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Chapter 15 AP Euro IDs

Janisha Sanford

10.24.10

1) (Prince) Henry “the Navigator”

 Called “the Navigator” because of the school he established for the study of geography
and navigation and for the annual expeditions he sent down the western coast of Africa
 Gold traveled consistently with Muslim caravans to Mediterranean ports from the
African cities of Niani and Timbuktu
 Henry established trading posts and forts on the Guinea coast and penetrated into the
continent all the way to Timbuktu
 Portuguese ships transported gold to Lisbon and by 1500, Portugal controlled the flow
of gold to Europe
 The golden century if Portuguese prosperity has begun
 But Portugal still pushed farther south down the west coast of Africa (connection with
Diaz + da Gama)
2) Diaz
 1487
 Bartholomew Daiz rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa
 But storms and threatened mutiny forced him to turn back
3) da Gama
 Portuguese mariner
 reached India and returned to Lisbon loaded with spices and sample of Indian cloth
4) Cannon (connect with Henry)
 Because the Muslims had controlled the rich spice trade of the Indian Ocean for so long,
they were reluctant to allow Lisbon to become the entrance port for Asian goods into
Europe
 Alfonso de Albuquerque (Portuguese crown appointed governor of India) decided that
these bases (Muslims costal forts) should control the Indian Ocean
 Albuquerque cannon blasted the ports of Calicut, Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca.
 The vital centers of Arab domination of South Asian trade
 This bombardment laid the foundation for Portuguese imperialism in the 16 th + 17th
centuries
 Technological developments were the key to Europe’s remarkable outreach
 Cannon
 Iron or bronze guns
 Fired iron or stone balls
 These pieces of artillery emitted frightening noises and great flashes of fire and could
batter down fortresses and even city walls.
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 Very Heavy, took several hundred oxen to move it

 Only could be loaded and fired with a hundred men working together
 Iron cannons were cheaper then bronze but were difficult to cast effectively and were
liable to crack and injure artillerymen
 Bronze cannons were less subject to deteriorate but were very expensive
 All cannons were difficult to move, required a lot of time to reload, and were highly
inaccurate
 They prove to be inefficient for land warfare but could be used at sea
5) Caravel
 Because of the need of a larger ship to fit the cannons on as well as a sturdier ship to
with stand rough winds of the Atlantic, the Caravel was created
 Small, light sailing ship
 Though somewhat slower than pervious ships, it was highly
maneuverable and held more cargo
Both the compass  The caravel signaled a great advance and gave Europeans
and astrolabe navigational and fighting influence over the rest of the world
improved maps and (connect advances with compass and astrolabe)
sea charts. They 6) Compass
gave information  Developments in navigation help make possible the conquest of the
about distance and Atlantic
general geography.
 The “magic compass enable sailors to determine their direction and
position at sea
7) Astrolabe
 An instrument developed by Muslim navigators in the 12 th century and used to
determine the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies
 This permitted mariner to plot their latitude

8) Crusading impulses
 People of the 16th century were still basically medieval in the sense that their attitude
and vales were shaped by religion and expressed in religious terms
 In the late 15th century, crusading fervor remained a basic part of the Portuguese and
Spanish national ideal.
 The desire to Christianize Muslims and pagan peoples played a central role in European
expansion
For example
Queen Isabella of Span showed a fanatical zeal for converting the Muslims to
Christianity, and she concentrated her efforts on the Muslims in Granda
 After the abortive crusading attempts of the 13 th century, rulers realized full well that
they lacked the material resources to mount the full-scale assault on Islam necessary for
victory
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 Crusading impulses then shifted from Muslims to the pagan peoples of Africa and the
Americas

