RESEARCH ARTICLE pp.

9423-9428(6)

Copyright © 2018 American Scientific Publishers Advanced Science Letters

All rights reserved Vol. 24, No. 12
Printed in the United States of America

The Resilience of Tengger People in Dealing with the

Mount Bromo Eruption
Case Study: Tengger People in Sukapura Sub-district

Turniningtyas Ayu Rachmawati1 and Dwi Rahmawati2

1Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2Master Student of Urban and Regional Planning, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Mount Bromo is an active volcano in Indonesia, whose eruption can last for months. The last year (2015) eruption lasted for
about 3 months. Sukapura Sub-district is the most severe affected in 2010 and 2015 eruptions. Mount Bromo and Tengger
people are inextricably linked in terms of both customs and spiritual relationships. This relationship has an effect on disaster
risk reduction (DRR). The level of disaster risk is influenced by community capacity and influences the resilience of affected
communities. In this study capacity is assessed using livelihood asset valuation. This paper aims to: 1) measure the capacity
of the Tengger people in facing the eruption of Mount Bromo; and 2) to analyze the effect of capacity on community resilience
in Sukapura sub-district after Mount Bromo eruption. The pentagon asset analysis is used to answer the first objective and
quantitative descriptive analysis that is used to explain the phenomenon of capacity relationships with resilience. The result
of pentagon asset analysis shows that the livelihood asset of Tengger people in Sukapura Sub-district is categorized as low but
the people have relatively high resilience. Religion, beliefs and customs of Tengger people that caused them to have high
resistance to the eruption of Mount Bromo in spite of its lengthy occurrence.

Keywords: Capasity, Llivelihood Asset, Recilience.

