Asymptotic Techniques For Transient Analysis: June 2014

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Asymptotic Techniques for Transient Analysis
Chapter · June 2014

DOI: 10.1007/9781461443827
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Chapter 10
Asymptotic Techniques for Transient Analysis
Nan-Wei Chen and Hsi-Tseng Chou
10.1 Introduction
This chapter presents asymptotic techniques for the analysis of transient scattering
and radiation from electrically large, perfectly conducting bodies. In contrast to
the full-wave analysis, the aim of the presented technique is to solve transient
problems with short-pulse excitation in a more efficient manner. In the past, great
efforts have been made on finding high-frequency solutions pertinent to scattering
from aircrafts and spacecrafts under short-pulse excitation, to radiation from the
antennas of short pulse radars, as well as to problems of mutual coupling in complex
electromagnetic radiating systems. It has been demonstrated that the resulting
analytical/asympotic solutions appears to be the key knowledge for development
of advanced radiating/scattering systems, such as the short pulse radars and their
associated antennas for remote sensing and target identification. Theoretically, the
widely used Keller’s geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) [1, 2] along with
its extended version, viz. uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) [3],
has been exploited for the analysis of this type of problems in the frequency
domain (FD) [4–16], as well as in the time domain (TD) [16–27]. It is shown
that the TD solutions of the transient problems can be easily obtained through a
conversion of their corresponding FD solutions via the fast Fourier transform (FFT)
technique. On the other hand, solving transient problems in TD appears to be a
straightforward and more efficient appraoch. Also, more physical insight associated
with the transient wave phenomena can be gained with the ray solutions from TD
asympyotic techniques.
Exact analytical solutions derived with TD asympyotic techniques are available
for very few configurations. For pulse-excited complex objects, only approximate
analytical transient response is available with the TD-UTD technique, and the TD
N.-W. Chen () • H.-T. Chou

Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Zhongli, Taiwan
e-mail: nwchen@saturn.yzu.edu.tw; hchou@saturn.yzu.edu.tw
R. Mittra (ed.), Computational Electromagnetics: Recent Advances and Engineering 339

Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4382-7 10,
© Springer ScienceCBusiness Media New York 2014
340 N.-W. Chen and H.-T. Chou
ray solutions can be obtained by an analytical Fourier inversion of their FD-UTD

versions. The resulting TD-UTD solutions have the identical ray paths as is in the
FD, and each incident, reflected, or diffracted ray corresponds to its progressing
wave in space-time. Since the FD solutions are obtained with high frequency
approximations, the resulting TD asympotic solutions correspond to the wave
phenomenon in “early to intermediate times.” As for the analyzed configurations,
the canonical geometries such as a straight wedge have been extensively investigated
in the past. Specifically, the conical flow method has been used by Keller and Blank
[28] for the analysis of the diffraction and reflection from perfectly conducting
wedges excited by plane wave pulses, and corresponding acoustic wedge diffraction
has been presented by Friedlander [29]. Felsen presented the scattering from a
straight wedge illuminated with different types of excitation. In addition, the spectral
theory of transients (STT) was employed for the diffraction analysis of the pulse-
excited straight wedge by Ianconescu and Heyman [19].
On the other hand, there have been many investigations on both acoustic
and electromagnetic scattering and radiation from pulse-excited convex objects.
Friedlander presented acoustic scattering by a pulse-excited, smooth convex object
[29]. The solutions corresponding to the “early time” phenomenon pertinent to the
diffraction from a circular cylinder were obtained via the inverse Laplace transform
of the corresponding FD results. This early time asymptotic solutions are essentially
a summation of TD creeping wave or surface ray modes, which appears to be useful
for the analysis on “deep shadow” observers or backscatter configurations. Note
that the terms creeping waves or surface rays are used in the UTD to describe
the same phenomenon, and these terms are thus sometimes used interchangeably.
Unfortunately, these ray solutions preclude the field evaluation for the observers
located in the vicinity of the surface shadow boundary (SSB). In [30], Weston
studied the electromagnetic backscattering from a perfectly conducting sphere
illuminated by a plane wave with modulated square pulse temporal waveform, and
he found a power series approximation for early-time solutions from the inverse
Laplace transform of the Luneberg-Kline expansion. Also, he adopted creeping
waves to represent the solutions associated with electrically large spheres. Similarly,
Friedlander investigated the problem of acoustic scattering from a sphere. He found
an explicit early-time expression for the sphere in the case when the observer is
located at the axial caustic in the shadow region. Wait and Conda discussed the
diffraction of electromagnetic pulses from curved surfaces [31]. In [31], the induced
early-to-intermediate electric currents on the cylindrical surface are approximated
in terms of an Airy integral. In [32], Heyman and Felsen presented FD solutions
for the currents on a circular cylinder (or a smooth surface in general) when the
excitation is located on the cylindrical surface; the solutions are represented with
a low-frequency eigenfunction together with a high-frequency creeping wave. The
corresponding TD solutions are described in [33]. Additional work on the analysis
of transient scattering by a circular cylinder was reported in [34–40]. An early time
solution for the currents on a circular cylinder when it is excited by a line current
has been given in [41]; it is analogous to that in [13, 14]. Also [42] has presented the
transient scattering by a circular cylinder when it is excited by magnetic line source
10 Asymptotic Techniques for Transient Analysis 341
and when the source and observation points are on the cylinder. They have obtained
their solution by using an efficient numerical evaluation of a contour integral which
approximates the exact contour integral solution.
The chapter is organized as follows. Section 10.2 presents the TD-UTD solutions
for scattering from smooth curved surfaces, which are obtained with the so-called
“one-sided” inverse Fourier transform of solutions of their FD counterparts. Also,
the efficient computation of the special functions contained in this TD-UTD together
with some special limiting cases of interest of this TD-UTD solution is described.
Following the TD-UTD for canonical geometries, Sect. 10.3 describes the TD-UTD
built for evaluating the transient radiation and surface fields of elemental pulsed
antennas placed directly on a smooth perfectly conducting, arbitrary convex surface.
In particular, the TD-UTD solutions of the elemental antenna on a convex surface
excited by a step pulse as well as a pulse of a general waveform are outlined.
Finally, Sect. 10.4 presents an analytical and closed-form solution pertinent to the
fast analysis of transient scattering from a finite and perfectly conducting ellipsoidal
surface illuminated by a transient plane wave of step-function time dependence ob-
tained using the TD physical optics (TD-PO) technique. The investigated ellipsoidal
shapes are applicable to resemble a variety of realistic surfaces associated with the
modeling of a realistic scattering object such as an aircraft in an effective fashion.
Also, physical appealing interpretation of wave phenomena in terms of reflection
and diffraction mechanisms inherited in the solution is provided.
10.2 TD-UTD
The TD-UTD has been developed over the last 25 years and its application to
real world radiation and scattering problems [43–47] have been developed. In this
section, the development of the TD solutions to electromagnetic scattering from
curved surfaces with the UTD asymptotic technique is presented. The asymptotic
solutions relate the total field to a summation of the fields of all the dominant
rays. The TD-UTD ray fields are evaluated through the so-called “one-sided”
inverse Fourier transform of their corresponding FD solutions. Since the asymptotic
approximation is imposed in the FD derivation, the corresponding TD solutions
could be most accurate for early to intermediate times. In what follows, the one-
sided inverse Fourier transform will be first outlined in Sect. 10.2.1. Section 10.2.2
will then describe the development of the TD-UTD solutions to the scattering
from curved surfaces. Finally, the numerical examples for validation the developed
technique will be presented in Sect. 10.2.3.
10.2.1 One-Side Inverse Fourier Transform
This subsection outlines the one-sided inverse Fourier transform employed for
obtaining an analytical time function associated with the transient analysis presented
herein. As shown in (10.1a) and (10.1b), the one-sided Fourier transform pair
between an analytic function f C .t/ and its realistic FD solution F .!/ solution are:
Z 1
1
f C .t/ D A! ŒF .! F .!/e j!t d!; ImŒt > ˛; (10.1a)
0
Z 1Cj"
1
F .!/ D f C .t/e j!t dt for " > ˛ and ! > 0 (10.1b)
2 1Cj"
where t is complex and f C .t/ is analytic in the upper half of the t-plane defined
by ImŒt > ˛ (i.e., jF .!/j C e ˛! as ! ! 1) and ˛ 0 for any F .!/. Also, it
is assumed that jF .!/j C j!jb when ! ! 0 where C and b > 1 are constants.
It is easy to show that the convolution property for the one-sided inverse Fourier
transform is given by
1 C
F .!/G.!/ , f .t/ g C .t/ (10.2)
2
where gC .t/ D A! ŒG.!/ has properties similar to f C .t/. When f C .t/ is

evaluated for real time (ImŒt D 0), the real and imaginary parts of f C .t/ are
related by the Hilbert transform as
f C .t/ D f .t/ C jHŒf .t/I ImŒt D 0 (10.3)
Here, f .t/ is the inverse Fourier transform of F .!/ with an assumption that
F .!/ D F .!/, and H Œf .t/ is the Hilbert transform of f .t/. In other words, the
real time signal f .t/ can be recovered from the analytic function by letting t be real
(ImŒt D 0) and taking the real part of f C .t/. The above-mentioned manipulation
for f .t/ is termed analytical time transform (ATT). Detailed description regarding
the properties of the one-sided inverse Fourier transform can be found in [21, 22,
48, 49], and will not be repeated here.
10.2.2 Scattering from Perfectly Conducting Curved Surfaces
10.2.2.1 Formulation
In this subsection, the analysis on the transient scattering from perfectly conducting
smooth convex surfaces using the TD-UTD asympotoic technique is detailed.
Consider a smooth convex surface illuminated by a time impulsive astigmatic ray
optical incident field depicted in Fig. 10.1. The TD-UTD ray fields in the lit and
shadow regions can be written as
Fig. 10.1 Geometry for the scattering by a smooth convex perfectly conducting surface where the
source and observer are off the surface
( iC grC
UTDC E l .PL I t/ C E l .PL I t/ P D PL in lit region
El .P I t/ D dC (10.4)
E l .PS I t/ P D PS in shadow
where the surface diffracted field EN d C .PS I t/ may also appear in the lit region when
the surface is closed, and one includes multiple surface ray encirclements around the
surface. The incident field EN i .PL I t/ is the usual geometrical optics (GO) incident
field which exists in the lit region, which can also be obtained from its corresponding
FD solution with the one-sided inverse Fourier transform.
The incident ray is written as
EN iIC .PL I t/ D EN 0i Ai .s i /ı C .t s i =c/ (10.5)
with EN 0i being the initial vector field value which is a constant with respect to
time (or frequency) and contains the polarization information of the incident field.
Note that the field in (10.5) travels to the observer along a straight line of length
s i measured from the initial or reference point at s i D 0 on the ray where EN 0i
is defined. The reflected field EN I .PL I t/ is a generalized reflected field which
grC
reduces to the usual GO reflected field in the deep lit region. The field in (10.4) is
continuous as PL approaches SSB from the lit side where it exactly equals the field
as PS approaches this SSB from the shadow side. In particular, EN I .PL I t/ and
grC
EN I .PS I t/ in (10.4) can be expressed in terms of generalized reflection coefficients

