^n)+(7.59+m*(18.72)^n)*((18.72)^n)
+(9.48+m*(24.63)^n)*((24.63)^n)+(11.86+m*(32.86)^n)*((32.86)^n)
1
+(14.56+m*(43.35)^n)*((43.35)^n)+(19.24+m*(62.93)^n)*((62.93)^n)
+(23.67+m*(84.5)^n)*((84.5)^n) = 0

f(n) = (3.36+m*(7.33)^n)*(m*(ln(7.33))*e^((n-1)*ln(7.33)))
+(4.36+m*(9.67)^n)*(m*(ln(9.67))*e^((n-1)*ln(9.67)))
+(5.94+m*(13.94)^n)*(m*(ln(13.94))*e^((n-1)*ln(13.94)))
+(7.59+m*(18.72)^n)*(m*(ln(18.72))*e^((n-1)*ln(18.72)))
2 +(9.48+m*(24.63)^n)*(m*(ln(24.63))*e^((n-1)*ln(24.63)))
+(11.86+m*(32.86)^n)*(m*(ln(32.86))*e^((n-1)*ln(32.86)))
+(14.56+m*(43.35)^n)*(m*(ln(43.35))*e^((n-1)*ln(43.35)))
+(19.24+m*(62.93)^n)*(m*(ln(62.93))*e^((n-1)*ln(62.93)))
+(23.67+m*(84.5)^n)*(m*(ln(84.5))*e^((n-1)*ln(84.5))) = 0

Explicit equations
1 e = 2.718282

General Settings
Total number of equations 3
Number of implicit equations 2
Number of explicit equations 1
Elapsed time 0.0000 sec
Solution method SAFENEWT
Max iterations 150
Tolerance F 0.0000001

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Tolerance X 0.0000001
Tolerance min 0.0000001

b.3) Modelo de Ellis:

 V 

      0   1  r
 r 
 1
 r

V 7.33 9.67 13.94 18.72 24.63 32.86 43.35 62.93 84.50
( s 1 )
r

 r ( N / m 2 ) 3.36 4.36 5.94 7.59 9.48 11.86 14.56 19.24 23.67

Formando la función objetiva S:

n
S   ( y i  yˆ ) 2
i 1

 
n
S   ( y i   0   1  r
 1
r )2
i 1
V
Donde:  r x ; y :
r
S
  
n
 2 y i   0   1 x x 1  0
 1

 0 i 1

S
  x  x x   0
n
 2 y i   0   1 x
 1  1

 1 i 1

S
    
n
 2 yi  0  1 x x xLn( x )e  1 Ln ( x )  0
 1

 i 1
Con estas 3 ecuaciones de de 3 incógnitas formamos nuestro sistema de ecuaciones no
lineales.
Introducimos al programa Polymath y hallamos los parámetros  0 , 1 y :
POLYMATH Report No Title
Nonlinear Equations 12-Sep-2010

Calculated values of NLE variables

Variable Value f(x) Initial Guess
1 alpha -4.478E-16 -1.528E-13 0
2 phi0 -3.662522 -6.395E-14 0
3 phi1 7.615768 -6.395E-14 0

Variable Value
1 e 2.718282

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 U N I V E RS I DA D N AC I O N A L D E L C A L L AO – FA C U LTA D D E I N G E N I E R I A Q U I M I C A

Nonlinear equations
f(phi0) = (7.33+3.36*(phi0)+(phi1)*3.36^(alpha))+(9.67+4.36*(phi0)+(phi1)*4.36^(alpha))
+(13.94+5.94*(phi0)+(phi1)*5.94^(alpha))+(18.72+7.59*(phi0)+(phi1)*7.59^(alpha))
1 +(24.63+9.48*(phi0)+(phi1)*9.48^(alpha))+(32.86+11.86*(phi0)+(phi1)*11.86^(alpha))
+(43.35+14.56*(phi0)+(phi1)*14.56^(alpha))+(62.93+19.24*(phi0)+(phi1)*19.24^(alpha))
+(84.5+23.67*(phi0)+(phi1)*23.67^(alpha)) = 0
f(phi1) = (7.33+3.36*(phi0)+(phi1)*3.36^(alpha))*3.36^(alpha)+(9.67+4.36*(phi0)+
(phi1)*4.36^(alpha))*4.36^(alpha)+(13.94+5.94*(phi0)+(phi1)*5.94^(alpha))*5.94^(alpha)
+(18.72+7.59*(phi0)+(phi1)*7.59^(alpha))*7.59^(alpha)+(24.63+9.48*(phi0)+
2 (phi1)*9.48^(alpha))*9.48^(alpha)+(32.86+11.86*(phi0)+(phi1)*11.86^(alpha))*11.86^(alpha)
+(43.35+14.56*(phi0)+(phi1)*14.56^(alpha))*14.56^(alpha)+(62.93+19.24*(phi0)+
(phi1)*19.24^(alpha))*19.24^(alpha)+(84.5+23.67*(phi0)+(phi1)*23.67^(alpha))*23.67^(alpha)
=0
f(alpha) = (7.33+3.36*(phi0)+(phi1)*3.36^(alpha))*(3.36*(ln(3.36))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(3.36)))
+(9.67+4.36*(phi0)+(phi1)*4.36^(alpha))*(4.36*(ln(4.36))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(4.36)))
+(13.94+5.94*(phi0)+(phi1)*5.94^(alpha))*(5.94*(ln(5.94))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(5.94)))
+(18.72+7.59*(phi0)+(phi1)*7.59^(alpha))*(7.59*(ln(7.59))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(7.59)))
3 +(24.63+9.48*(phi0)+(phi1)*9.48^(alpha))*(9.48*(ln(9.48))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(9.48)))
+(32.86+11.86*(phi0)+(phi1)*11.86^(alpha))*(11.86*(ln(11.86))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(11.86)))
+(43.35+14.56*(phi0)+(phi1)*14.56^(alpha))*(14.56*(ln(14.56))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(14.56)))
+(62.93+19.24*(phi0)+(phi1)*19.24^(alpha))*(19.24*(ln(19.24))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(19.24)))
+(84.5+23.67*(phi0)+(phi1)*23.67^(alpha))*(23.67*(ln(23.67))*e^((alpha-1)*ln(23.67))) = 0