1. INTRODUCTION Tengger people, Mount Bromo is its holy mountain; they

Mount Bromo is one of five mountains located in the
Tengger Mountains, that is geographically located at 70 56 '30
"South Latitude and 1120 37' east longitude, and is
administratively straddling the district (kabupaten) of Malang,
Probolinggo, Lumajang and Pasuruan. Bromo Mountain is
one of the destinations for most people around the world.
Mount Bromo is an active volcano with a period of 4-5 years
of eruption, with a weak eruption type of phreatic or
magmatic type eruption stromboli [1].
Mount Bromo last eruption in 2015 lasted for about 3
months [1], which impact 12,562 people working in the
agricultural sector, crop failure due to volcanic ash and 473
people working in the tourism sector who suffered a loss of
up to 90% due to cessation of the tourism activities, with a
total loss reaching as high as 126 billion Rupiahs [2].
Sukapura Sub-district is divided into 12 villages, where 9
villages are predominantly Hindu Tengger people. For
1 *Email Address: t_tyas@ub.ac.id or rahma_dwi15@yahoo.com
respect and believe that their ancestors blend in Mount Bromo.
The Tengger people have a long history of learning the
eruption behavior of Mount Bromo, thus they are not worried
or afraid. This situation is regarded as the obstacle to
government in disseminating DRR, the people strongly
comply more the adat (traditional norms) chief than the
government in reacting with the phenomenon of Mount
Bromo eruption.
Volcanoes with phreatic eruption type may erupt for long
enough. These conditions require high capacity of the
community to achieve high resilience. The concept of
resilience is the ability of the system both technically and
ecologically to continue functioning or to remain 'resilient'
when a change occurs [3]. The changes referred to in this
research is when the eruption of Mount Bromo occurs.
It takes around 1 year for Sukapura Sub-district
community to fully recover from the impact of the eruption.
Resilience is strongly influenced by the capacity of the
community. The capacity of communities in facing disasters
Adv. Sci. Lett. 6, 9423–9428, 2018
is the ability of communities, organizations and systems to
deal with and manage such adverse conditions, emergencies
or disasters using existing skills and resources [4]. In this
study the capacity is assessed by the livelihood asset indicator
owned by the family in Sukapura Sub-district. This study
aims to: 1) measure the capacity in facing the eruption of
Mount Bromo and 2) to analyze the effect of capacity on
resilience of community.
2. LIVELIHOOD ASSET
Livelihood assets are the capabilities of a person in life
including the ownership of assets and activities to support his
life [5]. Livelihood assets are used in calculating capacity
because livelihood assets can reflect the community's
resilience measures by combining various assets owned [6],
in this case the assets are used to form community resilience
from the threat of eruption of Mount Bromo. The livelihood
asset variables consist of:
a. Natural Capital: a useful condition for livelihoods, that
can be viewed from the ease of access to water, the
benefits of forests and environmental services in the
vicinity of residence [7].
b. Financial Capital: poor family without financial capital
(savings, property, access to credit) can become poorer
when affected by a disaster. People with higher economic
levels will have lower financial losses than people with
low economic levels [8].
c. Social Capital: including trust, social norms,
participation and networks, that is a component that plays
an important role in disaster recovery. The higher
ownership of social capital will form a common action to
achieve common goals in the recovery of disaster impacts,
as well as to reduce conflicts during the recovery process
due to high levels of trust among people [9].
d. Human Capital: an investment in the form of knowledge
and skills or in the form of education, training and health
[7]. The higher the level of knowledge (in this case about
disaster) the greater the level of household capacity in
dealing with the threatening hazards.
e. Physical Capital: an asset that is owned by the household
and used to preserve life. Physical capital also interprets
the physical condition of a living environment capable of
realizing the security of a negative impact that threatens a
person.
3. METHOD
A. Areas of Study and Sampling
Sukapura Sub-district, Probolinggo District as the area to
study was chosen due to the following considerations: 1)
Disaster Prone Area (KRB) I, KRB II and KRB III eruption
of Mount Bromo (figure 1); and 2) the most severely affected
areas of the eruption of 2010 and 2015. The research analysis
unit is the head of household (KK). The number of families in
Sukapura Sub-district in 2017 is 5,919. The research was
conducted on the sample, the sample technique used was
random sampling, i.e. the entire population had the same
RESEARCH ARTICLE
chance of being sampled. The number of samples is
calculated using Isaac and Michael's formula (Equation 1).
The result of the sample count is 361 KK.
Figure 1. KRB of Mount Bromo
𝜆2 ×𝑁×𝑃×(1−𝑃)
𝑆= …(1)
(𝑑 2 ×(𝑁−1))+(𝜆2 ×𝑃×(1−𝑃))
S: Number of samples. N: Number of Heads of KK
λ: Value of chi-square table for one degree of freedom (dk)
Relative desired level of confidence λ ^ 2 = 3.841
confidence level 0.95
P: Population proportion, basic assumption of making table
(P = 0,5)
d: The degree of accuracy, reflected by a tolerable error, is
generally taken at a value of 0.05
3,841 × 5.919 × 0,5 × (1 − 0,5)
𝑆=
((0,05)2 × (5.919 − 1)) + (3,841 × 0,5 × (1 − 0,5))
3,841 × 5.919 × 0,5 × 0,5
𝑆=
(0,0025 × 5918) + (3,841 × 0,5 × 0,5)
5.683,48 5.683,48
𝑆= = = 360,75 ≈ 361 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛ts
14,79+0,96 15,75
B. Capacity Assessment Based on Livelihood Assets
a. Asset livelihood assessment is conducted to the families
spread in the villages in Sukapura Sub-district in the
following stages:
b. Calculating the average respondents’ answer.
c. Calculating the index of the average value of the answer
based on Equation 2 if the optimization direction (Table
1) is maximized (+), and Equation 3 if the optimization
direction is minimal (-).
d. Categorizing the index parameters based on Table 2.
e. Calculating the capital ownership by calculating the
average index of each capital parameter.
f. Categorizing each capital index based on Table 2.
g. Creating a pentagon (Figure 3) with a maximum radius of
1 (one) unit.
h. Calculating the area of pentagon (Equation 4). Maximum
area of the pentagon is 2.38 unit2 and the minimum area is
0 unit2. The area of the pentagon is the category of
community capacity measured based on Table 2.
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 RESEARCH ARTICLE pp. 9423-9428(6)