d C
and surface diffraction coefficients, respectively by

h i
EN I .PL I t/ EN iIC .QR I / RsC .R /eO? eO? C RhC .R /eOjji eOjjr Ar .s r / (10.6)
grC
and
h i
EN dI C .PS I t/ EN iIC .Q1 I / DsC .D /bO1 bO2 C DhC .D /nO 1 nO 2 Ad .s d / (10.7)
where EN iIC .QR I t/ and EN iIC .Q1 I t/ are the incident fields at the point of reflection,
QR , and attached point, Q1 , respectively as shown in Fig. 10.1. Also in (10.6) and
(10.7), spreading factors Ar;d for the reflected and diffracted rays are given by
s
1r 2r
Ar .s / D
r
(10.8a)
.1r C s r /.2r C s r /
r
s
Ad .s d / D (10.8b)
s d .sC sd /
r
where 1;2 are the reflected ray caustic distances, s r is the distance from the
reflection point QR to the observer at PL , s is the caustic distance of the diffracted
ray and s d is measured from the point of diffraction at Q2 to the observer at PS .
The unit vectors, eO? and eOjji;r , in (10.6) are defined as usual for perpendicular and
parallel polarization cases at the point of reflection, QR [50, 51]. For example, eO?
points into the paper for both the incident and reflected rays, while eOki D eO? sOi and
likewise eOkr D eO? sOr , in which sOi and sO r point in the direction of the incident and
reflected rays, respectively. In (10.7), the unit vectors nO 1 and nO 2 are normal to the
surface at points Q1 and Q2 , respectively. The unit tangent vectors tO1 and tO2 point in
the direction in which the “surface ray” is moving at points Q1 and Q2 , respectively
as in Fig. 10.2. The binormal vectors bO1;2 D tO1;2 nO 1;2 to the surface ray are also
shown in Fig. 10.2. Also D t s r =c and t s i =c (with si being the distance
from the source to Q1 here) in (10.6) and (10.7), where c is the speed of light in
free space, and R;D will be defined later below (10.9) and (10.14), respectively. In
C
(10.6), the generalized reflection coefficients, Rs;h , can be written as
r ( )
C 4 e j=4 PC
Rs;h .R / D p p C Fs;h .„L ; R / (10.9)
„L 2„L . jt C j x L /
3
where R D t .„L / =12. In (10.9), the first term in the bracket is associated
withpthe ATT R of the well known FD-TDU edge diffraction transition function
1 j 1 j 2
(2j e N e
v d ) previously discussed in [48, 49], and the special func-
tion is

PC 1 Q
Fs;h .„; t/ D ATT 1=3
P s;h .! „/ (10.10)
! 1=6
Fig. 10.2 Ray vectors for surface diffraction
where PQs;h .x/ is the FD Fock type function [50, 51]. The efficient computation of
(10.10) is described in Sect. 10.2.2.2. Also, the parameters are defined exactly as in
the FD based UTD solution [50, 51] by
1=3
g .:/
M.:/ D (10.11)
2c
„L D 2M.QR / cos i (10.12)
L
x L D 2 cos2 i (10.13)
c
where g .QR / is the radius of curvature of the surface at QR in the plane of

incidence, and i is the angle between the surface normal vector and incident ray
direction at QR both of which directions define the plane of incidence. On the other
C
hand, the surface diffraction coefficients, Ds;h , can be written as
( )
C
p e j=4 PC
Ds;h .D / D 2cM.Q1 /M.Q2 / p p C Fs;h .„; D /
s 2„. jt C j x d /
d .Q1 /

d .Q2 /
(10.14)
p
where d .Q1 /=d .Q2 / is the spreading factor for the ray propagation along the
convex surface, and where D D t `=c. Also,
Z Q2
M.`0 / 0
„D d` (10.15)
Q1 g .`0 /
L„2
xd D (10.16)
2cM.Q1 /M.Q2 /
Z Q2
`D d `0 (10.17)
Q1
The ray path, `, from Q1 to Q2 on the surface is a geodesic where the path length
is a minimum. The g .`0 / is the radius of curvature of the surface at `0 and in the
tO direction on the geodesic path. The distance parameter, L, in (10.13) and (10.16)
can be in general different for the lit and shadow regions, but it is convenient and
at the same time accurate to approximate L by its value at the shadow boundary
(SSB), and for the reasons given in [51], as
1i .Q1 /2i .Q1 / s.bi .Q1 / C s/

LD (10.18)
.1i .Q1 / C s/.2i .Q1 / C s/ bi .Q1 /
i
where 1;2 .Q1 / are the principle radii of curvature of the incident ray field at Q1 and
b .Q1 / is the radius of curvature of the incident ray field in the bO1 direction at Q1 .
i
C PC
10.2.2.2 Computation on Fcw .’; t/ and Fs;h .„; t/
This subsection describes efficient avenues for the computation of the TD creeping
C PC
wave function, Fcw .˛; t/, as well as the special function Fs;h .„; t/. The computa-
C
tion of Fcw .˛; t/ is detailed first in Sect. 10.2.2.2.1 and exploited for the computation
PC
on Fs;h .„; t/ presented in Sect. 10.2.2.2.2.
C
The TD Creeping Wave Function Fcw .˛; t/
C
Fcw .˛; t/ is defined as
Z 1
1
.j!/1=6 e ˛.j!/ e j!t d!
1=3
C
Fcw .˛; t/ D (10.19)
0
where ˛ (˛ 0) is a real constant and Im.t/ 0. As demonstrated later, the efficient

computation of (10.19) is highly related to t=˛ 3 , and the corresponding evaluation
is addressed at three different cases, i.e., jtj << ˛ 3 , jtj >> ˛ 3 , and otherwise.
(i) Case jtj << ˛ 3 :
In this case, an early time power series representation of (10.19) can be obtained
by substituting
1 n
X t
e j!t D .j!/n (10.20)
nD0
nŠ
into (10.19) and perform the integration term by term to result in

1
C 3j X
.5=2 C 3n/ t n
Fcw .˛; t/ : (10.21)
˛ 5=2 nD0 nŠ ˛3
C
The series converges when jtj << ˛ 3 =27 and gives ReŒFcw .˛; t/ D 0 for
jt=˛ 3 j ! 0. Typically, the first three terms of (10.21) are sufficient for the
computation when jtj < 0:021.˛ 3 =40/.
(ii) Case jtj >> ˛ 3 :
In this case, a late time (or large jt=˛ 3 j) series representation can be derived by
substituting
1
X
1=3 .˛/n
e ˛.j!/ D .j!/n=3 (10.22)
nD0
nŠ
into (10.19) and obtain

1
C e j=12 X
.5=6 C n=3/e j n=6 .˛/n
Fcw .˛; t/ (10.23)
.jt/5=6 nD0 nŠ .jt/n=3
which from a practical stand point has good convergence for jtj > ˛ 3 . When jtj >
15˛ 3 , the first three terms are sufficient.
(iii) Case 15˛ 3 > jtj > 0:021.˛ 3 =40/:
C
Because the peak of ReŒFcw .˛; t/ occurs very close to t D ˛ 3 =27, which will be
observed in the numerical results of Fig. 10.5, (10.21) and (10.23) are not applicable
in the vicinity of this point. An efficient numerical algorithm is developed for the
intermediate values of t=˛ 3 . It starts with a “change of variables” in (10.19) to
result in a new integrand consisting of a slowly varying factor and a rapidly varying
exponential factor so that the slowly varying factor can be approximated by a series
of functions and then the integration can be performed in closed form. Thus consider
a change of variable by
ˇ ˇ1=2
3t 1=2 ˇ 3t ˇ
y D .j!/1=3 . / D ! 1=3 ˇˇ ˇˇ e j.=6C't =2/ (10.24)
˛ ˛
Fig. 10.3 The integration contour in the complex y plane. The shaded regions are valleys where
the integral in (10.25) is convergent. The ' in this figure is the phase angle of the complex time
variable y D jyje j'
where t D jtje j 't and 0 't , (10.19) becomes

Z
C 3j 5=2 1 3
Fcw .˛; t/ D y 3=2
exp y C y dy (10.25)
˛ 5=2 Cy 3
1=2
where D ˛ 3 =3t and Cy is the integration contour along Œ0; 1 exp.j=6 C
j 't =2/ as shown in Fig. 10.3, which lies in the valley and resulting in a decaying
integrand. To further accelerate the decaying speed, the integrating contour is shifted
to Œ0; 1 exp.j=3 C j 't =6/ and the integrand of (10.25) will decay exponentially
in the valley as jtj ! 1. For convenience of computation, one maps the integration
variable onto a real axis by x D y exp.j=3 j 't =6/ and makes (10.19) become
5
C 3j jj5=2 e j 6 .'t / C
Fcw .˛; t/ D I .t/ (10.26)
˛ 5=2
where
Z 1
C 1 3
I .t/ D x 3=2
exp jj Ax C x dx (10.27)
0 3
with A D expŒj. 't /=3. Notice that ReŒA 0 for ImŒt 0. To evaluate
(10.27) efficiently, it is broken into two integrals
I C .t/ D I1C .t/ C I2C .t/ (10.28)

Fig. 10.4 The slowly varying function, g.u/, in the integrand of I1C .t / in (10.30), with B D 2:7
where I1C .t/ and I2C .t/ are obtained by the integration of (10.27) along Œ0 xs and
Œxs 1, respectively. xs is selected so that I2C .t/ is a small correction to obtain
(10.27) and can be approximated by using the first term from the integration by
parts procedure:
3=2
xs expŒ 13 jjxs3 jjAxs
I2C .t/ (10.29)
jj.xs2 C A/
Also it is interesting to see that if xs D B.1:5=jj/1=3 and one considers a change

of variable u D x=xs , then the slowly varying factor in the integrand I1C .t/ is
independent of t and ˛ where B is a constant to justify the validity of (10.29).
Numerical study indicates that in general B D 2:7 is sufficient. With this variable
change,
Z 1
1
I1C .t/ xs5=2 u3=2 e 2 B e jjAxs u d u
3 u3
(10.30)
0
1
where the integrand g.u/ D u3=2 e 2 B u is independent of t and ˛, and is slowly
3 3
varying as shown in Fig. 10.4. It can be represented by a global series expansion

defined on u 2 Œ0; 1, i.e.
X
M
g.u/ gm e bm u (10.31)
mD1
where the parameters fgm gM M

