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simultaneously with research. Action research may also be conducted by large organizations or
institutions. They may engage the services of professional researchers in order to arrive at better
strategies, practices, and wider knowledge of their industry or business circle. Researchers, acting
as designers and stakeholders for their community, recommend changes in the work practices.
Depending upon the respondents and organizers, action research is described in different ways
Under action research, the investigator needs to be at the center of the problem and not on
the outside as an observer or experimenter. Action researchers do not assert lack of partiality but
justify their stand in the study. They get the consensus of participants and stakeholders in the
collected data and recommended solutions. That is why, the results are called co-created
knowledge. The result is useful because it improves processes and contributes to raising the quality
of life in communities and companies (Rowell, Polush, Riel, and Bruewer, 2015).
The key steps in comprising the action research cycle are planning, implementing the plan,
gathering and analysing data, and studying the merits of the results. Data collection and analysis
and methods are chosen based on the researchers’ personal and professional beliefs, opinions, and
knowledge of concepts and categories in the subject area. In addition, the arguments of the
pertinent organization and society in general, regarding the problem and its solution, are
incorporated in the action research. The methods to beused in action research are selected based
on the question, problem, dilemma or conflict be investigated and the status of the situation (
Carr (2006), action research a field needs to foster ‘dialogical communications in which
Kompradis’ (2005), those who still the strength to work for a better world have
responsibility to define the epistemological and moral foundations upon which we seek to build
this world.