Table 1. Variables and Parameters of Capacity Assessment renting, restaurants, souvenir shops, etc. The survey results
Sub Parameters Code Direction of show that people working in the tourism sector are less than
Variable Optimization *
The benefits of Mount Bromo N1 + 10%, so it is not surprising that the community provides an
Natural
Capital
The benefits forest N2 + assessment of the usefulness of Mount Bromo with "quite
Access to clean water N3 +
Income F1 + useful" (N1 Table 3).
Savings F2 + Sukapura Sub-district has a forest with the area of 3948 ha
Financial Livestock F3 + or 39.10% of the total area. The community cannot utilize the
Capital Vehicles ownership F4 +
Area of fields F5 + forest maximally because the forest is under the management
Ease of getting business credit F6 + of Forestry Department. In some locations the community
Intensity of meeting of the society S1 +
Level of familiarity with the cooperates with Forestry Department to manage the forest by
Social S2 +
Capital
neighboring planting cover crops with a profit-sharing system, so it is not
Involvement in disaster
organization S3 + surprising that the community categorizes the benefits of
Knowledge of eruption signs H1 + forest as moderate (N2 table 3).
Knowledge of Disaster Prone Areas
Human of Mount Bromo eruption H2 + The need for clean water in Sukapura Sub-district is filled
Capital
Involvement in environmental H3 + from several springs spread throughout the villages. Most
conservation
Recovery process duration (month)
springs are found in the Kedasih village. In general, people
Physical
of the agricultural land after the P1 - categorize the easy access to clean water for daily use and
eruption of Mount Bromo access classification as high (N3 Table 3). The Tengger people
Capital
Distance to the health facilities (km) P2 +
Distance from house to a river (m) P3 - has a water management system: by cleaning and maintaining
* +: the higher the parameter value the better the asset ownership aspect, water resources, as well as through greening around the water
-: the higher the parameter value the worse the asset ownership source. Assessment of natural capital parameters (Table 3)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒−𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
shows the average index of natural capital ownership in
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
…(2) Sukapura Sub-district is medium.
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒−𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
…(3) Tabel.3. Assessment of Natural Capital Society
Variable Parameter average Max Min Index Category
N1 3,46 5 1 0,62 Medium
Natural
N2 3,23 5 1 0,56 Medium
Capital
N3 4,06 5 1 0,77 High
Average Index 0,65 Medium

B. Financial Capital

The majority of Sukapura Sub-district community work as

farmers and farm laborers with an average income of Rp.
Figure 2. Pentagon Asset 1,921,000 (F1) or above the regional minimum wage (UMR)
of Probolinggo District (Rp 1,879,220). The amount of
1 1 1
income affects people's saving ability (F2). The average
𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = ( 𝑎𝑏. sin 720 ) + ( 𝑏𝑐. sin 720 ) + ( 𝑐𝑑. sin 720 ) +
2 2 2 saving ability of people is Rp. 43,000 per month (F2 Table 4).
1 1
( 𝑑𝑒. sin 720 ) + ( 𝑒𝑎. sin 720 )
2 2
...(4) Like the village community in general, savings can take the
form of livestock. The cattle can be used as capital if they
Table 2. Classification of Index and Area of Pentagon want to start planting. When the eruption of Mount Bromo
Category Basis Value Category occurred, they sell their livestock to meet their daily needs.
0 s/d 0,33 Low
Index 0,331 s/d 0,67 Medium
Based on the number of livestock ownership, the ownership
0,671 s/d 1 High index of livestock is low (F4 Table 4).
0 s/d 0,79 Low Judging from the number of vehicle ownership, the people
Pentagon Area 0,79 s/d 1,59 Medium of Sukapura Sub-district on average have 1 motorcycle,
1,591 s/d 2,38 High
leaving only 47 respondents (15%) that have no vehicles.
Based on these data, vehicle ownership is categorized as
moderate (F4 Table 4). Vehicles are also a form of
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION savings/investment for people in rural areas. Ownership
document of motor vehicles can be used as a collateral when
A. Natural Capital making loan for a start-up capital or for other household
Mount Bromo is one of the flagship tourism icons in East purposes.
Java Province. The number of tourists traveling through People in Sukapura Sub-district demographically work in
Probolinggo District is estimated to reach 28,105-97,800 the agrarian sector, thus the agricultural land is their main
tourists annually [2]. The natural attractions of Mount Bromo capital. Based on the land ownership, the average community
are in the area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park has 0.96 ha of fields and the maximum ownership of the field
(TNBTS). Communities only play a role in providing is only 10 ha, so that the ownership can be classified as low
accommodation and other support activities such as horse (F5 Table 4). This condition indicates that farmland is
controlled by some farmers only, so it is not surprising that
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Adv. Sci. Lett. 6, 9423–9428, 2018 RESEARCH ARTICLE

the average income of the population is still low (F1Table 4). Table 5. Social Capital Community Assessment
Business loans in Sukapura Sub-district are supported by Variable Parameter Average
value Max Min Index Category
banks and cooperatives as well as revolving loans managed Social
S1 2,15 8 0 0,27 Low
S2 4 5 1 0,75 High
by representatives in each village. The low average income Capital S3 2,37 5 1 0,34 Medium
(f1) and savings (F2) causes access to formal financial Average Index 0,45 Medium
institutions not yet fully easy. Thus, obtaining business loan
is categorized as moderate (F6 Table 4). D. Human Capital