mD0 and fbm gmD0 can be obtained by using the extended
Prony method (see p. 623 in [52], or p. 225 in [53]). Table 10.1 lists the values
of parameters fbm gM M
mD0 and fgm gmD0 , respectively when M D 10 and (10.31) is
sampled 100 times, where the relative error in computing g.u/ can be as low as
3 109 . Substituting (10.31) into (10.30) gives
X
M
1 exp.bm jjAxs /
I2C .t/ D xs5=2 gm (10.32)
mD1
bm C jjAxs
C
The behaviors of Fcw .˛; t/ are shows in Fig. 10.5 with ˛ D 1, where the
algorithm developed here was employed in the computation. However, agreement
with the results obtained by a direct numerical integration has been achieved in our
numerical experimentation. It shows that when it is plotted on a large time scale as
shown in the Fig. 10.5, it appears to be very sharp and almost singular in nature near
C
t D 0. However, when one “zooms in” on the plot of Fcw .˛; t/ as also shown in
the figure, the function is seen to be smooth and continuous. In fact, the real part of
C
Fcw .˛; t/ is infinitely smooth at t ! 0 since all of its time derivatives go to zero.
Also the peak values occur near t D ˛ 3 =27.
P
The Special Function Fs;h .„; t/
P
The computation of the special function Fs;h .„; t/ in (10.9) is performed with
respect to the sign of Pekeris’s caret function’s parameter, „, which corresponds to
an observer located in the shadow and lit regions for „ > 0 and „ < 0, respectively
in the present application.
(i) Shadow region („ > 0)
When the observer is deep within the shadow region (or when !„3 ! 1), the
FD function in (10.9) may be written as a series of creeping wave modes
8
1 P
Ns
ˆ
ˆ expŒ.j!/1=3 „qn
< p
1
1 e 2ŒAi 0 .qn /2 .j!/1=6
P nD1
(10.33)
ˆ 1 P
s;h Nh
! 1=6 expŒ.j!/1=3 „qNn
:̂ p 1
2
2qNn ŒAi.qNn / 1=6
.j!/
nD1
where qn is the nt h zero of the Airy function, Ai.qn / D 0, and qNn is the nt h zero
of the derivative of the Airy function, Ai 0 .qNn / D 0. Also,
8
1 P
Ns
ˆ
ˆ
C .„q ;t /
Fcw
< p
n
2ŒAi 0 .qn /2
PC
Fs;h .„; t/ nD1
; (10.34)
ˆ 1 P Nh
FcwC .„*q ;t /
:̂ p n
2qNn ŒAi.qNn /2
nD1
Table 10.1 The exponential factors and coefficients for the approximation of the g.u/
m Re(bm ) Im(bm ) Re(gm ) Im(gm )
1 2.492857990298293eC00 1.838078138920067eC01 1.309449928924531e03 4.143903979100756e04
2 2.492857990298293eC00 C1.838078138920067eC01 1.309449928924775e03 C4.143903979100027e04
3 3.699029046816519eC00 1.178361372269887eC01 3.377694133016045e02 C1.639435160611527e02
4 3.699029046816519eC00 C1.178361372269887eC01 3.377694133016031e02 1.639435160611565e02
10 Asymptotic Techniques for Transient Analysis
5 4.522095825495970eC00 0 3.798712810824805e01 C5.480557524830053e16

6 4.368725008737067eC00 –5.860005489119182eC00 2.228939771564507e01 4.408366701346665e02
7 4.368725008737067eC00 C5.860005489119182eC00 2.228939771564497e01 C4.408366701346653e02
8 6.547833511389427eC01 0 6.785853728064312e04 1.098566438683437e15
9 1.501055435645317eC02 0 2.525319404875919e04 C1.430649359954744e15
10 3.732424459349517eC02 0 5.057254010578827e05 5.842608514406963e16
351
Fig. 10.5 The TD creeping

C
wave function Fcw .˛; t /
when ˛ D 1. The “zoom in”
plots are also shown in the
figures
C
where the creeping wave function, Fcw .˛; t/, is defined in (10.19) with its compu-
tational algorithm developed in the Section 10.2.2.2.1. This creeping wave mode
series of (10.33) is asymptotically valid as !„3 ! 1, and thus makes (10.34)
valid as jt=„3 j ! 0 which also corresponds to an early time response. Numerical
experimentation shows that the hard case of (10.34) may converge very quickly with
Nh D 20 sufficient for practical applications. On the other hand, in the soft case
even with Ns D 50, (10.34) is not sufficiently accurate for large jt=„3 j values. An
estimate for the summation of remaining creeping wave modes (i.e., from 51t h on
to infinite) is developed in the following. It starts with asymptotic approximations
of the Airy functions for large orders [53] by
2=3
3.4n 1/
qn I (10.35a)
8

.1/n1 3.4n 1/ 1=6
Ai 0 .qn / p (10.35b)
8
which is accurate to six significant figures when n 51. When jt=„3 j < 1 and
C
n 51, Fcw .˛; t/ in (10.21) can be approximated by the leading term. Thus if
one defines SN as the summation of the remaining creeping wave modes, it can
approximated by
1
1 3j
.5=2/ 8 2 X 1
SN p (10.36)
2„ 5=2 3 nDN .4n 1/2
Using the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula in [54] to approximate the infinite

P
1
summation in (10.36) will gives 1
.4n1/2
1:243740103 for N D 51, which
nD51
in turn makes (10.36) become

1 j1:786878 103
SN p for N D 51 (10.37)
„5=2
For observation locations near the shadow boundary (or if we let !„3 ! 0), one
may employ a power series representation. This is achieved by first using
1 Q e p;q .„; !/ p1 p1
Ps;h .! 1=3 „/ D F (10.38)
! 1=6 2 „ j!
where
j=6
e p;q .„; !/ D e p .! 1=3 „/
F (10.39)
.j!/1=6 q .! 1=3 „/
By using the work in Logan [55], (10.39) can be represented by the following
power series
X1
e p;q .„; !/ D 1 n
F „n .j!/.n=31=6/ (10.40)
nŠ n
nD0
where the first 50 terms of .n ; n / are shown in Table 10.2. The late time expansion
corresponding to (10.38) can be addressed as
PC C e j=4
Fs;h .„; t/ D Fpq .„; t/ (10.41)
2 „.jt/1=2
where
1
C e j=12 X n
.n=3 C 5=6/e j n=6 „n
Fp;q .„; t/ D (10.42)
.jt/5=6 nD0 n nŠ .jt/n=3
Table 10.2 Coefficients of the power series expansion of the Pekeris function p .x/
and q .x/
n n n n n n
0 3.54064e-01 3.07177e01 25 1.16876eC11 1.19558eC11
1 1.50139e-01 2.63755e01 26 0 0
2 1.91020e-02 4.02720e02 27 3.62274eC12 3.69876eC11
3 2.07797e-01 2.52283e01 28 2.09315eC13 2.13544eC13
4 3.04017e-01 4.17454e01 29 0 0
5 1.68300e-02 3.34820e02 30 7.49321eC14 3.87390eC14
6 1.16557eC00 1.37979e00 31 4.63552eC15 4.71980eC15
7 2.61483eC00 3.13568eC00 32 0 0
8 5.03520e-02 8.66800e02 33 1.88985eC17 1.69216eC17
9 1.77043eC01 1.99933eC01 34 1.24387eC18 1.26448eC18
10 5.10111eC01 5.73522eC01 35 0 0
11 3.12482e-01 4.75105e01 36 5.70892eC19 5.79813eC19
12 5.15502eC02 5.64431eC02 37 3.97672eC20 4.03714eC20
13 1.77677eC03 1.93449eC03 38 0 0
14 3.27929e-01 4.55469eC03 39 2.03467eC22 2.06426eC22
15 2.45097eC04 2.62961eC04 40 1.49357eC23 7.57602eC22
16 9.71193eC04 1.03883eC05 41 0 0
17 5.20334eC01 6.78254eC01 42 8.45181eC24 8.65857eC24
18 1.72330eC06 1.82875eC06 43 6.51126eC25 6.66674eC25
19 7.67284eC06 8.10881eC06 44 0 0
20 1.16244eC03 1.44881eC03 45 4.04588eC27 4.13808eC27
21 1.68425eC08 1.73093eC08 46 3.26101eC28 3.33365eC28
22 8.27602eC08 8.67552eC08 47 0 0
23 0 0 48 2.21139eC30 2.25854eC30
24 2.18280eC10 2.23551eC10 49 1.85943eC31 1.89825eC31
(ii) Lit region („ < 0)

For an observation in the lit region near the shadow boundary (or late time where
jt=„3 j ! 1), (10.41) and (10.42) can be directly employed in this case. For an
observer deep in the lit region (or for earlier time) where jt=„3 j ! 0 one can use
an earlier time asymptotic series. It is noted that if one employs the high frequency
asymptotic series in Logan [30] and applies integration term-by-term, one will have
a solution of an early time response. However, it has an expansion center at t D
.„/3 =12, which is valid in the deep lit region for the leading GO component but
is not centered at the same t value as in (10.42). Thus, a discontinuity will occur for
P
Fs;h .„; t/. One therefore assumes an alternative form as
p
„ C 1 XN
jt .N n/
C
Fs;h .„; t/ ˙ ı Œt .„/ =12 C
3 s;h
Bn
2 .„/5=2 nD1 .„/3
(10.43)
which exhibits a proper form for an early time representation centered at t D 0 if

the coefficients Bns;h are found. It is noted that (10.43) is an expansion of Fs;h
P
.„; t/
excluding the GO term containing the analytic delta function. It is very effective be-
cause the GO term is dominant in the deep lit region (where jŒt .„/3 =„3 j ! 0)
and the earlier time series in (10.43) corresponds to contribution important for
intermediate time values. Numerical experimentation shows that (10.41) can be
trusted for jt=„3 j > 0:15. Thus an approximation of Bns;h in (10.43) is obtained
by setting (10.43) equal to (10.41) at jt=„3 j D 0:15 and 0 < 't < in a least-
square sense, which makes (10.43) most accurate at jt=„3 j D 0:15 and results in
a smooth transition. Numerical experimentation shows that the solution may not
be accurate when jt=„3 j < 0:15 and ImŒt=.„/3 < 0:002. However, in this
case the analytic delta function (i.e., the GO term) in (10.43) will dominate, so for
practical applications this representation works very well. On the other hand, if one
is interested in computing an impulse response, where ImŒt D 0, it is difficult
to compute the early time behavior beside the dominant impulse time function.
Table 10.3 lists Bns;h obtained in this least square sense.
A summary of the procedures for the aforementioned computation is presented
below:
(i) For observers in the shadow region, „ > 0
1. When jt=„3 j < 1, use the creeping wave mode summation in (10.34) with
Nh D 20 and Ns D 50. Add (10.37) for the soft polarization.
2. When jt=„3 j 1, use the late time inverse power series in (10.41) with
(10.42) including 50 terms in the series.
(ii) For observer in the lit region, „ < 0
1. When jt=„3 j < 0:15, use the approximate early time representation in
(10.43) including 14 terms in the power series.
2. When jt=„3 j > 0:15, use the late time power series in (10.41) with (10.42)
including 50 terms in the series.
The algorithm described above is not most efficient, but it is robust and works
well as long as ImŒt > 0:002j„3 j. The behaviors of Fs;h P
.„; t/ are shown in
Fig. 10.6 with j„j D 1 because the solution is primarily a function of t=„3 .
Different values of „ will simply cause a change in scale. The algorithms developed
here are employed in the computation. Particularly, the transitions from one solution
to another are shown. Figures 10.6 and 10.7 show a comparison between the late
time representation of (10.41) and (10.42) versus the early time creep wave mode
representation of (10.34) when the observer is in the shadow region („ > 0). The
two representations overlap very closely, except when jtj is very small such as
jt=„3 j < 0:1. On the other hand, Figures 10.8 and 10.9 show a comparison between
the late time representation of (10.41) and (10.42) versus the approximate early
time power series representation of (10.43) when the observer is in the lit region
(„ < 0) and the imaginary part of time is held constant at ImŒ.t=.„/3 D 0:01.
The two representations overlap very closely when ReŒt=.„/3 0:15 and
356
Table 10.3 Coefficients of Bns;h