9) Reconquista
 After the reconquista, enterprising young man of the Spanish upper classes found their
economic and political opportunities severely limited.
 As a study of the Castilian city of Ciudad Real shows, the ancient aristocracy controlled
the best agricultural land and monopolized urban administrative posts
 Because Spanish law forbad participation by noble in commercial ventures, few nobles
as well as great merchants dominated the textile and leather-glove manufacturing
industries
 consequently many ambitious men immigrated to the Americas to seek their fortunes
 Government sponsor ship and encouragement of exploration also accounted for the
results of the various voyages Mariners and explorers could not as privet individuals
afford the massive sums needed to explore mysterious oceans and control remote
continents
 The strong financial support of Prince Henry the Navigator led to Portugal’s phenomenal
success in the spice trade. (Connect with Henry!)
10) Spices
 Even the modest assistance of Ferdinand and Isabella eventually brought untold riches
and complicated problems to Spain
 The Dutch in 17th century, through such government- sponsored trading companies as
the Dutch East India Company, trading enormous wealth, and although the Netherlands
was a small country it dominated the European economy
 Henry Vii’s lack of interest in exploration delayed English expansion for a century
 Spices were an important incentive for voyages of discovery (connect with Marco Polo)
 Spices were introduced into western Europe by the Crusaders in the 12 th century
 Nutmeg
 Mace
 Ginger
 Cinnamon
 Pepper
 All spices added flavor and variety to the diet of Europeans
 Spices were also used in preparation of medical drugs and incense for religious
ceremonies
11) Marco Polo (basic reason for European exploration)
 Venetian
 Polo visited the court of the Chinese emperor
 His experience was widely publicized in the book Travelers
 He stimulated the trade in spices between Asia and Italy
 The venetians came to hold a monopoly of that trade in western Europe
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12) “Religion supplies the pretext…”

 The basic reason for European exploration and expansion was the quest for material
profit
 As Bartholomew Diaz said “to serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who
were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do”
 When Vasco de Gama reached the port of Calicut, India, in 1498, a native asked what
the Portuguese wanted. Da Gama replied “Christians and Spices”
 In the 16th century, Ogier Gheselin de Busbecq, summed up this paradoxical attitude
well” in expeditions to the Indies and the Antipodes, he said, “religion supplies the
pretext and gold he motive.”
 Spanish and Portuguese explorers carried the fervent Catholicism and missionary zeal of
the Iberian Peninsula to the New World , and ounce in Americas they urged home
government to send clerics
 At the bottom however, wealth was the driving motivation
13) Columbus criticism
 Until recently most historians agreed with Morison that Columbus was a great
hero who carried Christian civilization to the new world.

 Now historians note that he enslaved and killed Indians and that he did not
discover a new continent; others claim that he destroyed an earthly paradise.
 In reality, Columbus was a deeply religious man; he saw a link between the expulsion of
the Moors and his task as Christian missionary.
-But his principal object was to find a direct route to Asia.
-When it was clear that he had not found great new spice markets, he turned to
setting up a government in the islands.
-Thus he paved the way for Spanish imperial administration.
14) “Most Catholic Kings”
 Restored Granda to Christian hands was Ferdinands and Isabella’s greatest achievement
 Pope Alexander VI rewarded the with the name “Most Catholic Kings”
15) Columbus’ goals
 He understood that Christianity was a missionary religion and that it should be carried
to places where it did not exist
 He also had secular goals
 He wanted to find a direct ocean rout to Asia that would provided the
opportunity for a greatly expanded trade in which European economy
would participate.
16) Hispaniola
 In1496 he forcibly subjugated the island of Hispaniola, enslaved the Indians, and laid the
basis for a system of land grants tied to the Indians’ labor service
 Columbus laid the foundations for Spanish imperial administration
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17) Magellan
 In 1519 Magellan sailed southwest across the Atlantic for Charles V of Spain; he claimed
the "Western Isles" for Spain, and proved the earth was round and larger than
Columbus had estimated
18) Cortes
 Cortez conquered the Aztec Empire and founded Mexico City as the capital of New
Spain.
19) Dutch East India Company
 The Dutch East India Company became the major organ of Dutch imperialism
 The Dutch West India Company gained control of much of the African and American
trade.
20) Cabot/Cartier
 John Cabot sailed for Brazil but discovered New found land
 The next year he returned and explored the New England coast and perhaps as far
south as Delaware
 Since these expeditions found no spices or gold, King Henry VII lost interest in
exploration.
 Frenchmen Jacques Cartier made several voyages and explorations and explored the
St. Lawrence region of Canada
21) “Golden Century” of Spain
 Enormous amounts of American gold and silver poured into Spain in the sixteenth
century.
 It is probable that population growth and not the flood of American bullion caused
inflation in Spain.
 European inflation hurt the poor the most.
22) Prince Revolution – causes, results
 Causes
population increase
no farmers/business people
possibly gold + silver influxes
 Results
Strained government budgets
Philip II didn’t pay debt
23) Viceroy (imperial governor)
 The Spanish monarch divided his new world into four viceroyalties(administrative
divisions), each with a viceroy (person that ruled) and board of judges, that served as
an advisory council and judicial body
24) Intendants
 King Charles III introduced
 Royal officials possessed broad military, administrative, and financial authority within
their intendency
 The intendants were royal officials responsible not to the viceroy but to the directly to
the monarch
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25) Elizabeth Hardwick