Table.4. Community Financial Capital Assessment Table 6 shows the human capital of Sukapura Sub-district
Variable Parameter average Max Min Index Category is categorized as moderate. As previously described, the
0,5 Tengger people has a long history of recogocnizing the signs
F1 1,921 jt 6 mil 0,26 Low
mil
F2 43 rb 1,5 mil 0 0,03 Low of the eruption of Mount Bromo. Environmental changes such
Financial as the diminishing number of eagles often disrupt the natural-
F3 0,24 1 0 0,24 Low
Capital
F4 0,38 1 0 0,38 Medium given signs of the eruption marked by the emergence of a
F5 0,96 ha 10 ha 0 ha 0,096 Low hawk to hunt for small birds injured by volcanic ash causes
F6 3,01 5 1 0,50 Medium
Average Index 0,25 Low these signs to be unreadable. This makes the people unable to
read the natural signs before the eruption, so knowledge of the
The assessment of ownership of Sukapura Sub-district signs of the eruption is categorized as medium (H1 Table 6).
financial capital through identification of F1-F6 indicates low The Tengger people in Sukapura Sub-district naturally
financial capital category. These conditions show that the understands "disaster prone areas" in the concept of post-
community will find it difficult to recover from the impact of disaster space in the form of delineation of areas affected by
the eruption of Mount Bromo, and take longer time for the the eruption of Mount Bromo from the most severe to the
possibility of continuous rehabilitation and renovation lightest, both in micro space (house) and in macro space
process [10]. (village and environment). Formalization of "disaster prone
areas" by government in the form of Disaster Management
Board. (KRB) map disseminated by the Disaster Management
C. Social Capital Board causes confusion to the community, that they do not
fully understand the classification of KRB, thus the
The social capital category of Sukapura Sub-district knowledge on disaster prone areas is medium (H2 Table 6).
community is categorized as moderate (Table 5). The The Tengger people is known as a devout adherent of
category of social capital ownership is the result of Hinduism. Hinduism teachings become the guidance of
identification of low intensity meetings (S1), the familiarity community in harmony with fellow, environment and the
level with neighbor is high (S2) and the involvement in creator. The application of customary law becomes the
disaster organization is categorized as medium (S3). controller of society in living. Environmental degradation in
Meetings were used to discuss village infrastructure TNBTS area caused by forest fires, forest encroachment,
improvement activities, discussions on eruption mitigation changes in cropping pattern related to market demand, etc
and various religious or customary events including the occurs due to the disintegration of customs that have been
celebration of Mount Bromo. The meeting is held only in prevailing in Tengger peoplr. This causes community
urgent situation or when close to the ceremonial events only, involvement in environmental conservation categorized as
while the routine meetings are only among the organization medium (H3 Table 6)
members and the village government officials, thus the
intensity of meetings of the citizens (S1) is categorized low. Table.6. Human Capital Community Assessment
The high level of intimacy that grew up among the Rata-
Variable Parameter Max Min Index Category
Rata
Tengger people is manifested in mutual help in community H1 2,77 5 1 0,44 Medium
house renovation, cleaning villages, as well as Tengger people Human
H2 3,39 5 1 0,60 Medium
Capital
customs or folk tribal celebrations. The condition has been H3 2,91 5 2 0,48 Medium
established among residents and still done to date. Therefore, Average Index 0,51 Medium
it is natural that the level of familiarity among citizens (S2) is
high. E. Phisical Capital
The Tengger people are concerned with the DRR activities
of Mount Bromo eruption. The community is gathered in a The study of physical capital of Sukapura Sub-district is
group of non-formal organizations called "Bromo Lovers" based on the ability of land to recover from the eruption of
whose main activities is to discuss the preparations and Mount Bromo (P1), distance to health facility (P2) and
disaster management efforts when the eruption took place. distance of community to river (P3). Based on parameters P1,
Members of the majority are village government officials, P2 and P3, the physical capital of the people in Kecamatan
PKK administrators and caretaker officials, while the general Sukapura is in the medium category (Table 7).
public who join are those who have business in the tourism Volcanic material volcanic eruptions can fertilize the land,
sector. Therefore, community involvement in disaster however, after going through the process of weathering. The
organization (S3) is low. average duration needed for the land post-eruption in
Sukapura Sub-district to be able to be cultivated is between
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 RESEARCH ARTICLE
4.9 and 12 months thus categorized as medium (P1 Table 7).
The longer time the farming area/field until it can be
productive after the eruption of volcano the more it affects the
resilience of the community. The longer to recover the lower
the resilience of the community because they do not get the
income as it was before the eruption.