n Re[Bns ] Im[Bns ] Re[Bnh ] Im[Bnh ]
1 2.082816029604068eC09 1.934225071410909eC09 1.145347064563553eC09 2.321104859253427eC08
2 2.231501364264926eC09 2.248973125688412eC09 1.247217383801985eC09 6.159421376984853eC07
3 1.252865898123653eC09 1.373344664977570eC09 7.075526321707213eC08 7.680045275028466eC07
4 4.788187068366086eC08 5.744350921182956eC08 2.716051094355760eC08 7.653405928940107eC07
5 1.371893503363450eC08 1.820181556200502eC08 7.758226975004484eC07 3.753779340973016eC07
6 3.078719411539325eC07 4.590574642077959eC07 1.717005587168613eC07 1.266153768031792eC07
7 5.503967634776822eC06 9.456164234707374eC06 2.972294299624093eC06 3.237541175734916eC06
8 7.803327956948597eC05 1.609576880445286eC06 3.933478822263941eC05 6.531900019204784eC05
9 8.475429971667759eC04 2.264583143400559eC05 3.619503051989348eC04 1.054006228018756eC05
10 6.299138967200948eC03 2.600865565917071eC04 1.374538560322166eC03 1.350912057659442eC04
11 1.674918333321921eC02 2.357302083687360eC03 2.200490845152954eC02 1.327895365123774eC03
12 2.947872815842084eC01 1.543029977826218eC02 5.070700867343560eC01 9.003798728735892eC01
13 4.483644084797442eC00 4.980881275349820eC00 5.004751143977662eC00 2.421287171291755eC00
14 6.216333948603559e-02 4.140469301332007e01 7.860467067425439e02 3.708472052078492e01
N.-W. Chen and H.-T. Chou
Fig. 10.6 The special function FhP C .„; t / when the observer is in the shadow region and „ D 1.
The polarization is TEz or hard. Comparison between (a) “early time” creeping wave mode series
in (10.34), and (b) the “late time” representation in (10.41) with (10.42)
more generally they overlap very closely whenever jt=„3 j D 0:15. Also the early
time representation breaks down violently as jt=„3 j ! 0 and the approximate early
time representation breaks down as jt=„3 j ! 1.
10.2.3 Numerical Examples
Numerical validations on the TD-UTD formulation are presented in this section. The
incident field is a plane wave with a TD (and its associated FD) wave form illustrated
in Fig. 10.10. In order to demonstrate the applications of the efficient convolution
algorithm previously developed in [48, 49] for convolving an analytic TD-UTD
impulse response solution with a more general pulsed excitation, as for examples
Fig. 10.7 The special function FsP C .„; t / when the observer is in the shadow region and „ D 1.
The polarization is TMz or soft. Comparison between (a) “early time” creeping wave mode series
in (10.34) plus (10.37), and (b) the “late time” representation in (10.41) with (10.42)
in Fig. 10.10, the FD wave form corresponding to the given pulsed excitation of
Fig. 10.10 is first represented by a sum of exponentials (as in [48, 49]), namely,
X
N
W .!/ D An e ˛n ! (10.44)
nD1
where An and ˛n can be complex in general, and they can be found by matching the
actual FD waveform as in Fig. 10.10 to the expression in (10.44). In most instances,
only a few terms (N is small) are generally required in (10.44) to represent W .!/.
For W .!/ shown in Fig. 10.10, N D 2 is significant. The ATT of W .!/ in (10.44)
yields:
X
N
C j X An
N
C
! .t/ D An ı .t C j ˛n / D if ˛n ¤ 0 (10.45)
nD1
nD1 t C j ˛n
Fig. 10.8 The special function FhP C .„; t / when the observer is in the lit region and „ D 1.
The polarization is TEz or hard. Comparison between (a) “early time” creeping wave mode series
and the TD waveform w.t/ of Fig. 10.10 is obtained by taking the real part of
! C .t/ in (10.45). The total TD-UTD field in convolving the time impulsive TD-
UTD solution with the ! C .t/ of (10.45) as for the general ! C .t/ excitation can be
obtained by
1 C XN
UTDC
Etotal .t/ N
D ! .t/ EI .t/ D
UTD
An EN IUTD .t C j ˛n /; (10.46)
2 nD1
where EN IUTD is the analytical TD-UTD impulse response solution given in Sect. 10.2
when (10.5) is employed for the time impulsive incident field. The real time
response EN UTD .t/ is the real part of (10.46) with ImŒt D 0. As long as ReŒ˛n > 0
total
Fig. 10.9 The special function FsP C .„; t / when the observer is in the lit region and „ D 1.
The polarization is TMz or soft. Comparison between (a) “early time” creeping wave mode series
for all n, the analytic function resulting from the convolution in (10.46) is analytic
on the real axis (ImŒt D 0) and therefore EN total
UTD
.t/ is bounded and well behaved. It
is noted that W .!/ reported in Fig. 10.10 can also be represented using (10.44) by
ln.2/
W .!/ D 4e !T .1 e !T /I T D (10.47)
2fc
where fc is the center frequency.
The numerical examples presented below consider the far zone scattering from
a two dimensional (2-D) cylinder at various bistatic angles while it is illuminated
by a normally incident ( D 0o ) plane wave pulse of Fig. 10.10. The reference
Fig. 10.10 Excitation pulse w.t / and its corresponding frequency response (or frequency window)
W .f / used for the scattering from a 2-D cylinder example
eigenfunction solutions based on IFT to obtain the corresponding TD solutions are

employed for comparison of accuracy. The time reference is selected at the center
of the cylinder. Also in the far zone, x d ! 1 and x L ! 1 so that the coefficients
C C PC
Rs;h and Ds;h are proportional to the Fs;h .„; t/ function. The source and observer
locations are chosen to be in the far zone for this comparison because the function
PC
Fs;h .„; t/ is more difficult to calculate than the other terms in reflection coefficient
C C
Rs;h and diffraction coefficient Ds;h and it is therefore desirable to check the
PC
accuracy of this Fs;h .„; t/ function. The radius of the cylinder is r D 1 m
which makes the radius one wavelength at the peak frequency of the window
function in Fig. 10.10. Specifically, Figs. 10.11 and 10.12 show the comparison
between TD-UTD solutions and the reference solutions for TEz polarization (or
hard acoustic) case, while, Figs. 10.13 and 10.14 are for the TMz polarization
(or soft acoustic) case. In those figures, the top plots show the magnitudes of the
analytic time functions while the bottom plots (i.e., the real part) are the desired
real time signal arising from the excitation of Fig. 10.10, respectively. Figure 10.11
shows a backscattering case where the normally reflected field, corresponding to
the first pulse in Fig. 10.11, tends to dominate. The second pulse corresponds to
the surface diffraction that experienced propagation of r meters along the surface
of the cylinder and 2r meters in free space, and results in a 17 ns time delay with
respect to the first pulse. In this case, the observer is in the deep lit and shadow
Fig. 10.11 Comparison of

the pulsed plane wave
incidence circular cylinder
TD-UTD solution for TEz
(hard polarization) far zone
backscatter case with a
reference eigenfunction
solution (eigen) which is
transformed into TD with the
inverse fast Fourier
Transform algorithm (IFFT)
after the window in
Fig. 10.10 is applied. The
cylinder radius is r D 1 m
Fig. 10.12 Comparison of

the pulsed plane wave
circular cylinder TD-UTD
solution for the TEz far zone
bistatic scattering case with a
reference eigenfunction
solution (eigen) which is
transformed into TD with
IFFT after the window in
Fig. 10.10 is applied. The
bistatic angle D 135o and
the radius is r D 1 m
regions for the reflection and diffraction cases, respectively. Figure 10.12 shows the
bistatic scattering at D 135o, where the reflected field for a lit region observer
still exist. For the surface diffraction, the surface wave travels only r=4 meters
along the surface of the cylinder will not decay significantly. Thus the second pulse
occurs at a time very close to the first pulse of reflected field.
In summary, the TD-UTD solution for the prediction of transient diffraction by
an arbitrary curved wedge excited by a pulsed ray field has been presented. The TD-
UTD solution has been obtained via converting its corresponding FD-UTD solution
[1, 2] with the ATT method. In particular, efficient algorithms are developed in
this work to calculate the special functions that resulted from the TD reflection
and diffraction coefficients for the curved surface; in comparison, the TD-UTD
solution for wedges as described in [1, 2] is much simpler as it does not exhibit the
Fig. 10.13 Ray paths of the

radiated fields as in (a) and
(b). Ray path for the surface
field shown in (c). The unit
vectors fixed in the ray
coordinates are also
illustrated
complications of the diffraction of geodesic surface rays from the smooth convex
surface. This TD-UTD solution for the diffraction by a smooth convex conducting
surface employs the same ray paths as the FD-UTD solution from which it was
developed. It is seen from the numerical results that the TD-UTD for the problems of
diffraction by a smooth conducting convex surface is accurate. Finally, this TD-UTD
Fig. 10.14 Surface-diffracted ray tube associated with the surface-diffracted ray from Q0 to Ps
solution together with earlier TD-UTD for wedges [1, 2] now enables one to treat
a much wider class of transient problems containing both edges and curved surface
diffraction effects.
10.3 TD-UTD for Mutual Coupling Analysis
This section presents the TD-UTD developed for predicting the transient radiation
and surface fields of elemental pulsed antennas placed directly on a smooth perfectly
conducting, arbitrary convex surface. Similarly, the TD-UTD solution is obtained
by employing the ATT for an inversion of the corresponding FD-UTD solution.
Specifically, an elemental antenna on the convex surface is excited by a step function
in time and the corresponding TD-UTD solution is obtained first. The TD-UTD
response to a more general pulsed excitation of the elemental current is then
found via an efficient convolution of the TD-UTD solution for the step function
excitation with the time derivative of the general pulsed excitation. In particular,
this convolution integral is essentially evaluated in a closed form after representing
the time derivative of the general pulsed excitation by a small sum of simple signals
whose frequency domain description is a sum of complex exponential functions.
Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the utility of these TD-UTD
solutions for pulsed antennas on a convex body. Below, the TD-UTD solutions
for the fields due to a current moment and observed in the shadow region, in the
lit region, and on the surface, are presented in Sects. 10.3.1, 10.3.2, and 10.3.3,
respectively.
10.3.1 TD-UTD Solution for Field Points in the Shadow