Explicit equations
1 e = 2.718282

General Settings
Total number of equations 4
Number of implicit equations 3
Number of explicit equations 1
Elapsed time 0.0000 sec
Solution method SAFENEWT
Max iterations 150
Tolerance F 0.0000001
Tolerance X 0.0000001
Tolerance min 0.0000001

b.4) Modelo de Cisko:

 a     m n 1
V
  
r
Donde:  a es la viscosidad aparente del fluido que se halla:

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1
 V 
 a      r
 r 

 r ( N / m 2 ) 3.36 4.36 5.94 7.59 9.48 11.86 14.56 19.24 23.67

V 7.33 9.67 13.94 18.72 24.63 32.86 43.35 62.93 84.50
( s 1 )
r
a -0.458 -0.451 -0.426 -0.406 -0.385 -0.361 -0.336 -0.306 -0.280

Formando la función objetiva S:

n
S   ( y i  yˆ ) 2
i 1

  
n
S   y i     m n 1
2

i 1
V
Donde:  a  y ;   x:
r
S
    
n
 2 y i     mx n 1  x n 1  0
m i 1

S
    
n
  y i     mx n 1  Ln( x)e  n 1 Ln ( x )  0
n i 1
S
  
n
  y i     mx n 1   1  0
  i 1

Con estas 3 ecuaciones de de 3 incógnitas formamos nuestro sistema de ecuaciones no

lineales.
Introducimos al programa Polymath y hallamos los parámetros m ,n y  :
POLYMATH Report No Title
Nonlinear Equations 13-Sep-2010

Calculated values of NLE variables

Variable Value f(x) Initial Guess
1 m 0 -3.937E-08 0
2 n -6.345591 0 0
3 uo -0.3787778 1.665E-16 0

Variable Value
1 e 2.718282

Nonlinear equations
1 f(m) = (-0.458-uo-m*(7.33)^(n-1))*(7.33)^(n-1)+(-0.451-uo-m*(9.67)^(n-1))*(9.67)^(n-1)+(-
0.426-uo-m*(13.94)^(n-1))*(13.94)^(n-1)+(-0.406-uo-m*(18.72)^(n-1))*(18.72)^(n-1)+(-0.385-
uo-m*(24.63)^(n-1))*(24.63)^(n-1)+(-0.361-uo-m*(32.86)^(n-1))*(32.86)^(n-1)+(-0.336-uo-
m*(43.35)^(n-1))*(43.35)^(n-1)+(-0.306-uo-m*(62.93)^(n-1))*(62.93)^(n-1)+(-0.280-uo-

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m*(84.5)^(n-1))*(84.5)^(n-1) = 0
f(n) = (-0.458-uo-m*(7.33)^(n-1))*(-m*(ln(7.33))*e^((n-1)*ln(7.33)))+(-0.451-uo-m*(9.67)^(n-
1))*(-m*(ln(9.67))*e^((n-1)*ln(9.67)))+(-0.426-uo-m*(13.94)^(n-1))*(-m*(ln(13.94))*e^((n-
1)*ln(13.94)))+(-0.406-uo-m*(18.72)^(n-1))*(-m*(ln(18.72))*e^((n-1)*ln(18.72)))+(-0.385-uo-
2 m*(24.63)^(n-1))*(-m*(ln(24.63))*e^((n-1)*ln(24.63)))+(-0.361-uo-m*(32.86)^(n-1))*(-
m*(ln(32.86))*e^((n-1)*ln(32.86)))+(-0.336-uo-m*(43.35)^(n-1))*(-m*(ln(43.35))*e^((n-
1)*ln(43.35)))+(-0.306-uo-m*(62.93)^(n-1))*(-m*(ln(62.93))*e^((n-1)*ln(62.93)))+(-0.280-uo-
m*(84.5)^(n-1))*(-m*(ln(84.5))*e^((n-1)*ln(84.5))) = 0
f(uo) = (-0.458-uo-m*(7.33)^(n-1))*(-1)+(-0.451-uo-m*(9.67)^(n-1))*(-1)+(-0.426-uo-
m*(13.94)^(n-1))*(-1)+(-0.406-uo-m*(18.72)^(n-1))*(-1)+(-0.385-uo-m*(24.63)^(n-1))*(-1)+(-
3
0.361-uo-m*(32.86)^(n-1))*(-1)+(-0.336-uo-m*(43.35)^(n-1))*(-1)+(-0.306-uo-m*(62.93)^(n-
1))*(-1)+(-0.280-uo-m*(84.5)^(n-1))*(-1) = 0

Explicit equations
1 e = 2.718282

General Settings
Total number of equations 4
Number of implicit equations 3
Number of explicit equations 1
Elapsed time 0.0000 sec
Solution method SAFENEWT
Max iterations 150
Tolerance F 0.0000001
Tolerance X 0.0000001
Tolerance min 0.0000001

F E N O M E N O S D E T R A N S P O RT E