 Elizabeth Hardwick's success in real estate illustrates that some women became rich
and powerful
 Orphan
26) Status of Women
 Literature on women and marriage called for a subservient wife, whose household was
her first priority, and a protective, firm ruling, and loyal husband.
 Subordinate status did not change.
27) Witch Hunt – causes (scapegoat)
 Religious reformers’ extreme notions of the devil’s powers and the insecurity created
by the religious wars contributed to the belief in witches
 Extreme religious thought and inability to explain everyday misfortunes led to a rise in
the belief in the evil power of witches.
 The thousands of people executed as witches represent society's drift toward social
and intellectual conformity.
 Witch hunting reflects widespread misogyny and a misunderstanding of women .
28) Slaves and sugar
 Black slavery originated with the end of white slavery (1453) and the widespread need
for labor, particularly in the new sugar producing settlements
 Beginning in 1518 Africans were brought to America to replace Indian slavery

29) Bartolome de las Casas

 Beginning in 1518 Africans were brought to America to replace Indian slavery;
 This was promoted by the missionary las Casas, who wished to protect Indians.
 African kings and dealers sold black slaves to European merchants; the first slaves
were brought to Brazil.
30) Racial Attitudes
 Literature depicted Africans as savages because of their eating habits, morals, clothing,
and social customs
 Barbarians because of their language and methods of war
 And as hethans because they were not Christian
 African women were considered sexually aggressive
 Settlers brought to the Americas the racial attitudes they had absorbed in Europe
from Christianity and Islam, which by and large depicted blacks as primitive and
inferior.
31) Michel de Montaigne
 Frenchmen
 Montaigne is the best representative of early modern skepticism and a forerunner of
modern attitudes.
 He rejected the claim that one culture may be superior to another, and he
inaugurated an era of doubt.
32) Skepticism
 Skeptics doubt whether definitive knowledge is ever attainable
33) Shakespeare
 Shakespeare's understanding of human psychology was rooted in his appreciation of
classical culture, individualism, and humanism.
 His tragedies--Hamlet,Othello, andMacbeth--explore human problems such as
ambition, sin, and revenge.
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34) King James Bible

 The Authorized Bible of King James I (King James Bible) is a masterpiece of English
vernacular writing.
 A group of puritans urged King James I to support a new translation of the Bible
 The king in turn assigned the task to a committee of scholars, who published their
efforts in 1611
 Divided into chapters and verses, the Authorized Version is actually a revision of the
earlier Bibles more than an original work.
35) Baroque
 In the late sixteenth century, the papacy and the Jesuits encouraged the growth of an
emotional, exuberant art intended to appeal to the senses and kindle the faith of
ordinary churchgoers.
 The term Baroque itself may have come from the Portuguese word for an “odd-
shaped, imperfect pearl”
 Baroque was commonly used in the late 18th century as an expression of scorn for
what they considered an over blown, unbalanced style
36) Peter Paul Rubens
 Baroque painter
 Rubens developed a sensuous, colorful style of painting characterized by animated
figures and monumental size.
37) Johan Sebastian Bach
 In music, the baroque style reached it accumulation almost a century later in the
dynamic, soaring lines of one of the greatest composers the Western world has ever
produced.
 Organist and choirmaster of several Lutheran churches across Germany
 Bach’s organ music combined the baroque spirit of invention, tension, and emotion in
an unforgettable way
38) P.526-527
 A letter writed about columbus’s first voyage
 Wrote about his travels and about the people he encountered