Region of a Current Moment
The TD-UTD electric field radiated at Ps located in the shadow region of an

infinitesimal magnetic (m) or electric (e) current element, d PNm;e
0
, placed at Q0 as
in Fig. 10.13a can be expressed by
d EN m;e
C
.PS jQ0 ; t/ D d PNm;e
0
.Q0 / TNNm;e
C
.Q0 jQI t d /Ad .s d / (10.48)
where d D .` C s d /=c with ` and s d being the geodesic arc length of the diffracted
ray from Q0 to a diffraction point, Q, and the free space ray distance between Q to
PS , respectively as shown in Fig. 10.14, with c being the speed of light. In (10.48),
the associated surface- diffracted ray path is shown in Fig. 10.13a, and Ad .s d / is the
spreading factor for the surface diffracted ray propagating into free space given by
s
d
Ad .s d / D (10.49)
s d .dC sd /
where d is the caustic distance of the diffracted ray as shown in Fig. 10.14.
C
Also in (10.48), T m;e is given by
1 h O 0
TNmC .Q0 =QI t/ D b nT O 2 .Q0 /S C .„; t; M /
O 1 .Q0 /H C .„; t/ C tO0 bT
4c
s (10.50)
i d 0 g .Q/ 1=6
O 0O 0 C
C b bT3 .Q /S .„; t; M / C tO nT0 0 C
O 4 .Q /H .„; t/
d .Q/ g .Q0 /
and
Z0 h 0
TNNeC .Q0 =QI t/ D O 5 .Q0 /H C .„; t/
nO nT
4c
s (10.51)
i d 0 g .Q/ 1=6
0O 0 C
C nO bT6 .Q /S .„; t; M /
d .Q/ g .Q0 /
where the unit vectors .tO; n; O and .tO0 ; nO 0 ; bO 0 / are defined at Q and Q0 , respectively,
O b/
and shown in Fig. 10.13a. In (10.50) and (10.51), Ti .Q0 /.i D 1Q6/ are defined in
C
the corresponding FD-UTD solutions [50, 51]. Basically TN m;e is the ATT of the
FD-UTD TNN m;eof [50, 51]. They are shown in Table 10.2 in [50], and will not be
repeated in this paper for brevity. Also the g .Q/ and g .Q0 / are the surface radii
of curvature in the tO direction at Q and along tO0 at Q0 , respectively, and the quantity
d .Q/ D d d as well as the angles d 0 at Q0 and d are defined in Fig. 10.14.
The functions H C .„; t/ and S C .„; t; M / are the ATT of the corresponding FD-
UTD radiation type Fock functions H.!; / and S.!; ; m/ in [50, 51], i.e.
( C
H .„; t/ A! ŒH.!; /
(10.52a)
S C .„; t; M / D A! ŒS.!; ; m/
8
<H.!; / D g./
(10.52b)
:S.!; ; m/ D j
Q
g./
m.Q0 /
Q
where A! Œ denotes the ATT operation, with g./ and g./ being the acoustic
hard and soft Fock functions [50, 51]. The parameters in (10.52a and 10.52b) are
defined by
1=3
0 g .Q0 /
M.Q / D (10.53a)
2c
Z Q
M.`0 / 0
„D d` (10.53b)
Q0 g .`0 /
with the FD parameters m.Q0 / and in (10.52b) defined by
m.Q0 / D M.Q0 /! 1=3 (10.54a)
D „! 1=3 (10.54b)
10.3.2 TD-UTD for Field Points in the Lit Region

of a Current Moment
The TD-UTD radiation at PL located in the lit region of d PNm;e

0
.Q0 / as in Fig. 10.13b
can be expressed as
C;L s
d EN m;e
C
.PL jQ0 ; t/ D d PNm;e
0
.Q0 / T m;e .Q0 ; t /Ainc .s/ (10.55)
c
where the associated ray path is also illustrated in Fig. 10.13b. The spreading factor,
Ainc .s/ D 1=s, with s being the distance between Q0 and PL . Thus d EN m;e
C
.PL jQ0 ; t/
C;L
behaves like a spherical wave in the near and far zone. In (10.55) T m;e are the ATT
of TNNm;e
l
which has been previously defined in the corresponding FD-UTD solution
of [4, 11], where
1 h O 0 C i
TNmC;L .Q0 I t/ D O C .t/ CbO 0 bC
O C .t/ C tO0 nD
0 C
O
bl nA .t/ C tOl bB l l O .t/ (10.56)
4c
and
Z0 h 0 i
TNeC;L .Q0 I t/ D O C .t/
0
O C .t/ C nO l bN
nO l nM (10.57)
4c
In which the unit vectors .tO; n; O and .tO ; nO ; bO / are also defined in Fig. 10.13b.
O b/
0 0 0
l l l
C;L
These T above are the ATT of the T N
N L
which are defined previously in the
m;e m;e
corresponding FD-UTD radiation solutions in [50, 51]; they contain radiation Fock
functions for the lit region given by
( C
Hl .„l ; t/ A! ŒH l .!; l /
(10.58a)
SlC .„l ; t; Ml / D A! ŒS l .!; l ; ml /
8
<H l .!; l / D g.l /e j l3 =3
(10.58b)
:S l .!; l ; m/ D j 3
Q l /e j l =3
ml .Q0 / g.
with the parameters defined by
M.Q0 /
Ml .Q0 / D 1=2
I „l D M.Q0 / cos i (10.59a)
Œ1 C T02 cos2 i
ml .Q0 / D Ml .Q0 /! 1=3 I l D „l ! 1=3 (10.59b)
where M.Q0 / is defined in (10.53a), i is the angle of the direct ray path measured
from the surface normal direction at Q0 , and T0 D T .Q0 /g .Q0 / with T .Q0 / and
g .Q0 /. At the shadow boundary where „ ! 0 in (10.53b) and j„l j ! 0 in
(10.59b), (10.58a, 10.58b) will become identical to (10.52a, 10.52b) thus making the
field variation continuous across the shadow boundary. Also in the deep lit region
it can be shown that T0
C ! 0, HlC ! 2ı C .t/ and SlC ! 2 cos i ı C .t/, so that
(10.56) and (10.57) will reduce to
1 h O 0 i
TNNmC;L .Q0 I t/ D O cos i ı C .t/
0
bl n2O C tOl b2 (10.60)
4c
and
Z0 h 0 i
TNNeC;L .Q0 I t/ D O sin i ı C .t/
nO l n2 (10.61)
4c
C;L
In this case, when ImŒt D 0, the result in (10.55) with T m;e as in (10.60)
and (10.61) will be equivalent the radiation in free space with a factor of 2
to automatically account for the effects of sources located on the surface of an
electrically large perfect electrically conducting body. It is noted that surface
diffracted rays may also exist in the lit region for a closed surface due to the multiple
encirclements of surface rays around the closed body.
10.3.3 TD-UTD Solutions for Field Points on the Surface
10.3.3.1 TD-UTD Surface Field Solution for Elemental

Magnetic Current Sources
The TD-UTD solution for EM surface fields at Q produced by d PNm0 at Q0 can be

expressed as

c
1 N 0
N C 0
d Hm .Q=Q ; t/ D d Pm 2Y0 bO 0 bO VQ0C C VQ C :
4c s 1

c 2
c

CD 2 ƒS UQ 2C C ƒC VQ2C TQ02 UQ 1C VQ1C
s s

c
c
c 2 (10.62)

0
C tO tO D 2 Q C
V1 Q C
V1 2 Q C
ƒS U2 C ƒC V2 Q C
s s s

h
c ˇ
0O
io D ˇ
O
C t bCb t O 0O Q Q C
T 0 U 1 V1 Q C ˇ
s sˇ s
Dt c
and
1 N 0 n
O 0 h Q C
d EN mC .Q=Q0; t/ D d Pm 2 b nO V0
4c

c
c i
C VQ1C TQ02 UQ 1C VQ1C (10.63)
s s
h
c ˇ
io D ˇ
0
C tO nO Q Q C
T 0 U 1 V1 Q C ˇ
s sˇ Dt cs
where the unit vectors .tO0 ; bO 0 ; nO 0 / and .tO; b;

O n/
O fixed in the surface ray are shown in
Fig. 10.13c, Y0 D 1=Z0 is the admittance of the free space, s is the arc length of
0
the propagation ray path from Q p to Q on the convex surface as0 in Fig. 10.13c.
In (10.62) and (10.63), D D s d 0 =d .Q/, and d 0 at Q and d at Q
between a pair of adjacent rays are as defined in FD-UTD solution ˇp of [46, 50]ˇ
Q ˇ ˇ
and are shown in Fig. 10.14. The general torsion term T0 D
ˇ T0 .Q0 /T0 .Q/ˇ
where T0 .Q0 / D T .Q0 /g .Q0 / with T .Q0 / and g .Q0 / defined on Table 10.2 in
[50]. The “” sign for TQ0 is chosen if T0 .Q0 / < 0 or T0 .Q/ < 0. Let R1 .Q0 / and
R2 .Q0 / ˇbe the principal surface radii of ˇcurvatures at Q0 , in (10.62) and (10.63)
ˇp ˇ
ƒS D ˇ R2 .Q0 /R2 .Q/=R1 .Q0 /R1 .Q/ˇ and ƒC D 1 ƒs as defined in FD-
UTD [50].
The TD surface field (or mutual coupling) type Fock functions UQ C and VQ C in
(10.62) and (10.63) are obtained directly by applying the ATT operator onto their
corresponding FD-UTD Fock functions, namely:
( ) ( )
UQ ./ VQ ./
UQ mC ./ D A! I VQmC ./ D A! (10.64)
.j!/m .j!/m
where m is an integer, and UQ ./ and VQ ./ are the generalized Fock integrals for the
surface fields on an arbitrary convex surface given by [46, 50]
8 h i3=2
ˆ
< UQ ./ D s
2cM.Q0 /M.Q/„ U.„! 1=3 /
h i1=2 (10.65)
:̂ VQ ./ D s
V .„! 1=3 /
2cM.Q0 /M.Q/„
with U./ and V ./ being the mutual coupling type Fock functions [46, 50]. In
(10.65), M.Q0 / and „ are defined in (10.53a, 10.53b).
In (10.64) the index, m, indicates the higher order terms of the asymptotic series
in FD and is not to be confused with m.Q0 / above. Substituting (10.65) into (10.64)
gives
8 h i3=2
ˆ
< UQ C .„; t/ D
m 0
s
2cM.Q /M.Q/„ UmC .„; t/
h i1=2 (10.66)
:̂ VQmC .„; t/ D s
VmC .„; t/
2cM.Q0 /M.Q/„
with

U.„! 1=3 / V .„! 1=3 /
UmC .„; t/ D A! C
I Vm .„; t/ D A! (10.67)
.j!/m .j!/m
10.3.3.2 TD-UTD Surface Field Solution for Elemental

Electric Current Sources
The TD-UTD solution for EM surface fields at Q produced by d PNe0 at Q0 can be

expressed as

h
c
1 N C
d HN eC .Q=Q0 ; t/ D d P0 2 nO 0 bO VQ0C C VQ1C
4c s

c i
TQ02 UQ 1C VQ1C (10.68)
s
ˇ
0
c 2 C D ˇˇ
C nO tO TQ0 UQ 1 VQ1C
s s ˇ Dt s
c
and
w(t) 1
−1
−10 −5 0 5 10
Time (ns)
1
w(t)
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 10.15 The derivative of the current element’s excitation function h.t / and its distribution in
frequency domain. Note that w.t / D dh.t /=dt
1 N 0 n
h
d EN eC .Q=Q0 ; t/ D d Pe 2Z0 nO 0 nO VQ0C
4c

c
c 2
C VQ1C C ƒS VQ2C C ƒC UQ 2C (10.69)
s s

c ˇ
io D ˇ
TQ02 UQ 1C VQ1C ˇ
s sˇ s
Dt c
The utilization of these functions for calculating the TD-UTD solutions is presented
in this section. Several numerical examples are demonstrated for the effectiveness
of the proposed analysis. As shown in Fig. 10.15, it is assumed that w.t/ is the time
derivative of a general pulsed TD waveform h.t/ for a magnetic current element
excitation. Note that w.t/ D dh.t/=dt. The TD pulsed waveform of the current
element, if desired, can be obtained by performing an integration over its time
derivative function w.t/. In particular, the FD signal waveform is assumed to be
expressed as
ln.2/
W .!/ D 4e !T .1 e !T /I T D (10.70)
2fc
where fc is the center frequency.