Sukapura Sub-district has facilities and health
infrastructure in the form of public health center, local
polyclinic and hospital. Distance to access the health facility
is an average of 0.9 km and, the farthest is 3 km. In addition,
there are mobile health services so that people do not need to
go to health facilities, making that conditions cause high
access to health care services (P2 Table 7).
The rivers in Sukapura sub-district mostly are filled with
water during the rainy season and dry during the dry season.
The rivers become lava containers during eruptions.
Frequently the settlements and agricultural land are affected
by cold lava flows. The average community living near the
river with the closest distance of 1 meter and the average of
as far as 144.44 m, thus there is a chance to be potentially
impacted by cold lava flows in rainy season. This condition
causes the low security of Sukapura sub-district regarding the
distance of the house to the river (P2 Table 7).
Table.7. Physical Capital Assessment Society
Variable Parameter Average Max Min Index
P1 4,97 12 0 0,59
Physical
P2 0,99 3 0 0,67
Capital
P3 144,44 600 1 0,24
Average Index 0,50
F. Capacity
The result of component capacity identification
becomes the basis for determining pentagon asset analysis
(Figure 3). The capacity-forming index becomes the input of
each pentagon angle. The maximum index used is 1. The
highest index is natural capital (0.65 units), while the lowest
index is the financial capital (0.25 units). This shows that
Sukapura Sub-sistrict has natural resource advantages that
can be utilized by the community to fulfill daily needs, while
in the financial aspect the community finds it difficult to get
higher income and access to financial institution for capital.
Natural Capital
1,00
0,80
0,60
Physical Capital 0,40
Financial Capital
0,20
0,00
Human Capital Social Capital
Figure 3. Pentagon Asset of Sukapura Sub-district
Based on the calculation, the area of the pentagon is 0.51 units
or equivalent to 21.6% of the maximum area of the pentagon.
The capacity level based on its extent according to Table 2 is
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pp. 9423-9428(6)
low in category, thus the resistance and the ability to recover
against the negative impact of Mount Bromo eruption are low.
Figure 4 is a recapitulation result of a questionnaire showing
people that are able to survive the eruption of Mount Bromo
without help at least 5 days and a maximum of 1 year, while
the average can last up to 204 days or equivalent to 7 to 8
months. Table 8 shows the ability of the community to survive
without assistance is high. This indicates that even though the
community capacity is low, the ability of the people in
Sukapura sub-district towards disaster is high.
The people generally consider the eruption of Mount Bromo
as a natural process not a disaster. Disaster is a consequence
that must be interpreted as part of the natural process. Mount
Bromo eruption is a blessing to be grateful and welcomed
with prayers or offerings as a form of gratitude. This can be
seen in the eruption of Mount Bromo in 2010 and 2015 where
none in Sukapura sub-district evacuates. It shows that the
capacities are often rooted in the resources, indigenous skills
and technologies and solidarity networks [11].
The Sukapura Sb-districts are able to survive for a long
time due to the relatively higher ownership of natural capital
compared to other capital ownership, the establishment of
familiarity among neighbors, and high level of access to
health facilities. Although the land is damaged by volcanic
material from Mount Bromo, the recovery process needed is
Category quite short and the condition of the land is even more fertile
Medium after the eruption occurred. When the eruption progresses,
High
Low
there is no disruption of access to clean water because the
Medium community can still get clean water for domestic purposes.
The familiarity of neighbors contributes to social, economic
and political conditions [12], where during the eruption and
the recovery process, the commotion is not the case in
Sukapura sub-district. Such familiarity has a positive impact
such as the environmental cleaning process from the ash done
jointly by the community and help each other renovate any
damaged infrastructure or house, especially on the roof.
Table.8. Classification of Community Against Mount
Bromo Eruption
Time Needed to Recover from the Mount
Category
Bromo Eruption
5-125 days Low
126-245 days Medium
246-365 days High
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on Pentagon Asset analysis with livelihood asset
variables embodying the ownership of natural capital,
physical capital, financial capital, human capital and social
capital, Tengger people in Sukapura Sub-district is
categorized to have low capacity, yet the resistance to Mount
Bromo eruption is high. It shows that low capacity does not
necessarily cause the low resilience of the community to the
disaster because there are other aspects that are owned and
optimized to face the emergency situation, where in this
research natural capital becomes the main capital for Tengger
people in Sukapura Sub-district.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Adv. Sci. Lett. 6, 9423–9428, 2018
This work was supported by Kemeristekdikti through the
applied superior research fund of higher education 2017.
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