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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BSCE-5
ENGR. FAELNAR
INSTRUCTOR
PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
A stratum of normally consolidated clay 9 m thick is located at a depth 15m below ground
level. The natural moisture content of the clay is 50% and its liquid limit is 45%. The specific
gravity of the solid particles is 3.10. The water table is located at a depth 4 m below ground
surface. The soil is sand above the clay stratum. The submerged unit weight of the sand is 12
kN/m3 and the same weighs 16 kN/m3 above the water table. The average increase in pressure
at the center of the clay stratum is 110 kN/m2 due to the weight of a building that will be
constructed on the sand above the clay stratum. Estimate the expected settlement of the
structure.
Solution:
e Ww 4m
h3 & Y3
1+e 3m
h2 & Y2
W
1 Ws 9m
h1 & Y1 CLAY
(a) (b)
Ww = 50 (3.10) = 1.55 g
100
Compression index
Excess pressure
Δp = 110 kN/m2
Total Settlement
St = Cc H log P0+ Δp
1+e0 P0
St = 0.32 (900) log 136.20+110
2.55 136.20
St = 29.04 cm
For the clay, the relationship between void ratio and effective stress (units kN/m2)
𝜎′
can be represented by the equation e = 0.88 – 32 log (100) and the coefficient of
consolidation is 1.26 m2/year.
(a)Calculate the final settlement of the area due to consolidation of the clay and
the settlement after a period of 3 years from the start of dumping.
(b) If a very thin layer of sand, freely draining, existed 1.5m above the bottom of
the clay layer, what would be the values of the final and 3-year settlements?
Solution:
2m
8m W.T.
Sand
6m Clay
d=6m d = 2.25 m
d = 1.5 m
Impermeable
Since the fill covers a wide area, the problem can be considered to be one-dimensional.
The consolidation settlement will be calculated in terms of Cc, considering the clay layer
as a whole, and therefore the initial and final values of effective vertical stress at the
centre of the clay layer are required.
179.8
log (119.8) = 0.176
Scf = (0.32)(0.176)(6000)
1.855
Scf = 182 mm
In the calculation of the degree of consolidation 3 years after the start of dumping, the
corrected value of time to allow for the 1-year dumping period is:
1
t=3- = 2.5 years
2
Tv = cv t = 1.26(2.5)
d2 62
Tv = 0.0875
Sc = (0.335)(182)
Sc = 61 mm
By proportion:
Tv1 = (0.0875)(62/2.252)
Tv1 = 0.622
U1 = 0.825
and
Tv2 = (0.0875)(62/1.52)
Tv2 = 1.40
U2 = 0.97
Now for each layer, Sc= UScf which is proportional to UH . Hence if Ū is the overall degree
of consolidation for the two layers combined:
Sc = (0.86)(182)
Sc = 157 mm
SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
For a normally consolidated clay layer in the field, the following values are given:
In how many years will the total consolidation settlement of the clay layer becomes 90 mm
after the completion of primary consolidation settlement? (Note: time of completion of
primary settlement=2 years)
C’∞= C∞
1+ep
ep= e0 - ∆eprimary
∆e=Cc log (ơo+∆ơ)
ơo
=0.28 log (130+38)
130
∆e= 0.031
Primary consolidation
Sc= ∆eH
1+e0
= 0.031(4.2 x 1000)
1+.07
Sc =76.59 mm
Hence,
C’∞= 0.04
1+0.669
90=Sc+Ss
90=76.59+Ss
Ss=13.41
13.41=0.024(4.2x1000) log x
2
X=2.72 years