The corresponding TD wave form is
wC .t/ D 4ı C .t C j T / 4ı C .t C j 2T / (10.71)
where ı C is the analytic delta function, and the TD w.t/ in Fig. 10.15 is obtained
by taking the real part of (10.51).
The demonstrated examples first consider the far zone radiation from a magnetic
line current element when it is placed at y D 0 and x D a on a two dimensional (2-
D) perfectly conducting circular cylinder of radius a. In this case only the first two
terms in (10.50) and (10.56) exist, which allows one to examine the characteristics of
the hard and soft radiation Fock functions, respectively. The reference eigenfunction
solutions based on an inverse fast Fourier Transform to obtain the corresponding TD
solutions are employed for comparison of accuracy. The time reference is selected
at the center of the cylinder with t D r=c subtracted where r is the distance
between the cylinder center and observation point. The radius of the cylinder is
a D 1 m which makes the radius one wavelength at the peak frequency of w.t/.
Since the circular cylinder has a closed surface, three dominant creeping waves
will be included in the computation even if the observation point may be in the
lit region of the source. Figure 10.16a–c show the comparisons between TD-UTD
solutions and the reference solutions for zO polarized magnetic point current element
to examine the behavior of the hard Fock function. The source and field points are
in the z D 0 plane.
On the other hand, Fig. 10.17a–c show that for a 'O 0 -directed magnetic point
current element at .a; 0 D 0/ to examine the soft Fock function. The values of the
fields in all figures are scaled with the same factor to show a large scale comparison.
Again, the source and field points are both in the z D 0 plane. In those figures, both
the magnitudes of the analytic time functions and the actual time signals (i.e., the
real part) are shown. In particular, Figures 10.16a and 10.17a show the cases when
the observation point is in the deep lit region at ' D 35o . In this case the radiation
behavior tends to be dominated by (10.60), where, as shown in Figs. 10.16a and
10.17a, the TD waveform is similar to Fig. 10.15 except for an amplitude difference.
It is noted that Fig. 10.17a has a small amplitude due to the factor of cos i in
(10.60). Figures 10.16b and 10.17b show the cases when the observation point is at
the shadow boundary at ' D 90o . The behavior of the Fock functions is dominated
by the late time power series. Figures 10.16c and 10.17c show the cases where the
observation point is in the deep shadow region of the source element. In this case
the creeping wave modes (and their surface diffracted fields) will exist for the hard
and soft Fock functions, and cause significant power attenuation in the shadow due
to the surface diffraction phenomena.
One next considers the normal electric surface field produced from a zO -directed
elemental magnetic current moment when it is placed on an infinitely long perfectly
conducting circular cylinder. In this case only the first term in (10.63) exists and
results in a nO -polarized electrical field. Figure 10.18 shows the case when the
field point is located at ' 0 D 175o on the cylinder’s surface where this source and
Fig. 10.16 The far field

radiation from a 2-D circular
cylinder for d PNm0 D zOdPm0
observer are in the z D 0 plane. In this case, the delay between the first two pulses is
simply 0.58 ns (0.175 m in distance). Thus the superposition of these two pulses will
result in plot shown in Fig. 3.12. Again, Fig. 10.18 shows good agreement between
the TD-UTD and the reference TD eigenfunction solution.
Fig. 10.17 The far field

radiation from a 2-D circular
cylinder for d PNm0 D O 0 dPm0
10.4 TD Physics Optics (TD-PO) for Scattering Analysis
This section presents an analytical and closed-form solution pertinent to the fast
analysis of transient scattering from a finite and perfectly conducting ellipsoidal
surface illuminated by a transient-step plane wave obtained using the TD-PO
technique. The investigated ellipsoidal shapes are often used to resemble a variety of
realistic surfaces, such as spherical, parabolic or planar surfaces, and the developed
Fig. 10.18 The surface field due to a magnetic current element d PNm0 D zOdPm0 placed on the
surface of 2-D circular cylinder for a field point also located on the surface at 0 D 175ı
solution is applicable to model a realistic scattering object such as an aircraft in

an effective fashion. Also, physical appealing interpretation of wave phenomena
in terms of reflection and diffraction mechanisms is provided in the solution. This
section is organized in the following format. Section 10.4.1 describes the TD-PO
formulations for a transient-step incident wave. Section 10.4.2 shows the reductions
of the formulation for some special cases. Examples that demonstrate the physical
phenomena of the scattering mechanisms are presented in Sect. 10.4.3.
10.4.1 Formulations of the Transient Step Response
Consider an ellipsoidal surface described by

2 2 2
z0 x0 y0
C C D 1; (10.72)
bz bx by
where .x 0 ; y 0 ; z0 / is a position vector on the surface with bz , bx and by being its

radii along z-, x- and y-axes, respectively. The actual surface is formed by taking a
part from the ellipsoidal surface described in (10.72) with an edge contour, which is
then illuminated by a plane wave incident from the direction, kOi . Since PO considers
only the induced surface currents in the lit region of incident field, an effective edge
contour, Ce , as illustrated in Fig. 10.20a, is formed by the original edge contour and
the shadow boundary of incident field such that the surface under examination is
also in the lit region of incident field. It is noted that (1) may approximately model
a variety of realistic surfaces such as these shown in Fig. 10.19. For example, when
bz D bx D by , it reduces to a sphere.
Fig. 10.19 Typical structures of scatters to assemble a realistic structure of scatter such as aircraft.
(a) Shows a realistic aircraft model. (b) Shows a variety of shaped surfaces that can be used to
approximate the model in (a)
The electrical field of the incident plane wave in TD is described by
kOi rN 0
EN i .Nr 0 ; t/ D EN 0 U.t / (10.73)
c
where U. / is a Heaviside step function, and the time reference, t D 0, is selected at

rN 0 D .0; 0; 0/, which allows t < 0 for a negative value of .kOi rN 0 /=c. In (10.73), EN 0 is
a real vector denoting the amplitude and polarization of the plane wave with EN 0 ?kOi
and c being the wave speed in free space. The fields scattered from the ellipsoidal
surface can be obtained by TD-PO. At rN D .x; y; z/ in the far zone of the scatter, it
can be approximated by [56]
Fig. 10.20 The relation of

integration contour to the
ellipsoidal surfaces with finite
edges. Ce is formed by the
edges in the lit region and the
shadow boundary of scatterer,
Sa is the surface in the lit
region to the incident field,
and Ct .t / is the intersection
of Sa and the plane described
by (10.75)
(“ )
1 .kOi rO / rN 0 C r
N us .Nr ; t/
E Š rO rO nO ı.t /ds kOi EN 0
0
2 rc Sa c
(10.74)
where nO is the outward surface normal unit vector pointing to the opposite direction
of the incident field, and Sa is the portion of the ellipsoidal surface truncated by Ce
in the lit region of the incident field. The superscript “u” indicates that the field is
the response to a transient-step incident wave. Also in (10.74), ı.t/ D d U.t/=dt is
the Dirac delta function, which may reduce (10.74) to a line integral at the condition
of zero parameter for the Dirac delta function at t by
.kOi r/
O rN 0 D ct r L: (10.75)
This equation describes a line contour Ct .t/ on Sa as illustrated in Fig. 10.20b.

Let .kOi rO / D .a1 ; a2 ; a3 /, Ct .t/ is an intersection between the ellipsoidal surface
and a plane with .a1 ; a2 ; a3 / being its normal vector. This plane shifts in parallel
along the direction of .a1 ; a2 ; a3 / at different time values. It can be shown that the
projection of Ct .t/ on a x00 y00 plane is a part of an ellipse expressed by
.x 00 e1 /2 .y 00 e2 /2
C D t2 (10.76)
A2 B2
where
8
2
2 1=2
ˆ
ˆ
< A D a32 bz2 cosbxt C sinbyt C ˛12

2
2 1=2 ; (10.77)
ˆ
:̂ B D a32 bz2 sin t C cos t C ˛22
bx by
.e1 ; e2 / D .A2 L˛1 ; B 2 L˛2 /; (10.78)
and
q
t D L2 .A2 ˛12 C B 2 ˛22 / L2 C a32 bz2 : (10.79)
In (10.77), (10.78) and (10.79),

˛1 a1 cos t sin t
DT I T D (10.80)
˛2 a2 sin t cos t
where ˛12 C ˛22 D a12 C a22 , and
2a1 a2
tan 2t D
(10.81)
.a12 a22 / C a32 bz2 1
bx2
1
by2
This x00 y00 coordinates can be related to the x0 y0 coordinates by the following
transformation:
0
00
x 1 x
0 D T (10.82)
y y 00
Equation (10.74) can be expressed in a closed-form by following the procedure

in [56]. Thus using the following representation

x 00 D A cos ' C e1
; (10.83)
y 00 D B sin ' C e2
and employing (10.15) in [56] for the delta function’s identity result in a form
identical to (10.16) in [56] by
8 ˇ 9
< rO Or Z
O r Nr' j ˇˇ =
0 0
njN
EN s . r ; t/D d'kOi EN 0
u *
ˇ ŒU.t t1 / U.t t2 /
: 2 r C' .Or kOi / rN 0 ˇ ;
Dt
(10.84)
where
0 0
rN rN'
nO D ˙ I (10.85a)
jNr0 rN'0 j
0
0 @Nr
rN D I (10.85b)
@
0
0 @Nr
rN' D ; (10.85c)
@' 0
For an ellipsoidal scatterer, it can be shown that

!
x 0 bz2 y 0 bz2 b2
rN0 rN'0 D AB xO 0 2 C yO 0 2 C zO D AB z0 rf .x 0 ; y 0 ; z0 /; (10.86)
z bx z by 2z
where f .x 0 ; y 0 ; z0 / D .z0 =bz /2 C .x 0 =bx /2 C .y 0 =by /2 1. Note that (10.86) has

a direction pointing to COz, and the negative sign in (10.85a) should be used when
nO points to Oz. This sign selection can be justified by ˙1 D a3 =ja3 j. In (10.84),
C is the angular span of formed by the intersections of Ct .t/ and Ce . The step
functions in (10.84) are used to indicate whether Ct .t/ and Ce have intersections,
where t1 and t2 are beginning and ending time that the intersection exists. These
behaviors have been discussed in [56], and are omitted here for brevity. It is assumed
that there are only two intersection points, b and e in the following study. The case
with multiple pairs of intersection points can be treated by using a superposition of
each pair’s contribution. It can be shown that
0ˇ
ˇ t
.Or kOi / rN ˇ D (10.87)
Dt a3 z0
Thus substituting (10.86) and (10.87) into (10.84) makes the integrand in (10.84)
become
ˇ ˇˇ ˇ
Z nO ˇˇNr 0 rN 0 ˇˇ ˇ Z
rN rN' ˇˇ
0 0
' ˇ a
PN .t/ D ˇ d' D
3
ˇ d'; (10.88)
ˇ
C' .Or kOi / rN 0 ˇ ja3 j C' .Or kOi / rN 0 ˇ
Dt
Dt
and results in a closed-form expression by

! 'e
b2 b2
PN .t/ D ja3 jAB xO z2 Px C yO z2 Py C zOPz (10.89)
bx by
'b
where each term was given by

1 A sin '
Px e1;r t
D 'C T (10.90a)
Py e2;r Bt cos '

1 ˛1 ˛2 At sin '
Pz D L' a1 Px a2 Py D e3;r ' (10.90b)
a3 a3 Bt cos '
where .e1;r ; e2;r ; e3;r / are defined as

1 e
e1;r 1
D T I (10.91a)
e2;r e2
.L a1 e1;r a2 e1;r / .ct r/.1 A2 ˛12 B 2 ˛22 /

e3;r D D : (10.91b)
a3 a3
Substituting (10.90a, 10.90b) into (10.89), and re-organizing the terms give
PN .t/ D PNr .t/ T .t/ C PNd .t; 'e / PNd .t; 'b / (10.92)
where PNr and PNd are referred to reflected and edge diffracted components,
respectively. In particular,
!
bz2 bz2
PNr .t/ D 2ja3 jAB xO e1;r C yO 2 e2;r C zOe3;r ; (10.93a)
bx2 by

1
PNd .t; 'a / D ja3 jABbz2 xO 2 ŒAt cos t sin 'a C Bt sin t cos 'a
bx
1
C yO ŒAt sin t sin 'a Bt cos t cos 'a (10.93b)
by2

1 ˛1 ˛2
C zO 2 Œ At sin 'a C Bt cos 'a D ja3 jABbz2 N̂ .t/
bz a3 a3
('a is used to denotes either 'b or 'e ) and

'e 'b
T .t/ D (10.93c)
2
Fig. 10.21 Unit vectors to

illustrate the relationship êi ê r
between incident and n̂
reflected fields
k̂i ê⊥
ê⊥ r̂
with
ˇ
ˇ
N̂ .t/ D @ rf ˇ (10.93d)
@' ˇ
.t ;'a /
The reflection component PNr in (10.93a) can be re-addressed as
ja3 j
PNr .t/ D 2 O 1 C ya
ABe3;r .xa O 2 C zOa3 / (10.94)
a3
because it is evident that the vectors in (10.93a) and (10.94) point ˇ to the same
0
direction normal to the surface at .e1;r 0
; e2;r 0
; e3;r / D .e1;r ; e2;r ; e3;r /ˇ D0 . Thus one
t
0 0 0
may define the surface normal unit vector at .e1;r ; e2;r ; e3;r / by
1
nO D q O 1 C ya
.xa O 2 C zOa3 / : (10.95)
a12 C a22 C a32
Substituting (10.78), (10.91) and (10.95) into (10.93a) gives

q
2ABa3 e3;r
PNr .t/ D a12 C a22 C a32 n:
O (10.96)
ja3 j
Substituting (10.96) into (10.84) gives

( )
ABa3 e3;r .1 rO kOi / h
i
EN r . r ; t/ D EN 0 eOjji eOjjr eO? eO?
u *
(10.97)
ja3 jr
where the unit vectors .eOjji ; eO? ; eOjjr / are illustrated in Fig. 10.21. It is noted that at the
point of reflection, where t D 0 in (10.79),
ja3 jbz
Ls D cts r D ˙ q ; (10.98)
1 A2 ˛12 B 2 ˛22
which make (10.97) become

( )
a3 ABe03;r .1 rO kOi / h
i
EN ur . r ; ts / D EN 0 eOjji eOjjr eO? eO?
*
(10.99)
ja3 j r
The diffraction component can be obtained by substituting (10.93b) into (10.84):
ja3 jABbz2 n o
EN d . r ; t/ D rO rO N̂ .t/ kOi EN 0
u *
(10.100)
2 r
where the step functions, U.t/, in (10.97), (10.99) and (10.100) were dropped
without losing the validity of the solutions as pointed in [56]. The main reason
is because this solution is based on the search of 'e and 'b , which automatically
accounts the existence of each term. Especially the reflected field component is
accounted by T .t/, and the edge diffracted terms will be accounted by their
difference of values at 'e and 'b .
10.4.2 Reduced Formulations for Special Cases
The formulation of the TD transient response presented above can be reduced to

several special cases as shown below.
(i) A Rotationally Symmetric Ellipsoidal Surface
For this case, bx D by . The formulations in (10.19) remain identical except the
following reduction of parameters. First the coordinate rotation angle in (10.81)
becomes
2a1 a2
tan 2t D ; (10.101)
.a12 a22 /
and thus

cos t 1 a1
Dq ; (10.102)
sin t a12 C a22 a2
which makes (10.78) and (10.80) become

8 q
< e D A2 L a2 C a2
1 1 2
I (10.103a)
:
e2 D 0
8 q
< ˛ D a2 C a2
1 1 2
(10.103b)
:
˛2 D 0
The parameters, A and B in (10.77) reduce to

1=2
b2 bx
A D a32 z2 C a12 C a22 I BD (10.104)
bx ja3 jbz
The formulations in (10.91) becomes
bz2 2
e1;r D A2 La1 I e2;r D A2 La2 I e3;r D A La3 (10.105)
bx2
Substituting these formulas reduced in (10.101, 10.102, 10.103a, 10.103b,
10.104, and 10.105) into (10.97, 10.99, and 10.100) results in the field solutions by
.ct r/bz .1 rO kOi / h

i
EN r . r ; t/ D N
u *

2 3=2 E 0 eO O
i r
e
jj jj O
e O
e
? ? (10.106a)
b
rbx a32 bz2 C a12 C a22
x
at any t, and
n o
b z b 2
O
r O
r N̂ .t/ Oi EN 0
k
x
EN d . r ; t/ D
u *
q (10.106b)
2 r a32 bz2 C bx2 .a12 C a22 /
where
N̂ .t/ D 1 .xO 00 At sin 'a yO 00 Bt cos 'a / zO ˛1 At sin 'a (10.107a)
bx2 bz2 a3
with
xO 0 a1 C yO 0 a2 00
xO 00 D q I yO D zO xO 00 (10.107b)
a12 C a22
and
s
L2
t D ja3 bz j 1 (10.107c)
a32 bz2 C bx2 a12 C bx2 a22
(ii) Spherical Surface

For this case, bz D bx D by , and the formulations can be further reduced.
The coordinate rotation angle is identical to (10.101) and (10.102), and (10.104)
becomes
1 1
AD q I BD (10.108)
a32 C a12 C a22 ja3j
and
L
.e1r ; e2r; e3;r / D .a1 ; a2 ; a3 /: (10.109)
a12 C a22 C a32
The field solutions now become

.ct r/.1 rO kO /
EN r . r ; t/ D EN 0 eOjji eOjjr eO? eO?
u * i

2 3=2
(10.110a)
r a3 C a1 C a2
2 2
and
n o
b 2
O
r O
r N̂ .t/ Oi EN 0
k
z
EN d . r ; t/ D
u *
q (10.110b)
2 r a32 C a12 C a22
where
q
a12 C a22
bz2 N̂ .t/ D .xO 00 zO /At sin 'a yO 00 Bt cos 'a (10.110c)
a3
and
s
L2
t D ja3 j bz2 (10.110d)
a32 C a12 C a22
(iii) Finite Cylindrical Surface

For this case, consider by ! 1, and makes yO being the axis of the cylinder.
Thus the coordinate rotation angle in (10.81) becomes
2a1 a2
tan 2t D b2
: (10.111)
.a12 a22 / C a32 bz2
x
In this case, (10.77) becomes

1 1
AD r
2 I BDr
2 (10.112)
a32 bz2 cos t
bx C ˛12 a32 bz2 sinbxt C ˛22
The field solutions are identical to (10.97), (10.99) and (10.100).

(iv) Finite Planar Surface
For this case, bx D by ! 1 is considered. The coordinate rotation relations

are identical to (10.101) and (10.102). Also, the parameters, A and B in (10.104),
reduce to
1
AD q I B ! 1; (10.113)
a12 C a22
.˛1 ; ˛2 / remains same in (10.103b), and .e1 ; e2 / in (10.103a) become
L
e1 D q I e2 ! 1 (10.114)
a12 C a22
It is noted that the projection of Ct .t/ is approximately described by
L a3 bz
x 00 D At cos ' C e1 q (10.115)
a12 C a22
Also in this case, t ! 1 makes 'e ! 'b . The formulations in (10.92) and
(10.93) become
'e 'b
T .t/ D !0 (10.116a)
2
ja3 j zO .Bt sin '/j'eb

'
ja3 j 1
PNd .t; 'e / PNd .t; 'b / D q zO q ` (10.116b)
a3 a2 C a2 a3 a2 C a2
1 2 1 2
It is noted that since B ! 1 it can be approximated by Bt .sin 'e sin 'b / `
where ` is illustrated in Fig. 10.22. The field can be described by
ja3 j `.Or rO zO kOi EN 0 /

EN s . r ; t/ D EN du . r ; t/ D
u * *
q (10.117)
a3 2 r a2 C a2
1 2
In this section, some numerical examples that demonstrate the characteristics of

transient scattering from a variety of scatters are presented. The first example
considers a circular PEC disk located on the x-y plane, which has a radius of 1 m.
The plane wave is incident from .i ; i / D .45o ; 0o /. The observation points are
located at r D 10 m. The transient scattering fields are shown in Fig. 10.23a, b for
the observations located on D 180o and D 0o planes, respectively, which are
in the specular and backward scattering directions, respectively. As demonstrated
Fig. 10.22 Illustration of

transient scattering
phenomena for a finite planar
surface. At t , the plane of
(10.75) will intersect with the
finite planar surface at a line
with a length of `.
above, the amplitude of the transient response is proportional to the length of the line
formed by the intersection between this disk and the plane of (10.75) at t. Note that
the plane of (10.75) shifts linearly in the direction of .a1 ; a2 ; a3 / when t changes.
Due to the symmetry of the disk, it can be seen that the initial and ending times,
t1 and t2 , for the transient responses to have non-zero values occur at the condition
that the plane of (10.75) is tangent to the edge circle of the disk, where two tangent
points at t1 and t2 , respectively can be found. In this case, the transient responses are
both zero at t1 and t2 .
Figure 10.23a shows the transient responses in the forward directions at D 0o ,
30 , 60o and 90o . It is observed that the TD responses exhibit narrower pulses with
o
higher amplitudes as the observation direction approaches to the reflection direction

of the incident plane field. Away from this specular direction, the transient scattering
field decreases rapidly to low values, which can also be observed in Fig. 10.23b for
the cases in the backward scattering directions. In all cases, the amplitudes increase
gradually from a null field at t1 to a maximum, which occurs as the intersection
of these two planes penetrates through the center of the disk, and then continue to
decrease to become a null field again at t2 .
The next example considers a rectangular disk of 4 4 m2 oriented on the x-y
plane between x D ˙2 m and y D ˙2 m. The illuminating plane wave is incident
from .i ; i / D .45o ; 0o /. The observation points are the same as those in Fig. 10.23.
In this case, the initial and ending times, t1 and t2 , occur at x D ˙2 m where the
plane of (10.75) intersects with this disk. Thus after t1 , the amplitude jumps to a
value, and remains constant between t1 and t2 , where the responses are rectangular
pulses. In this case, the length of the intersected line interface is a constant and equal
to 4 m for all cases. The differences in amplitudes of the transient responses shown
in Fig. 10.24 are resulted from the outer unit vector products in (10.117). Also it
Fig. 10.23 Transient responses of a PEC circular disk of 1 m in radius, which is illustrated by a
plane wave incident from i D 45o ; i D 0o . (a) Shows the responses in the specular scattering
directions, while (b) shows the responses in the backscattering directions
Fig. 10.24 Transient responses of a PEC rectangular disk with 4 4 m2 in dimensions, which
is illustrated by a plane wave incident from i D 45o ; i D 0o . (a) Shows the responses in
the specular scattering directions, while (b) shows the responses in the backscattering directions.
Rectangular pulses of transient responses are observed
Fig. 10.25 Illustration of transient scattering from a half sphere, and its transient responses for
various observation angles. The plane wave is incident from z-axis
is observed that except the behaviors of rectangular pulses, the phenomena shown
in Fig. 4.6 are identical to those shown in Fig. 10.23 including the characteristics
of pulse widths which are smaller when the observation point moves toward the
specular direction of reflection. It is noted that the transient response becomes
impulsive as in the direction of reflected field as defined by GO.
Next, our examination considers a half sphere (the radius is 1 m) in the z > 0
space, which is illuminated by a plane wave incident from z-axis. This case also
illustrates the situation of a full sphere illuminated by the same plane wave because
the illuminating lit region of the sphere is its portion in z > 0 space. The shadow
boundary is now the circle of 1 m in radius at z D 0 plane, which forms an equivalent
edge contour, Ce . One first considers an observation point on the z-axis at r D 10 m
and D 0o (vertical observation in Fig. 10.25a). In this case, the integration contour,
Ct .t/, for t between t1 and t2 is a circle, where t1 and t2 occur at the time when the
plane of (10.75) intersects with the sphere at z D 1 m and the z D 0 m edge
contour. Thus the transient function T .t/ D 1 in (10.93c), and the diffraction term
in (10.100) also vanishes. The phenomena of reflection term in (10.97) are shown
in Fig. 10.25b. It can be observed that at t1 the transient response jumps to a large
value, which may be viewed as the reflected field because the surface at z D 1 m is
the point of reflection in the point of GO view. After t > t1 , the transient response
decreases linearly to a value of zero at t D t2 . The reason is due to a fact that the
induced currents estimated by PO will decrease linearly from a maximum value at
the reflection point to zero at the shadow boundary, which appears at z D 0 edge
contour at t D t2 . This phenomenon of curvature effects is distinguished from that
observed in the case of a parabolic surface shown in [56], where a constant value
appears for the reflection term. One next considers the cases of observation in the
oblique angles on the x-z plane, where D 30o , 60o , and 90o are considered. As
illustrated in Fig. 10.25a, three times of t1 , t2 and t3 need to be considered, which are
the time that the plane of (4) touches the surface (reflection point), the edge point
at x D 1 m and the edge point at x D 1 m, respectively. At t1 < t < t3 , only the
reflection term in (10.97) exists, which exhibits the phenomena of transient response
identical to these exhibited in the case of D 0o as demonstrated in Fig. 10.25b.
At t > t3 , the transient function and diffraction term come into effects. In this case,
both the reflection term and transient function (T .t/ D 1 ! 0) continue to decrease
and become zero at t D t2 , while the diffraction term starts to increase its effect. It
is noted that the diffraction term increases initially, reaches a maximum, and then
decreases to zero at t D t2 .
To further validate the feasibility of the presented solution, a comparison with
numerically rigorous solutions using CST [57], a commercial code based on a TD
finite integration method, were presented and the results are shown in Fig. 10.26a, b.
In this case, the sphere has 0.25 m in radius, and is illuminated by a normally
incident plane wave with a Gaussian distribution in TD. Due to a fact that
TD-PO considers only the induced currents on the surface of sphere in the lit
to the incident field, both cases of half- and full- spheres result in the same
responses by TD-PO, which are however different by using CST as indicated
by “sphere” and “half-sphere” in the figures. Furthermore, TD-PO only accounts
the contributions of reflection and first-order diffractions. In this case, TD-PO
results in vanishing diffractions from the shadow boundary because of null induced
currents. Figures 10.26a, b show the transient responses at r D 0:5 m and 1.25 m,
respectively. It is noted that CST assumes a finite aperture to illustrate a plane wave
and incurs a truncation effect. Thus our simulation uses the TD waveform computed
by CST near the sphere as the input of the plane wave as shown in Fig. 10.26a. It
is observed that this TD-PO predicts accurate transient responses for the early time.
The late time responses shown in CST simulations are caused by edge or surface
diffractions, which were not predicted by TD-PO.
Fig. 10.26 Transient

response of scattering from a
half- and a full-sphere
illuminated by a normally
incident plane wave. TD-PO
gives a same solution for the
scattering from these two
structures. The late time
responses in CST results
(indicated by “sphere” and
“half-sphere” in the figures)
are caused by the edge or
surface diffractions, which
were not predicted by TD-PO
because of null currents at the
shadow boundary
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Asymptotic Techniques for Transient Analysis

Chapter · June 2014

Nan-Wei Chen Hsi-Tseng Chou

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

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Nan-Wei Chen and Hsi-Tseng Chou

N.-W. Chen () • H.-T. Chou

R. Mittra (ed.), Computational Electromagnetics: Recent Advances and Engineering 339

ray solutions can be obtained by an analytical Fourier inversion of their FD-UTD

10.2.1 One-Side Inverse Fourier Transform

where gC .t/ D A! ŒG.!/ has properties similar to f C .t/. When f C .t/ is

f C .t/ D f .t/ C jHŒf .t/I ImŒt D 0 (10.3)

10.2.2 Scattering from Perfectly Conducting Curved Surfaces

EN I .PS I t/ in (10.4) can be expressed in terms of generalized reflection coefficients

and surface diffraction coefficients, respectively by

Fig. 10.2 Ray vectors for surface diffraction

„L D 2M.QR / cos i (10.12)

where g .QR / is the radius of curvature of the surface at QR in the plane of

1i .Q1 /2i .Q1 / s.bi .Q1 / C s/

where ˛ (˛  0) is a real constant and Im.t/  0. As demonstrated later, the efficient

into (10.19) and perform the integration term by term to result in

into (10.19) and obtain

where t D jtje j 't and 0 't , (10.19) becomes

I C .t/ D I1C .t/ C I2C .t/ (10.28)

Also it is interesting to see that if xs D B.1:5=jj/1=3 and one considers a change

varying as shown in Fig. 10.4. It can be represented by a global series expansion

where the parameters fgm gM M

5 4.522095825495970eC00 0 3.798712810824805e01 C5.480557524830053e16

Fig. 10.5 The TD creeping

Using the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula in [54] to approximate the infinite

(ii) Lit region („ < 0)

which exhibits a proper form for an early time representation centered at t D 0 if

Table 10.3 Coefficients of Bns;h

10.2.3 Numerical Examples

eigenfunction solutions based on IFT to obtain the corresponding TD solutions are

Fig. 10.11 Comparison of

Fig. 10.12 Comparison of

Fig. 10.13 Ray paths of the

10.3 TD-UTD for Mutual Coupling Analysis

10.3.1 TD-UTD Solution for Field Points in the Shadow

The TD-UTD electric field radiated at Ps located in the shadow region of an

with the FD parameters m.Q0 / and  in (10.52b) defined by

m.Q0 / D M.Q0 /! 1=3 (10.54a)

10.3.2 TD-UTD for Field Points in the Lit Region

The TD-UTD radiation at PL located in the lit region of d PNm;e

with the parameters defined by

ml .Q0 / D Ml .Q0 /! 1=3 I l D „l ! 1=3 (10.59b)

10.3.3 TD-UTD Solutions for Field Points on the Surface

10.3.3.1 TD-UTD Surface Field Solution for Elemental

The TD-UTD solution for EM surface fields at Q produced by d PNm0 at Q0 can be

where the unit vectors .tO0 ; bO 0 ; nO 0 / and .tO; b;

10.3.3.2 TD-UTD Surface Field Solution for Elemental

The TD-UTD solution for EM surface fields at Q produced by d PNe0 at Q0 can be

10.3.4 Numerical Examples

where fc is the center frequency.

The corresponding TD wave form is

Fig. 10.16 The far field

Fig. 10.17 The far field

10.4 TD Physics Optics (TD-PO) for Scattering Analysis

solution is applicable to model a realistic scattering object such as an aircraft in

10.4.1 Formulations of the Transient Step Response

Consider an ellipsoidal surface described by

„L D 2M.QR / cos i (10.12)

where g .QR / is the radius of curvature of the surface at QR in the plane of

1i .Q1 /2i .Q1 / s.bi .Q1 / C s/

where ˛ (˛ 0) is a real constant and Im.t/ 0. As demonstrated later, the efficient

Also it is interesting to see that if xs D B.1:5=jj/1=3 and one considers a change

with the FD parameters m.Q0 / and in (10.52b) defined by

ml .Q0 / D Ml .Q0 /! 1=3 I l D „l ! 1=3 (10.59b)

where f .x 0 ; y 0 ; z0 / D .z0 =bz /2 C .x 0 =bx /2 C .y 0 =by /2 1. Note that (10.86) has

.L a1 e1;r a2 e1;r / .ct r/.1 A2 ˛12 B 2 ˛22 /

.ct r/bz .1 rO kOi / h

ja3 j zO .Bt sin '/j'eb

ja3 j `.Or rO zO kOi EN 0 /